HISTORY OF DESIGN

Submitted To: Mam Farwah

Submitted By: Mahnoor Akhter

Department: Graphic Design (M)

Roll No: 17937

Semester: 3rd

Institute of Art and Design GC, Faisalabad

Explanation:
• Petroglyphs are image ensize in rocks especially in prehistoric time.
• They were important form of pre writings and symbols for communication about 10,000
years ago.
• Petroglyphs also depend on location, culture and environment. Many petroglyphs used
to represent rituals.
• Oldest petroglyphs were present about 10 to 12 thousand years ago. Other types of
petroglyphs include typograph and pictograph (It is a drawing on rock but it is less
durable than petroglyphs). In the same way the modern art on a wall is called graffiti
• Even today in western civilization where there is no culture of books petroglyphs are
used for communication.

Subject Matter:
• Some petroglyph images probably have deep cultural and religious significance for the
societies that created them; in many cases this significance remains for their
descendants. Many petroglyphs are thought to represent some kind of not-yet-fully
understood symbolic or ritual language
• They were made by red ochre or, less commonly, black, white or yellow dye
• It was interesting that same petroglyphs were found in very remote areas of the planet
it was believed that people may have migrated from such initial era
Theories:
• It was believed that petroglyphs vary with culture location weather. All the three
civilizations Euorpean, Iranian and Indus valley were using petroglyphs but in their own
style.
• Only few similarities found such as male female figures etc. Inherited human structures
were also vary according to their environment which also influence their language. It
was also considered that petroglyphs were created by shamans in a state of
unconsciousness.
• Petroglyphs found across North America have suggested that ancient Chinese explorers
made contact with Native Americans and Sir Yaoliang Song also support this theory. He also
 said that these petroglyphs were used to contact between Asian and north American
people

GEOGLYPHS
Definition:
• Geo means land or earth and glyphs means Symbol or character. They were generally
larger than 4 meters.
• They made geoglyphs either by arranging rocks, big stones, pebbles and then compose
them and even by scratching on land

Explanation:
• Most famous geoglyphs were present in Nazca lines. Nazca lines have gigantic
geoglyphs. They were created in 200BC-600AD in Nazca culture.
• The Nazca Lines were first brought to the world's attention in the 1920s, when
commercial airlines brought their passengers over the Nazca Pampa.Peruvian
archaeologist Toribio Mejia Xesspe was the first to systematically study the lines in 1926
• They were made from simple concepts to complex concepts. They make animals like
birds, monkeys, spider and lizards
• Even today we are working on it we are also making geoglyphs but there is a huge
difference they have no technology to do such difficult work but we have technology we
can see it and have a purpose but they can’t so what is the purpose of creating this?
Subject Matter:
• The question was that why the people of Nazca lines were creating such big geoglyphs
without any technology. They also can’t see it because they have no planes.
• spiders are believed to be a sign of rain, hummingbirds are associated with fertility, and
monkeys are found in the Amazon—an area with an abundance of water
• According to a theory it was believed that they did these geoglyphs for their Gods for
religious purposes, because without technology only God can see it.
• Geonical a person who with careful planning and technology and with a small group of
people recreated a geoglyph in 48 hours(2 days).
Theories:
• It was proposed by the researchers at Yamagata University in Japan have proposed that
the lines were made by two different groups and were intended to be seen on their
respective routes to an ancient temple
• As they get only 20 minutes rain per year It was also believed that these lines are the
result of their this need of water. These lines connect them to water or some places
where rituals were performed to get water as it is hard to find water in desert.
• According to an interesting theory it was found that Nazca people have used balloons to
see these geoglyphs
 PALEOLITHIC
Definition:
• Paleo means old, lithic means stone. Stone age means the earliest known period of
prehistoric human culture symbolized by the use of stone tools
• Paleolithic Period also known as Old Stone Age, ancient cultural stage or level of human
development, characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped stone tools.

Explanation:
• The Stone Age is the name given for the human prehistory ( that happened before
history, that’s not written down) from the first time humans who used tools through to
the use of metal.
• It is called Stone age because much of the physical evidence left behind by humans
(apart from bones and some monuments). During Paleolithic Age man gathered food by
hunting wild animals and birds, fishing and collecting fruits and nuts.
• The humans made different tools from stones and pebbles these were not very
efficient. During this time, they greatly improved their tools-building skills. The Stone
Age ended between 6000BC and 2500BC. At the end of the Stone Age, the people
started to smelt copper and tin..

NEOLITHIC
Definition:
• The term Neo means New and lithic means stone
• The term Neolithic Period refers to the last stage of Stone Age- a term coined in the late
19th century CE by scholars which covers three different Periods: Paleolithic, Mesolithic
and Neolithic.
• The Neolithic period is significant for its megalithic architecture, the spread of
agricultural practices, and the use of polished stone tools.

Explanation:
• The Neolithic Age began around 12,000 years ago and ended as civilizations started to
rise around 3500 BCE. The people of this age lived in caves.
• The Neolithic followed the Paleolithic Period, or age of chipped stone tools , and
preceded the Bronze Age, or early period of metal tools.
• The term Neolithic is most frequently used in connection with agriculture, when cereal
cultivation and animal domestication was introduced.
 • It was characterized by stone tools shaped by polishing or grinding, dependence on
domesticated plants or animals, settlements in permanent villages and the appearance
of such crafts as pottery and weaving.

MESOLITHIC
Definition:
• Meso means middle and lithic means stone.
• the period between the Palaeolithic and the Neolithic, in Europe from about 12 000 to 3
000 bc, characterized by the appearance of microlithic

Explanation:

• It was most often used to describe archaeological assemblages from the Eastern
Hemisphere, the Mesolithic is broadly analogous to the Archaic culture of the Western
Hemisphere.
• Mesolithic is characterized by having more innovation and diversity then other periods
• Tools made of bone and horn were also used such as
spearheads, harpoons, fishhooks, points, and picks
• A large number of the Mesolithic places of habitation, which consisted of only several te
mporary dwellings, were located on dunes or peat bogs.