TECHNICAL REPORTS: SERIES ‘D’

CONSERVE WATER – SAVE LIFE

भारत सरकार
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

जल संसाधन मंत्रालय
MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES

केंद्रीय भज
ू ल बोर्ड
CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD
केरल क्षेत्र
KERALA REGION

भज
ू ल सच
ू ना पस्ु तिका, एर्ााकुलम स्जल्ला, केरल राज्य
GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM
DISTRICT, KERALA STATE

ततरुवनंतपरु म
Thiruvananthapuram

December 2013
 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET

OF
ERNAKULAM DISTRICT, KERALA

द्वारा
By
टी. एस अनीता श्याम
वैज्ञातनक ग

T.S.Anitha Shyam
Scientist C

KERALA REGION BHUJAL BHAVAN

KEDARAM, KESAVADASPURAM NH-IV, FARIDABAD
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM – 695 004 HARYANA- 121 001
TEL: 0471-2442175 TEL: 0129-12419075
FAX: 0471-2442191 FAX: 0129-2142524
 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT,
KERALA STATE

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DISTRICT AT A GLANCE
1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1
2.0 RAINFALL AND CLIMATE ................................................................................... 4
3.0 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOIL ............................................................................ 5
4.0 GROUND WATER SCENARIO .............................................................................. 6
5.0 GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT .......................... 13
6.0 GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES AND PROBLEMS ................................ 13
7.0 AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITY ....................................................... 14
8.0 AREAS NOTIFIED BY CGWA/SGWA ................................................................ 14
9.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................... 15

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Land use pattern of Ernakulam district as on 2009-10………………………...3

Table 2: Area irrigated by different source of Irrigation (2009-10)…………………….. 3
Table 3: Crop wise area under irrigation (2009-10)……………………………………...3
Table 4: Average Monthly Rainfall (mm) of Ernakulam District (2007 -2011)…….....4
Table 5 Block-wise decadal average depth to water level Ernakulam district (2002-11).9
Table 6 Net Annual Ground Water Availability (MCM) as in March 2009…………….11
Table 7 The range of chemical constituents……………………………………………. 12
Table 7a : The range of chemical constituents…………………………………………...13

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1 Index map of Ernakulam district...................................................................... ......16
Fig.2 Pre-Monsoon average depth to water level, April (2002-11).................................17
Fig.3 Post-Monsoon average depth to water level of Nov (2002-11)...............................18
Fig 4 Hydrogeological map of Ernakulam district.............................................................19
Fig 5 Groundwater Resources of Ernakulam district.........................................................20
Fig 6 The artificial recharge schemes recommended for different blocks.........................20

LIST OF ANNEXURES
Annexure -I...................................................................................................................................22
Annexure -II..................................................................................................................................23
Annexure- III.................................................................................................................................25
 DISTRICT AT A GLANCE

Sl ITEMS STATISTICS
No
1. GENERAL INFORMATION
i) Geographical area, sq km 3068.
ii) Administrative Divisions (As on 31-03-2011)
Number of Taluks 7
Number of Blocks 14
Number of Municipalities 11
Number of Gram Panchayats 88
Population (as per 2011 census) 32, 79,860
2. GEOMORPHOLOGY
Major physiographic units Coastal Plain , Midland and
High land
Major Drainages Periyar and Muvattupuzha
rivers and their tributaries
3. LAND USE
a) Forest area (ha) 70619
b) Total cropped area(ha) 2009-10 175552
4. MAJOR SOIL TYPES
Parur, Kochi and Kunnathunad taluks Coastal Alluvium
Parts of Aluva and Kunnathunad taluks Riverine alluvium
Brown hypdromorphic soil
Muvattupuzha, Kothamangalam and parts of Aluva and Lateritic soil
Kunnathunad taluks
5. AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS, ha (2009-10) Paddy : 10787
Coconut : 44475
Fruits : 25891
Spices : 17303
Rubber : 58729

6. IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES, Area in

ha(2009-10)
Wells 6936
Tanks 1967
Canals 11250
Tube well 461
Minor Irrigation 3592
Other Sources 2233
Net Irrigated area 26825
7. NUMBER OF GROUNDWATER MONITORING WELLS
OF CGWB (AS ON 31-3-2011)
No. of Dug wells 44
No. of Piezometers 19
8 PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS Archaean Crystalline formation
(Charnockite group& migmatite
group), Tertiary sedimentary
formation, Sub-Recent laterite
and Recent alluvium.
9. HYDROGEOLOGY Weathered, fractured crystalline
Major Water bearing formation formations; semi consolidated
Tertiary formations, laterites
and Recent alluvium.

Average depth to water level (Pre-monsoon, 2002-11) 0.75 to 12.05 mbgl.

Average depth to water level (Post-monsoon, 2002-11) 0.54 to 10.42 mbgl.
Long term water level trend in 10 years cm/yr No conspicuous trend except
vytilla block showing declining
trend of 23.72 cm/yr in pre-
monsoon and 17.52 in post-
monsoon
10. GROUND WATER EXPLORATION BY CGWB (As on 31-
03-2011)
No. of wells drilled (EW, OW, PZ, SH, Total) EW – 34 OW-3, PZ –21,
Total – 58
Depth Range (m) 54 – 295.6
Discharge (litres per minute) 6 – 1320
Transmissivity (m2/day) 4.72 -818
11. GROUND WATER QUALITY
Presence of chemical constituents more than permissible limits Quality is good in general.
Major chemical constituents lie
within the permissible limits..
12. DYNAMIC GROUNDWATER RESOURCES (2009) – in
ha.m
Annual Replenishable Ground Water Resources 61572.06
Gross Annual Groundwater Draft 23975.68
Projected demand for Domestic and Industrial Uses up to 2025 15254.34

Stage of Ground Water Development,% 43.02

13. AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITY
Mass awareness programme organised 2002
place Ernakulam
Water Management Training Programmes organized
Date 2005
Place Ernakulam
No. of Participants 100
14. GROUND WATER CONTROL AND REGULATION
Number of Over Exploited blocks Nil
Number of blocks notified Nil
15. MAJOR GROUND WATER PROBLEMS AND ISSUES  Saline water ingress is
observed in the shallow
alluvial aquifer in the
western part of the
district which is in
hydraulic connection
with the back water.
 Water logging along
the western border of
the district bordering
the back water lagoons
during the rainy season.
 Brackish quality of
groundwater along
tidal inlets.
 Anthropogenic
pollution.
 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF

