GURU NANAK DEV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BIDAR – 585 403

A REPORT ON CROSS SECTION LEVELLING OF WATER

SUPPLY LINE

SUBMITED BY

NAME OF STUDENT USN

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF

PROF SHIVASHANKAR B C
PROF VISHALKUMAR S D

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SL.NO CONTENTS
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1. INTRODUCTION 03
2. TERMS USED IN SURVEYING 03
3. TERMS USED IN LEVELLING 05
4. WATER SUPPLY 07
5. CALULATION 08
6. PICTURES OF PROJECT 10
7. SUMMARY OF PROJECT 10

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 INTRODUCTION
In Civil Engineering, project is a work undertaken as the constructional aspects of which are
done according to a systematic plan and with necessary detailed estimation of quantities of
materials and other costs. Project means a full scheme consisting of a detailed technical
report, history, designed data, calculations, drawings, specifications, rates etc. In project, a
detailed study of stages and operations involved will give us period of its execution and
completion. Before undertaking any project, a detailed report explaining its purpose,
Technical feasibility, Construction, Financial, Socio-economic aspect, Ecological and
Environmental impact must be prepared. The main projects are irrigation, bridges, railways,
highways etc., in irrigation project there are construction of works like dams, channels, weir,
bunds etc
TERMS USED IN SURVEYING
1. CHAIN SURVEYING
Chain surveying is that type of surveying in which only linear measurements are made
in the field. This type of surveying is suitable for surveys of small extent on fairly flat open
ground.
2. STATION
A survey station is a prominent point on the chain line and can be either at the beginning of
chain line or at the end. Such a station is called as a main station. However, subsidiary or tie
station can also be selected anywhere on the chain line and subsidiary or tie lines may run
through them.
3. BASE LINE
The lines joining the main survey stations are called main survey lines. The biggest of the
main survey line is called the base line and the various survey stations are plotted with
reference to the base line.
4. CHECK LINE
Check lines or proof lines are the lines which run in the field to check the accuracy of the
work. The length of the check line measured in the field must agree with its length on the
plan.
5. RANGING
In measuring a survey line the chain has to be laid out on the ground between the stations. If
the line is short, the chain could be put in alignment easily.
But as it is long or the stations not clearly visible then intermediate points have to be
established in line with the end points to know the direction of the line by ranging.

Methods of Ranging

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 I. Direct ranging: It is done when the two ends of the survey lines are inter visible.
II. Indirect or Reciprocal ranging: It is done when both the ends of survey line are not inter
visible either due to high intervening ground or due to long distance between them.
1.1 COMPASS SURVEYING
Surveying in which a compass is used to determine direction of survey line in a
traverse is known as compass surveying. The length of survey lines are measured by means
of a tape as in chain surveying.
1.2.1 BEARING
The angle measured with respect to any meridian is called bearing. A meridian is any
direction such as;
I. True meridian: true meridian through a point is the line in which a plane, passing that point
and the north and south poles, intersects with surface of the earth.
II. Magnetic meridian: magnetic meridian through a point is the direction shown by a freely
floating and balanced magnetic needle free from all other attractive forces.
III. Arbitrary meridian: Arbitrary meridian is any convenient direction towards a permanent and
prominent mark or signal, such as a church spire or top of chimney.
1.2.2 FORE BEARING
The bearing of line in the direction of the progress of survey line is called Fore
Bearing.
1.2.3 BACK BEARING
The bearing of a line in the opposite direction of the progress of a survey line is called
back bearing. The difference between fore bearing and back bearing is 1800 i.e. B.B-
FB=1800
1.2.4 WHOLE CIRCLE BEARING In this system the bearing of a line is measured with
magnetic north (or with south) in clockwise direction. The value of the bearing thus varies
from 00 to 3600.
Example: - Prismatic compass.
1.2.5 QUADRANTAL BEARING
In this system, the bearing of a line is measured eastward or westward from north or
south, whichever is nearer. Thus both north and south are used as reference meridian and the
direction can be either Clockwise or anticlockwise direction depending upon the position of
the line. The value of the bearing varies from 00 to 900.
Example: Surveyor compass.