ERNAKULAM DISTRICT, KERALA STATE
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Ernakulam district occupies the Central part of Kerala state and is bound by Trichur district on the
north, Idukki on the east and south east, Kottayam and Alappuzha districts on the south and the
Lakshadweep Sea on the west. The district is spread over an area of 3068 Sq. km. earlier the district
covered an area of only 2408 sq. km. But, later on Kuttampuzha panchayat of the Nedumkandam
block, Idukki district was also attached to it and the district attained the present area. Ernakulam
district lies between North latitudes 090 47’ 13” and 10010’44” and East longitudes 760 10’ 05” and
770 05’ 24. Kochi known as the Queen of Arabian Sea is the headquarters of Ernakulam district. It is a
major port city on the west coast of India. The district is well connected with a good network of roads
and railways. The Nedumbassery International airport is located in the district.
1.1Administation

For administrative purposes, the district is divided into two revenue divisions and seven taluks.
Muvattupuzha revenue division with Muvattupuzha as its headquarters comprises of 43 villages
belonging to Kunnathunadu, Muvattupuzha and Kothamangalam taluks, while Kochi division with its
headquarters at Kochi consists of 71 villages of Aluva, Paravur, Kochi and Kanayanur taluks. There
are 14 community development blocks, 88 gram panchayats, eleven municipalities and one
corporation in the district. The district has a population of 32, 79,860 persons with 16, 17,602 males
and 16, 62,258 as per 2011 census. The index map is given in Figure 1.
1.2 Drainage and Irrigation

The district is drained by the Periyar and its tributaries in the north and Muvattupuzha River in the
south. Periyar, the longest river in the state with a total length of 244 km originates from the
cardamom hills of the Western Ghats flows in a Northerly direction initially and then in North-west
direction as it flows through Idukki district before entering Ernakulam district at Neriamangalam. In
the district the river takes almost a straight line course roughly in a North Western direction and at
near Bhuthathankettu dam, it is joined by major tributaries Cheruthoni and Idamalayar. Further
downstream at Aluva, the river bifurcates into two: the Marthandavarma and the Mangalapuzha
branches. The Mangalapuzha branch joins Chalakkudy river and empties into the Lakshadweep sea at
Munambam, and the Marthandavarma branch flows southwards, through the Udhyogamandal area
and joins the Cochin backwater system (part of Vembanad Lake) at Varapuzha. The Periyar is a
perennial river and is source of drinking water for several major towns. The Idukki dam across the
Periyar generates a significant proportion of Kerala's electrical power.

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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

The Muvattupuzha River is formed by the confluence of Thodupuzha River, Kaliyar River and
Kothamangalam River at Muvattupuzha. These rivers originate from the Thodupuzha reserve forest.
The Muvattupuzha River takes a rough east-west course up to Ramamangalam and thereafter it flows
towards south leaving the districts south of Pazhur. In the upstream areas the drainage pattern in both
Periyar and Muvattupuzha basin are trellis to sub-trellis. In the lower reaches dendritic pattern of
drainage is observed.

Vembanad Lake; Ernakulam district is bordered to south-west by Vembanad Lake which is the
largest lake in Kerala. Besides Ernakulam, the lake is bordered by Alappuzha and Kottayam districts.
The lake is separated from the Lakshadweep Sea by a narrow barrier island and opens to the sea at
Cochin. And at Munambam further north. The port of Kochi (Cochin) is located at the lake's southern
outlet to the Sea. The stretch from Kochi Azhi to Munambam Azhi, is popularly known as Varapuzha.
Canals link the lake to other coastal lakes to the north and south. The portion of the Vembanad Lake
located in and around the Kochi mainland is known as Kochi kayal. The lake bears many an islands
and in Ernakulum district itself it hosts island like Vypin, Mulavukad, Vallarpadam, Willingdon
Island etc. The lake is a part of Vembanad-Kol wetland system which extends from Alappuzha in the
south to Azheekkode in the north, making it by far, India's longest lake at just over 96.5 km in length.
The lake is fed by 10 rivers flowing into it including the six major rivers of central Kerala namely the
Achenkovil, Manimala, Meenachil, Muvattupuzha, Pamba and Periyar. The total area drained by the
lake is 15,770 km², which accounts for 40% of the area of Kerala. Its annual surface runoff of 21,900
mm accounts for almost 30% of the total surface water resource of the state.

The lake has become a major tourist location due to its scenic beauty. The Vembanad Wetland system
is the largest of the three Ramsar Sites in the state of Kerala. But Vembanad Lake has been heavily
reclaimed over the course of the past century with the water spread area reducing from 290.85 km² in
1917 to 227 km² in 1971 and 213.28 km² in 1990. In the same period almost 63.62 km of erstwhile
water spread were reclaimed primarily for formation of polders and to enlarge the extent of the
Wellington island of Cochin port. The lake faces a major ecological crisis and has reduced to 37 per
cent of its original area, as a result of land reclamation.

1.3 Land Use, Irrigation and cropping pattern

About 83% of the total area of the district is cultivable land, 10% is under forest cover including
reserve forest and plantations; water bodies constitute 5.3% and built up area constitutes nearly 2% of
the total area. The land use pattern of the district is given in Table 1 below

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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

Table 1: Land use pattern of Ernakulam district as on 2009-10

Sl.No. Head of classification Area

In hectares
1 Total Geographical area 305826

2 Forests 70617
3 Land put in non agricultural use 30750
4 Barren and uncultivable land 1193
5 Permanent pastures and other grazing land 7
Land under miscellaneous tree crops (not included in net area 133
6 sown
7 Cultivable waste 9938
8 Fallow land other than current fallow 7150
9 Social Forestry 10876
10 Net area sown 158763
11 Area sown more than once 16789
12 Total cropped area 175552

An area of 26,825 hectares is under irrigation (net area) in the district. Periyar valley irrigation project
with a barrage at Bootathankettu which uses the tail race water of Sengulam, Panniyur and Pallivasal
Hydro-electric projects and Chalakudy diversion project are source for canal irrigation in the district.
Area irrigated by different source of Irrigation is given in Table 2.
Table 2: Area irrigated by different source of Irrigation (2009-10)

Canal Tank Wells Minor Tube other Total

Irrigation wells
11250 1967 6936 3592 461 2233 26825

The major crops under irrigation in the district are paddy, coconut, rubber, banana and arecanut.
Paddy is cultivated in more than one season. The crop wise area under irrigation is presented in
Table 3
Table 3: Crop wise area under irrigation (2009-10)

Crop Paddy Coconut Fresh Fruits Rubber Spices Others Total

Area in hectares 10787 44475 25891 58729 17303 18367 175552

(Source: Report on Agricultural Statistics by Dept of Economics and Statistics)

Rubber is the major crop in the district followed by Coconut, Paddy, and Banana. Spices, Areca nut,
oil seeds and vegetables are also cultivated in the district.

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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

1.4 Work Carried Out by CGWB

The CGWB has carried out hydrogeological studies and exploration of both sedimentary and hard
rock areas. Exploration for groundwater in the district was taken up during the FSP 1965 – 66, 74 –
75, 83 – 87, 89 – 90, 98 – 2001, 02, and again in 2011-12. Systematic hydrogeological surveys were
carried out in different parts of the district by S/Sh. S.V.N.S Rao (77-78, 82 – 83), GV.V.R.G.S.V.
Rao (80 – 81), K.Md. Najeeb (81 – 82, 87 – 88), V. Dhinagaran (95 - 96). Detailed study of the
groundwater conditions of the entire district were carried out by SIDA assisted Coastal Kerala,
Ground Water Project during the period 83 – 88.

2.0 RAINFALL AND CLIMATE

2.1 Rainfall

Ernakulam district has wet monsoon type of climate. The district experiences heavy rainfall during
southwest monsoon season followed by northeast monsoon. During the other months the rainfall is
considerably less. March, April and May are the hottest months. December to February are the
coldest months

The district receive on an average 3359.2 mm (based on 1901-99 data) of rainfall annually. The
annual rainfall ranges from 3233 to 3456 mm at different places of the district.

The rainfall is less in the western part of the district and gradually increase towards the east.
Maximum rainfall is received around Neriamangalam area in the eastern part where the normal
annual rainfall is found to be 5883 mm. While Kochi, which is in the western part receives around
3233 mm rainfall annually. The annual average rainfall of Ernakulam district from 2007 to 2011 is
given in Table 4

South-west monsoon season contributes nearly 67.4% of total rainfall of the year, followed by the
north-east monsoon which contributes nearly 16.6% and the balance of 16% is received during the
month of January to May as summer showers. The Average monthly rainfall distribution for
Ernakulam district (2007 to 2011) is given in Table 4.

Table 4: Average Monthly Rainfall (mm) of Ernakulam District (2007 -2011)

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total

2007 1.9 1.4 9.2 146.5 193.5 815 1133 480.1 667.3 522 66.1 9.8 2883.9
2008 3 30.8 329.6 129.1 137.7 455.1 539 326.2 555.1 304 37.4 36.9 4045.8
2009 10.4 0 45.8 89.5 315.7 615.1 839 312.2 497.4 177 290 70.1 3262.2
2010 9.8 0 30.5 233.8 239.9 849.9 691 356.5 456.9 625 517.5 63.2 4074
2011 26 98 37 201 187 896 619 593 528 161 120 34 3500

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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

Maximum rainfall is received in the month of June or July with July 2007 recording the maximum
monthly rainfall of 1133mm. Minimum rainfall is received in the month of January or February.

2.2 Meteorological Parameters

Temperature

The mean monthly maximum temperature ranges from 28.1 to 31.4oC and the minimum ranges from
23.2 to 26 oC. The maximum temperature occurs during March and April months and the minimum
temperature occurs during December and January months.

Relative Humidity

The humidity ranges from 68 to 89% during morning hours and 64 to 87% during evening hours.
The maximum humidity is observed during May to October months.

Evaporation

Evaporation is more during summer months of January to April and it is low during the rainy months
May to August. The maximum rate of 4.8 mm per day is recorded in March and the lowest rate of 2.6
mm is recorded during July.

Sunshine Hours

Sunshine ranges from 4.3 to 9.7 hours/day. Maximum sunshine is during the month of February.
The months of June to August record the minimum sunshine due to the cloudy sky. Generally good
sunshine hours are recorded in the months of November to May.

Wind

The wind speed ranges from 6.7 to 10.9 km/hour with mean speed of 9.1 km/hour. The wind speed is
high during the period from March to September.

Potential Evapotranspiration (PET)

The PET ranges from 94.5 to 159.2 mm. The maximum PET occurs during March and minimum
occurs during June. The PET is less than the rainfall from May to November indicating water surplus
for recharge into ground water regime.

3.0 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOIL

The district can be broadly divided into three physiographical units viz. (1) the Coastal plains (low
lands) (2) the mid lands and (3) the high lands. The general elevation of the coast is less than
8.0m.amsl and that of the midlands is between 8.0 and 76 m.amsl. The highlands are having the
general elevation above 76 m with the maximum of around 504 m.amsl. The entire taluks of Kochi
and Parur and major parts of Kanayannur fall under the coastal plain. The municipalities of Paravur
and Tripunithura the township of Kalamasseri and the corporation of Kochi are located in the coastal

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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

plains. All the other taluks except the north-eastern parts of Kunnathunad taluk fall under the mid
land area. The high land belt of the district is the Malayattoor reserve forest in Koovappady block,
which covers about 9% of the area of the district.

The Coastal belt is dotted with a host of islands ranging from largest Vypin islands of length 27 km
to, smaller islands like Mulavukad, Vallarpadam, and Willingdon Island etc. The western coast of
Vypin has the longest beach in Kochi namely, the Cherai Beach. The northern tip of Vypin
(Munambam) has the largest fishing harbour in Kochi namely, the Munambam Fishing Harbour.
Vypin is home for harbour related industrial establishments like, the SPM project of the Kochi
Refineries, and the Puthuvyp LNG Terminal.

3.1 Pedology

On the basis of morphological features and physico-chemical properties, the soils of the district are
classified as Lateritic, Hydromorphic saline, Brown hydromorphic, Riverine alluvium and Coastal
alluvium.
Lateritic soil is the most predominant soil type of the district. In Muvattupuzha, Kothamangalam,
Kunnathunadu and parts of Aluva taluks lateritic soil is encountered. These soils are well drained, low
in organic matter and plant nutrients. The major crops grown are coconut, tapioca, rubber, areacanut,
pepper, cashew and spices. Small patches of hydromorphic saline soil are encountered in the coastal
tracts of the district in Kanayannur and Cochin taluk. The tidal backwaters contribute to the salinity
of the soil. Coconut is grown in these soils.