1.3.1 STATION POINT

It is a ground point on which plane table is set up

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1.4 TERMS USED IN LEVELLING

Bench mark (B.M.): It is the point of known elevation

Back sight (B.S.) It is the first staff reading after setting up the instrument, the
elevation of this point is known as back sight.

Fore sight (F.S.) It is the last staff reading taken.

Intermediate sight (I.S.) It is a point intermediate between two change points, on
which only one sight (fore-sight) is taken to determine the
elevation of the point.
Change point (C.P.) It is the station where both F.S. and B.S. are taken it denotes
the shifting of the instruments. It is also called as a turning
point.
Reduced level (R.L.) The levels of various points taken as heights above or below
the datum surface are known as

1.4.1 METHODS OF LEVELLING

1.4.1.1 SIMPLE LEVELLING
This method allows us to determine the difference in level between two points by placing
instrument approximately midway between two points. While taking the observation the
bubble should remain in the center.
1.4.1.2 COMPOUND LEVELLING OR DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING:
The compound leveling involves the same process as that of simple leveling, but in
addition, a number of setting of the instrument are require to find out the difference in level
the two points. This may be either due to a large distance or due to some intervening
obstructions.
1.4.1.3 FLY-LEVELING
The Reduced Levels of some important points is found by few selected setting of the
instrument to get rough idea of the nature of the ground.
1.4.2 LONGITUDINAL OR PROFILE LEVELING
Longitudinal or profile levelling is an operation of doing a levelling job with a view to
determine the profile of the surface along a given line. It is also called longitudinal
sectioning. This is generally the center line of a proposed alignment such as a railway line,
highway, canal or pipeline.
1.4.3 CROSS-SECTION LEVELLING:

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 In longitudinal leveling or profile leveling the central line is taken. But when a wider
belt is required for some engineering project, for example a highway, railway etc, profile
leveling alone does not serve the purpose.
In such a, case cross-section are required for the construction of new bund or a road in
connection of a state highway (SH) to national highway (NH) or for a canal it helps us in
getting the real topographical outline in the transverse direction along the alignment by this
we can easily calculate the earth work involved in the construction of highway/ canals etc.
1.4.4 PRINCIPLE OF LEVELLING:
The principle of leveling is that with a level set up at any place, the difference in
elevation between any two points within proper lengths of sight is given by the difference
between the rod readings taken on these points. By a succession of instrument stations and
related readings, the difference in elevation between widely separated points is thus obtained.
1.4.4.1 DUMPY LEVEL:
The dumpy level is a simple, compact and stable instrument. The telescope is rigidly fixed to
its support and therefore, can neither be rotated about its longitudinal axis, nor can it be
removed from its supports.
1.4.5 METHODS OF COMPUTATIONS:
1 Rise and fall method
2 Height of collimation method
1. RISE AND FALL METHOD:
In this method the difference in level between successive points is obtained by
comparing the readings from the same settings.
The B.S. & F.S. have been taken from the same setting of the instruments. If F.S. is
larger than B.S., it indicates a fall because a large reading can be obtained on the staff if it
goes down. Similarly a similar B.S. means rise.
2. HEIGHT OF COLLIMATION METHOD:
In this method the height collation of the instrument is computed by adding B.S. to
the R.L. of B.M. on which the back sight has been taken. The various reading taken from this
setting are subtracted from the height of collimation to get R.L.’s of subsequent points.

A WATER SUPPLY – THE HUMAN ASPECT

INTRODUCTION
Water for drinking purpose has been appreciated by human race from times
immemorial. It is possible to survive without food and shelter for some days but not without
water. It is free gift of nature to human race. In ancient times human required water for

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 drinking, cooking, bathing etc., But with the advancement of civilization the utility of water
anonymously increased and now such a stage has come that without well organized public
water supply scheme it is impossible to run the present civil life and develop the towns.
 Water is a basic need. The provision of safe & adequate drinking water to the burgeoning
urban population continues to be one of the major challenging tasks. Lack of safe drinking
water could undermine the health & well being of the people.
 Water distribution system aims at improving the supply by minimizing losses & wastage
and unaccounted of water in the transmission mains & distribution. Thus safe, adequate,
optimum quantity & pressure in the water supply can only be ensured by proper & efficient
design of water distribution system.