Brown hydromorphic soil is the second most prevalent soil type of the district and they are
encountered in valley bottoms. The soil is enriched in clay content and plant nutrients. The soil is
suited for paddy cultivation.

Riverine alluvium is restricted to the banks of rivers and their tributaries. They are composed of
sandy to clayey loam and are enriched in plant nutrients. It is suited for a large variety of crops like
coconut, paddy arecanut, pepper, vegetables etc. In Cochin taluk and the western parts of Paravur and
Aluva taluk coastal alluvium is encountered and is composed of sand and clay. Coconut is the major
crop in these soils.

4.0 GROUND WATER SCENARIO

4.1 Hydrogeology

Groundwater generally occurs under phreatic conditions in weathered and fractured crystalline rocks,
laterites and unconsolidated coastal sediments. It occurs under semi-confined to confined conditions
in the deep seated fractured aquifer of the crystallines rocks and Tertiary sediments. The weathered
zone in the crystallines below acts as good storage for groundwater.

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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

Based on nature of formation, the aquifer can be classified into hard rock aquifers and sedimentary
aquifers.

4.1.1 Hard Crystalline Formation

Groundwater occurs under phreatic conditions in the shallow weathered portions whereas it occurs
under semi confined to confined condition in the deep-seated fractures of the crystalline formation.
The hard rock formations in general lack primary porosity. The water is stored in the secondary pores
developed as a consequence of weathering in fractures, fissures and joints etc. The movement of
groundwater is controlled by the extent of the interconnection of the fractures.

In the shallow phreatic zone the depth of dug wells varies from 3.4 to 14.8 mbgl. The depth to water
level in the wells ranges from 1.82 to 12.05 mbgl.

The Central ground water board has drilled 7 exploratory wells in the hard rock areas of the district as
a part of its exploration programme to explore the deeper confined aquifer. The depth of the wells
ranged from 131 to 201 mbgl. Most of these wells were drilled in the Charnockitic area. The details
of wells drilled in Hard rock area of the district is presented in Appendix – I. Fracture zones were
encountered at depth ranging from 5 – 194 mbgl with yield ranging from 1 to 22 lps. The studies by
CGWB have indicated that the wells located at intersections of lineaments are most potential.
Among the lineaments the E-W, NNE – SSW and NE – SW lineaments are potential whereas the
NNW – SSW are least potential lineaments. The deep fractured rock has transmissivity ranging from
15.64 to 319 m2 /day.

4.1.2 Sedimentary formations

Exploratory drilling was carried out in 25 sites in sedimentary terrain. The depth of wells drilled
ranged from 58 to 296 mbgl. The details of wells drilled in sedimentary area viz. the zones tapped,
discharge, specific capacity, transmissivity and water quality are presented in Appendix -II . The
sedimentary formations are confined to the coastal belt and the potential aquifers occurring at depth
among are the Warkali and Vaikom beds.

Warkali Beds

The Warkali beds of the Tertiary formation are found to constitute aquifers of semi-confined to
confined aquifers. In Ernakulam district, they are least extensive and are restricted to the southern
coastal belt with thickness thinning out from South to North from 106.7m at chellanum in south to
less than 13 m in north at Panangad. The Warkali aquifers are essentially composed of fine to
medium grained sand. However in the district the formation water is found to be of brackish nature
and not worth to be tapped except along certain pockets in and around Kumbalangi area. The central
ground Water Board has constructed an exploratory well at Kumbalangi which is tapping the warkalai
aquifer and also the Vaikom aquifer. The total dissolved constituents of the groundwater are found to
be 1379 mg/l.
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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

Vaikom Beds

The Vaikom beds are potential confined aquifers and are generally separated from the overlying
potential Warkali formations by confining Quilon beds except in the northern portion of the district
where the Vaikom beds are underlying the Coastal alluvium or Laterite. The Vaikom beds are
composed of thick sequence of coarse to very coarse sand, gravel and pebble beds intercalated with
ash, grey clay and carbonaceous clay. They extent North to South in the coastal belt with thickness
increasing from 18 m at Panangad in north to 151 m at Chellanum in south. The wells tapping coarse
sand and gravel aquifers of Vaikom formation with granular zones 6 to 14 m thick have yield ranging
from 1.2 to 10.1 lps and transmissivity of aquifer ranges from 193.6 to 818 m2/day. Some of the wells
were flowing wells at the time of construction.

The beds are coarse grained in nature. The quality of groundwater from these beds is brackish in
nature with EC varying from 4000 to 17,300 µ Siemens/cm at 250C. In small restricted pockets like
Narakal, Subash Park, Naval base and Kumbalangi the water is fresh.

Laterite

The laterite are vastly occurring in the mid land areas of the district by weathering of the crystalline
formation and also at depth in the sedimentary formation in the coastal belt. Along the coastal belt,
they are discontinuous and are found to be eroded at places and generally they occur as a horizon
between the Recent alluvium in top and Warkali beds or Vaikom beds below at depth ranging from
20 to 56 mbgl.

The laterites are highly porous and permeable. It is extensively developed by dug wells in the mid
land area for domestic and to a limited extent for irrigation. The depth of wells in laterite ranges from
3.4 to 14.8 mbgl and depth to water level ranges from 1.55 to 11.06 mbgl. Wells located on slopes
and elevated areas go dry or have very small water column during summer season. The yield of well
ranges from 0.5 to 6 m3/day and sustain pumping for 3 to 4 hrs a day.

Alluvial Formations

The alluvial formations occurring in the coastal belt are constituted by sand, silt, clay of the lagoonal
and back water deposits, beach deposits and the river/flood plain deposits in mid land areas. The
thickness ranges from less than 1m to 54 m at Kandakadavu in south. It forms potential phreatic
aquifer extensively developed by dug wells and filter point wells. They are tapped to meet domestic
and other needs. The dug wells range in depth from 2.14 to 13 m in general and depth to water level
range from 0.35 to 7.03 mbgl. The dug wells have an average yield ranging from 15 to 20 m3/day.

Filter point wells are common wherever the average saturated thickness of alluvial sand exceeds 5 m
and have depth ranging from 5 to 15 mbgl. They have yield ranging from 12 to 18 m3/day.

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4.2 Water levels

The Central Ground Water Board is maintaining a total of 70 NHS in Ernakulam district. Of these 49
are dug wells and 21 are piezometers. They are monitored 4 times a year i.e., during January, April,
August and November. Water samples are collected annually during April (pre monsoon) for
analysis and analysed for major elements and other parameters.

4.2.1 Average depth to water level (2002-11)

The depth to water level in the district shows wide variation on account of the physiographical units
in which the wells are located and undulating terrain in the mid land. Water level is shallower in
western coastal part and is less than 2 mbgl in general although occasionally it is deeper at around 4
to 4.5 mbgl except for a small pocket in and around Chengamanad where it is more than 11 m.bgl.
The average depth to water level for the different blocks in the district for the period 2002 to 2011 is
given in table below.

Table 5 Block-wise decadal average depth to water level Ernakulam district (2002-11)

Average Depth to Water Level ( 2002-11)

Sr. No Block Name Pre-monsoon Post-monsoon
(April) (November)
1 Alangad 2.43 1.50
2 Angamaly 6.42 6.42
3
Edapally 3.87 3.40
4
Koovapady 6.63 5.46
5
Kothamangalam 4.15 3.41
6
Mulamthuruthy 6.16 4.35
7
Palluruthy 1.84 0.94
8
Pampakkuda 5.85 4.87
9 Muvattupuzha 6.58 4.45
10
Parakkadavu 6.93 5.10
11
Paravur 1.46 0.61
12 Vaduvakode 5.19 5.15
13 Vazhakulam 5.69 5.00
14 Vypeen 1.01 0.63

Figures 2 and 3 shows the average depth to water table of Ernakulam district for pre monsoon for
the decade (April 2002-2011) and Post monsoon (November 2002-2011).

In the Coastal Plains the water level is shallow and restricted to less than 2mbgl.

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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

In the eastern part of the district also it is observed that the water level is shallow and is following the
riverine alluvial belt of Periyar River. In the midland region the water table is between 5 and 10 mbgl
and at isolated pockets and is found to be deeper levels of more than 10 m depth.

Compared to the pre monsoon period, in the post monsoon period the water level has risen in general.
In the coastal belt, the water level is very shallow and less than 2 mbgl through out. Besides in most
areas of the district the water level has risen and is at depth of less than 5 mbgl. However in the
isolated pockets in the northwestern segment of the district it is deeper than 10 m.

4.2.2 Long term trend analysis in water level

The long term behaviour of water level in dug wells is mainly controlled by the rainfall recharge
received and also the return seepage due to canal flow and irrigation.

The pre-monsoon water level trend reflect the trend of groundwater development, the post monsoon
water level trend brings out the actual rise or fall in the area. The change in water level is considered
to be significant if there is a fall of more than 15 cm/year. The block-wise long term water level for
pre-monsoon does not show any conspicuous change in water level except Vytila block. Six blocks
show rising trend ranging from 4.99 cm/year for Palluruthy block to maximum 17.89 cm/year for
Mulamthuruthy block and nine blocks show declining trend ranging from 0.98 cm/year for
Vazhakulam block to 23.72 cm/year for Vytilla block. The hydrogeological map of Ernakulam
district is shown in Figure 4.

4.3 Ground Water Resources

4.3.1Ground water Recharge

The groundwater resource of the district was computed jointly by CGWB and State Ground Water
Department as on march 2009, as per the guidelines of the Ground water estimation Methodology
1997. The total annual recharge of groundwater has been computed block- wise using average water
level fluctuation in Ground Water Monitoring Wells and Specific yield of the respective aquifers for 2
blocks and Rainfall Infiltration method for 13 blocks. The net annual groundwater availability is
557.35 MCM .The resources available varied from block to block depending on the geographical area
of the block and ranges from 14.07 to 57.45 MCM. The block wise details of total recharge and the
net available recharge are presented in Table 6.

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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

Table 6 Net Annual Ground Water Availability (MCM) as in March 2009

Sl. Block

draft for all uses

Net Annual GW

for future GW
Categorization
No

Existing gross

Existing gross

Existing gross
GW draft for

industrial use
GW draft for

Stage of GW
Total Annual

groundwater

development

development
Availability

domestic &
irrigation
Recharge

%
1 Alangadu 25.88 23.29 5.66 8.33 13.99 60.05 Safe
2 Angamaly 56.86 51.18 9.10 10.93 20.04 39.15 Safe
3 Edappali 32.36 29.12 1.81 8.28 10.10 34.67 Safe
4 Koovapady 83.50 75.14 10.61 8.24 18.85 25.09 Safe
5 Kothamangalam 62.09 55.88 9.04 10.68 19.72 35.29 Safe
6 Mulamthuruthy 22.51 20.26 4.88 7.46 12.34 60.91 Safe
7 Moovattupuzha 49.50 44.55 12.13 8.58 20.71 46.48 Safe
8 Palluruthy 34.77 31.29 0.36 19.38 19.75 63.10 Safe
9 Pampakuda 55.29 49.76 10.04 7.55 17.59 35.63 Safe
10 Parakadavu 24.39 21.95 10.48 6.52 17.00 77.47 Semi-
Critical
11 Paravoor 22.26 20.04 8.84 8.42 17.25 86.10 Semi
critical
12 Vaduvacode 63.83 57.45 6.44 7.19 13.63 23.73 Safe
13 Vazhakulam 53.2 47.93 11.63 9.72 21.35 45.68 Safe
14 Vypin 18.45 16.60 10.19 9.28 10.31 62.05 Safe
15 Vytilla 14.81 14.07 1.03 6.10 7.13 50.68 Semi-
Critical
Total 615.72 557.34 103.08 136.67 239.76 43.02

The withdrawal of ground water for irrigation has diminished and domestic draft has increased. The
gross draft in the district was worked out to be about 239.76 MCM of which about 103.08 MCM is
for irrigation. The block wise details of draft for irrigation, domestic and industrial purposes are given
in Table 6.