ESSENTIAL OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES

The most important aspect of any water supply scheme is the sources of supply. The
sources should be permanent, reliable and should provide water with minimum impurities.

SOURCES OF WATER
There are three possible sources of water for our daily use. One is rain water
collected from roof of buildings or special water sheds and stored in ponds.
Another is natural surface water in streams and lakes, the third and most important in
rural areas is ground water stored in the earth.
RAIN WATER
In the regions where there is fair amount of rain fall, rain water is collected from
building roofs or from out doors water shed and stored in ponds.
In some rural areas this is used for all domestic purposes including drinking.
WATER SUPPLY & TECHNICAL ASPECTS
Preliminary investigation for water supplies scheme.
Before any water supply project is taken up a scheme is drawn and different aspects of
scheme are carefully viewed from different view points following points are taken for
investigation.
SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY The success of any water supply scheme depends almost
entirely on a good and reliable source of water. The source should be selected keeping in
view quality and quantity of water available from it.
CALCULATION :

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Instrum SIGHTED BACK INTER FORE RISE FALL REDUCED REMARK
ent @ TO SIGHT MEDIATE SIGHT LEVEL
SIGHT
2.313 100 BM
P R1 1.46 0.853 100.853
L1 1.38 0.08 100.933
R2 1.335 0.045 100.978
L2 1.42 0.085 100.893
R3 1.56 0.14 100.753
L3 1.505 0.055 100.808
R4 1.645 0.14 100.668
L4 1.57 0.075 100.743
R5 1.685 0.115 100.628
L5 1.635 0.05 100.678
R6 1.745 0.11 100.568
L6 1.655 0.09 100.658
R7 1.766 0.111 100.547
L7 1.695 0.071 100.618
R8 1.33 0.365 100.983
Q L8 2.338 1.235 0.095 101.078 CP2
R9 1.45 0.888 101.966
L9 1.35 0.1 102.066
R10 1.415 0.065 102.001
L10 1.38 0.035 102.036
R11 1.375 0.005 102.041
L11 1.335 0.04 102.081
R12 1.31 0.025 102.106
L12 1.415 0.105 102.001
R13 1.245 0.17 102.171
R L13 2.458 1.31 0.065 102.106 CP3
R14 1.55 0.908 103.014
L14 1.345 0.205 103.219
R15 1.575 0.23 102.989
L15 1.395 0.18 103.169
R16 1.475 0.08 103.089
L16 1.295 0.18 103.269
R17 1.415 0.12 103.149
L17 1.22 0.195 103.344
R18 1.28 0.06 103.284
L18 1.085 0.195 103.479
TOTAL 7.109 7.485 4.905 1.426
Check Total Rise -Total Fall Last RL -First RL
4.905 1.426 103.479 100
3.479 3.479

GRAPH OF CROOS SECTION LEVELLING:

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SUMMARY:
We have carried out survey work in a layout near guru nanak Sahib zira Bidar for water
supply scheme for 90 meter.And we came across the cross section of road so that digging
and filling can be done accordingly.

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 The cross-profiles (cross-sections), show side-to-side elevation information similar to
the longitudinal profile, (slope, crown, sumps, curb-cuts, pavement thicknesses) but at right
angles to it along its length. These section cuts show additional cut-and-fill information,
utility locations, street character and amenities (sidewalks, bike lanes, medians, utilidors,
drainage constructions such as percolation swales, and technical information showing
detailed cross-slopes, super-elevation for curves, pavement details (or on un-paved sections,
driving surfaces and underlayments), plantings, lighting, traffic signals, signage, adjacent
existing features such as buildings, existing roads, existing foliage, soils and hazards.

PHOTOS ON SITE

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