As per the methodology, the blocks are categorized as safe, semi critical, critical and over exploited
on the basis of the stage of development and long term groundwater trend of water level. The
categorization based on stage of development and long term water level trend for the 15 blocks(old)
of Ernakulam district as on march 2009 is given in Table 6. 12 blocks are categorised as safe and 3
as semi critical. There are no over-exploited blocks in the district. Among the three Semi-critical
blocks, the long term water level trend in Parakadavu and Paravoor blocks do not show declining
trend. But in Vytilla block, although the stage of development is less than 75 %, the long term trend
of water level is showing significant declining trend due to which it is classified as semi-critical. As
per 2004 assessment, 7 blocks are categorised as safe, 3 as semi critical and 4 as critical. The long
term water level trend in these blocks are showing declining trend. Two blocks namely Koovapady
and Vytilla are showing significant declining trend in water level due to which they were classified as
semi-critical and critical. The categorization of blocks is represented in Figure 5.

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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

4.4 Ground water Quality

4.4.1 Shallow aquifer

The ground water quality of the shallow aquifers of the district is generally very good. Samples
collected during April 2009 from the groundwater monitoring stations are analysed. The range of
chemical constituents (Major ions) is summarised in Table 7. Results of analysis are given in
Annexure – III.

Table 7 Range of chemical constituents

Chemical constituent Range in concentration

Minimum Maximum
EC, µ Siemens / cm 37 5260
At 250C
Total hardness, mg/l 6 675
as Ca CO3
Ca, mg/l 1.6 90
Mg, mg/l 0 109
Cl, mg/ 5.7 1778
F, mg/l 0 0.39
NO3 1.3 42

The data indicates that the ground water in the phreatic aquifers of the area is very low in
mineralisation and is fit for all domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes in general. On the basis
of USSL classification of groundwater, water samples from the study area have been classified into
Good, Marginally saline and Saline. Majority of the samples (97.8 %) falls in the category of Good
water. Marginally saline water is absent in the study area while the groundwater sample collected
from Chellanum is found to be saline. The quality of formation water of phreatic aquifer is generally
good. The average Electrical Conductance is ranging from 150 to 250 µs/cm.
4.4.2 Groundwater quality in deeper aquifers
In general the quality in deeper aquifers is good in most of the hard rock areas of the district. The
exploratory drilling data has revealed the quality to be good. However, it has also revealed the
presence of inland salinity in some areas namely Deshom and Sree Moolanagaram where the EC is
found to be very high of the order of more than 17,000 micro siemens/cm at 250C.

In the coastal sedimentary aquifers, the quality of the water of Vaikom aquifers is saline in most part
of the district except for small pockets like Narakal and Kumbalangi where it is fresh. The EC is
found to range between 4000 micro siemens/cm to 17,300 micro siemens/cm at 250C. The Warkalai
aquifer is completely saline in the district.

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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

Table 7a : Range of chemical constituents

Chemical constituent Range in concentration

Minimum Maximum
EC, µ siemens / cm 27 9370
At 250C
TDS
Cl, mg/ 5.7 3138
F, mg/l 0 0.47

5.0 GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

5.1 Ground water Development

In the district groundwater is developed for irrigation mainly by marginal farmers from wells used for
both domestic and irrigation. The crops irrigated are chiefly coconut, plantain and vegetables.
Groundwater is also developed for water supply schemes in rural areas by and to a limited extent in
urban areas.

Though groundwater development for the district is observed to be only about 43 %, the groundwater
development for two blocks viz. Parakadavu, Parur, are having a higher stage of development of
above 75%. Besides the above, in the case of Vytilla block, although the stage of development is at
lesser rate, the water levels are showing declining trend. Hence in this block also, further
development of ground water should be done with caution and suitable conservation methods are to
be resorted.

In crystalline aquifers dug wells can be constructed wherever sufficient weathered thickness of the
saturated zone is available. Existing low yielding wells can be revitalized by deepening such wells to
tap the entire thickness of weathered zone. Dug wells located along lineaments and fracture directions
can be revitalized by converting them into dug cum bore wells. Bore-wells are feasible in crystalline
areas tapping deep fractures and are site specific.

Tube wells are feasible in coastal belt in freshwater pockets of Vaikom aquifer. Tube wells may be
constructed tapping 15 to 20 m of aquifer material with slot size of 3.1 mm and gravel pack. In the
Laterite terrain dug wells and dug cum bore wells are feasible with depth of 10 to 16 m and diameter
of 2 to 4 m and in the valley areas dug wells of 6 to 8 m depth and 1.5 to 3.0 m diameter are feasible.

In the coastal alluvium dug-wells with depth of 4 to 7 m and diameter 1.5 to 2.0 m and filter point
wells wherever saturated thickness of 5 m or more are feasible.

6.0 GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

6.1Vulnerable areas

Even though the district is receiving very good rainfall of about 3400 mm annually it is paradoxical
that acute water scarcity is felt in certain areas. The Vypin Island along the coastal parts of the district

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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

is one such area where the water scarcity is very acute during summer months. The Vypin Island with
an area of 67 Sq.km is highly populated with total population of 197624 persons. Similar water
scarcity is recorded all along the coastal parts of the district down to Chellanam. The major problem
here is the limited top sand layer and at places its hydraulic continuity with tidal backwater rendering
it saline during summer months. In the southern parts of the district, in the top layer sand, the quality
is brackish. In these areas, rainwater harvesting with modification of the aquifer will help to improve
the aquifer condition and its water quality.

In the midland areas of the district as in Mulanthuruthy, Pampakuda, Kothamangalam blocks, the dug
wells dry up in summer, as the zone of weathering is very limited and the topography is sloping. In
these areas to check the subsurface out flow of ground water, subsurface dams can be constructed to
improve the recharge of water.

6.2 Other problems

The district being the industrial capital, the problems related to industry was studied. It is observed
that the pollution due to industrial effluents is not on an alarming scale. It is mainly restricted to
surface water. The pollution studies conducted by CGWB indicate that the ground water pollution is
highly localized with in 80m of the dumping of industrial waste.

6.3 Water Conservation and Artificial recharge

The district is having ideal site for implementing ground water conservation structures and rainwater
harvesting structures. The subsurface dam constructed at Odakkali in the premises of Aromatic and
Medicinal Plant Research Station of the Kerala Agricultural University has improved the ground
water conditions of the area and it ensures sustain water for irrigation for the farm area of the
university. The structure was constructed during 1988 with a cost of Rs. 1.67 lakhs. The length of the
dam is 80 m and the depth is about 6m.

Similar structures can be constructed along the narrow valleys of the district. In addition to this, gully
plugging and check dams will also be of great use in improving the groundwater resources of the
district. In the coastal area, roof top rainwater harvesting is to be given a thrust. The artificial recharge
schemes recommended for different blocks are given in Figure 6.

7.0 AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITY

The Central Ground Water Board has carried out Mass Awareness Programme and Water
Management Training Programmes in the district. Mass awareness programme was conducted in
Ernakulam district during the year 2002 at Ernakulam. Water Management Training Programme was
conducted in Ernakulam district during the year 2005 at Ernakulam.

8.0 AREAS NOTIFIED BY CGWA/SGWA

In the district no blocks are over-exploited and therefore there are no areas notified.
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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

9.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

The stage of ground water development in the district is 43.02 % leaving scope for future
development of ground water in the district except in the critical blocks and semi-critical blocks
where groundwater development may be on a cautious scale.

In the coastal areas of the district particularly the Vypin Island where acute water scarcity is felt
during summer months, rain water harvesting techniques can be carried out to solve the water
problem. Tube wells are feasible in the coastal blocks where fresh water pockets have been
demarcated in the deeper confined aquifer such as at Narakal and Kumbalangi. Tube wells may be
constructed tapping 15 to 20m thickness aquifer with slot size of 3.1 mm and gravel pack.

The mid land areas are covered by Laterite formations and the ground water can be developed in
these areas by dug wells and dug cum bore wells. The dug wells located in elevated areas/slope tend
to dry up in summer. The porous nature of laterite tends to this. These areas can be developed by
construction of large diameter dug wells in the valleys and dug cum bore wells in elevated areas. The
sub surface dam constructed at Odakalli, in the premises of Aromatic and Medicinal plant Research
station of KAV has improved the ground water conditions of area and sustain water for irrigation. In
Mulanthuruthy, Pampakada and Kothamangalam blocks sub surface dams can be constructed in
suitable locations for artificial recharge and improve the recharge.

In the eastern blocks with elevated hills and narrow valleys, gully plugging and contour bunding,
check dam etc can be practiced to improve the recharge condition.

The ground water development may be done on water shed basis for better water management also in
conjunctive with surface water management. Mass Awareness Programme can be organized to
make the public aware of the importance of adopting water conservation techniques.

15
Figure 1: Index map of Ernakulam district

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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

Figure 2: Pre-Monsoon average depth to water level of Ernakulam District April (2002-11)

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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

Figure 3: Post-Monsoon average depth to water level of Ernakulam District November (2002-11)

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GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

Figure 4: Hydrogeological map of Ernakulam district

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GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

Figure 5: Groundwater Resources of Ernakulam district

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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

Figure 6: The artificial recharge schemes recommended for different blocks in Ernakulam District

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Annexure – I: Details of wells drilled in Hard rock area, Ernakulam District, Kerala

Well Location, Lineament Depth Depth Fracture Discharge lpm T EC µS/cm CI Rock type Remarks
No. coordinates & Direction drilled/ of zones during drilling m2/day at 250C ppm
EKH toposheet No. SWL casing with yield recommended
mbgl mbgl lpm
1 Ilanji, NW-SE 200.53, 6.6 27- 456, 319 290 7.1 Charnockite
9049’45”, 0.8 35.0/260. 906
76032’30”, 111.0 –
58 C/9 114/456
2 Kozhipalli, NW-SE 187.79, 4.25 12.03/260, 600, 35.9 290 8.5 Charnockite
9052’15”, 2.12 65/490, 1158 9.8*10-
76036’50”, 145.0/610 4

58 C/9
3 Onakkur, Nil 20.53, 9.10 Nil Nil NA NA NA Charnockite
9053’30”, 2.95
76031’00”,
58 C/9
4 Kadalikad, NE-SW 200.53, 6.46 15.6/180, 600, 69.3, 260 85 Charnockite
9055’20”, 1.20 38/240, 1002 2.8*10-
76040’45”, 95/600 2

58 C/9
5 Kalady EW 101.0 15.50 63-64 9.2 Charnockite Quality
Gneiss good
6 Pallarimangalam 101.0 8.50 10-11 0.215 Dolerite
EW Dyke in
Hb Gneiss
7 Neriyamangalam 101.0 6.90 22-23 0.07 Hb Biotite
EW Gneiss

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Annexure – II Details of wells drilled in Sedimentary area, Ernakulam District, Kerala

Well Location Year of Location, RL m Depth Depth Zones tapped Disc- Static SP T EC CI in Remarks
No. constru- coordinates amsl drilled constructed harge Water capa- m2/day mhos/cm ppm
EKS ction (mbgl) m bgl lps Level in city at 250C
mbgl lpm/m
1 Chellanum 1973 9048’40”, 0.63 295.6 Nil 149.6-175.4 NA NA NA 3280 Abando-ned as
76016’40” water is of poor
quality.
2 Kandanakadavu 1973 9051’15”, 0.76 240.8 186.8 177.4- 10.1 59 818 TDS 4.41 agl (Flowing)
76016’00” 185.1(Upper zone 2065.0
brackish)
3 Kumbalangi 1973 9052’30”, 2.178 150.8 110.76 70.1-71.9, 90.2- 8.5 89.5 143 TDS SWL 0.04 mbgl
76017’00” 94.8,100.6- 1376.0
104.8,106.7-109.0
4 Panangad 1984 9053’50”, 2.4 69.2 60 29-38, 50- 6 174.5 193.6 5500 SWL 1.063 mbgl
76019’25” 58.0(Vaikom)
5 Wellington 1998 9056’40”, 1.79 116.5 105 97-103 1.2 NA NA NA SWL=5.18 mbgl
Island 76016’00”
6 Vaittila 1999 9058’00”, 2.645 54.66 58 42-45 2.5 NA NA NA SWL=0.34mbgl
76018’10”
7 Narakkal 1990 10002’45”, 0.947 118.15 101 93-99.5 7.33 NA NA 1120 234
76012’57”
8 Nayarambalam 1990 10004’20”, 1.512 106.5 70 53-61 (Vaikom) NA NA NA EC 17500 6049 SWL-0.20 mbgl.
76012’47” Water is saline.
9 Cherai 1989 10008’33”, 0.863 102.4 Nil 48-54,68-74 NA NA NA EC 1-zone Water is saline. BH
76011’31” 14200 converted into slim
II-zone hole
8800
Well Location Year of Location, RL m Depth Depth Zones tapped Disc- Static SP T EC CI in Remarks
No. constru- coordinates amsl drilled constructed harge Water capa- m2/day mhos/cm ppm
EKS ction (mbgl) m bgl lps Level in city at 250C
mbgl lpm/m
10 Palluruthy-EW- 1999-00 9055’50”, 146.25 100 95.5-96.5 3.34 2.16 4.72 3280
I 76016’20”
11 Palluruty-EW-II 1999-00 9055’50”, 146.25 143 122.5-140.5 3.34 1.02 16.51 3290 919
76016’20”
12 Malipuram-I 1999-00 10001’28”, 174 121 109-118 3.14 0.7 167.11 1292 309 Auto flow
76013’30”
13 Malipuram-II 1999-00 10001’28”, 173.67 170 146-167 3 0.7 105.48 1764 493
76013’30”
14 Palliport –I 1999-00 10010’05”, 103.5 91 82-86 2.9 0.7 3240
76010’40”

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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

15 Paliport-II 1999-00 10010’05”, 31 30 24-27 0.481 1.16 6000

76010’40”
16 Edavanakkad 2000-01 10005’30”, 116.5 106 97.0-103.0 4.4 1.4 18900 Saline
76012’30”
17 Kaitharam 2000-01 10007’40”, 53 51 46.0-49.0 2.11 1.7 17530 Saline
76014’00”
18 Wellingdon 2000-01 9056’45”, 133.5 105 96.0-102.0 3.14 1.7 1360 305
Port 76016’45”
Trust qtrs
19 Subash Park 2000-01 9058’03”, 100 96 81.0-84.0, 90.0-93 3.14 1.7 1370 355 Potable
76016’55”
20 Thevara 2000-01 9056’07”, 127 99 85.0-97.0 3.7 5.5 28.07 1500 376
76018’02”
21 Kannamali- 2001-02 9052’00”, 222 199 181.0-196.0 1.22 0.6 7200
EW1 76016’00”
22 Kannamali- 2001-02 9052’00”, 100 100 85.0-97.0 3.7 5.82
EW2 76015’55”
23 Mundanveli 2001-02 9055’30”, 207 122 109.0-118.0 3.1 0.79 89 1560 412
76015’30”
24 INS 2001-02 9057’00”, 198 181 166.0-178.0 8000
Dhronacharya 76014’45”
Fort Kochi
25 Fort Kochi - 2002-03 9057’20”, 186 423 27
Veli 76014’45”

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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

Annexure III Chemical Analysis Data of GWMW in Ernakulam district (2009)

S:No Location pH EC in TH as CaCO3 Ca Mg Cl F NO3

us/cm at 250C (-----------Conc. in mg/L-------------------->

1 Chellanum 8.58 5260 675 90 109 1778 0.39 42
2 Kumbalangi 7.95 341 124 37 7.8 24 0 6
3 Fort Cochin 8.02 344 110 37 4.4 26 0.03 22
4 Malipuram 8.1 467 150 53 4.4 47 0.08 11
5 Edavanakkad 8.16 276 94 33 2.9 23 0.05 3
6 Munambam 8.28 287 108 38 3.4 13 0.15 4
7 Paravur North 7.97 1161 235 72 13 252 0.19 3
8 Parakadavu 7.86 388 80 16 9.7 60 0.1 15
9 Mallassery 7.81 126 16 4 1.5 23 0 11
10 Angamaly 6.18 265 40 10 3.4 38 0.07 55
11 Karukutty 7.77 275 60 17 4.4 45 0.17 13
12 Attara 7.42 37 8 1.6 1 5.7 0.33 2
13 Chulli 7.55 60 16 5.6 0.5 7.1 0.14 2
14 Manjappra 7.41 79 22 5.6 1.9 7.1 0.01 10
15 Chengamanad 7.2 191 36 9.6 2.9 30 0.27 46
16 Chalakka 7.92 1757 540 108 66 505 0.23 3
17 Sreekadapuram 8.15 609 155 34 17 114 0.23 2
18 Kottapuram 7.59 110 24 6.4 1.9 11 0.18 2
19 Varapuzha 8.2 420 116 38 5.4 36 0.09 33
20 Eloor North 8.24 247 80 24 4.9 21 0.05 2
21 Edapally 8.35 510 225 72 11 39 0.24 20
22 Alwaye 7.48 170 34 10 1.9 28 0.21 16
23 Kapprassery 7.44 98 24 8 1 2.8 0.1 1
24 Chowwara 7.59 162 48 13 3.9 20 0.18 7
25 Kanjur 7.37 48 10 2.4 1 5.7 0.05 6
26 Malayattur 7.49 87 22 5.6 1.9 8.5 0.04 6
27 Vallom 7.84 175 52 16 2.9 17 0.19 13
28 Vazhakulam 8.03 241 70 20 4.9 26 0.1 9
29 Irumbanam 8.15 1113 170 26 25 242 0.45 4

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 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

30 Trikkakkara 7.93 167 52 20 0.5 14 0.04 4

31 Puthankurissu 7.44 64 16 4.8 1 7.1 0.05 5
32 Muvattupuzha 7.81 241 78 20 6.8 17 0.18 11
33 Palakuzha North 7.83 162 36 10 2.4 24 0.16 8
34 Kallur 7.49 151 44 10 4.4 17 0.27 28
35 Pothanikad 7.7 227 54 15 3.9 21 0.1 30
36 Oonukkal 7.5 54 18 4 1.9 7.1 0.25 9
37 Neriamangalam 7.54 109 40 13 1.9 11 0.02 13
38 Thattekkad 7.25 58 12 3.2 1 7.1 0.07 9
39 Kothamangalam 7.48 62 16 4 1.5 9.9 0.11 2
40 Kottapadi 7.48 63 20 6.4 1 5.7 0.09 5
41 Kuruppampady 6.88 104 20 5.6 1.5 16 0.15 15
42 Perumbavoor 7.91 401 118 37 6.3 36 0.35 16
43 Valayanchirangara 7.46 127 20 5.6 1.5 17 0.15 22
44 Mannur 7.27 51 12 3.2 1 5.7 0.07 4
45 Aikaranadu 7.12 33 6 2.4 0 5.7 0.21 2
46 Ramamangalam 7.24 90 20 4 2.4 13 0.21 11
47 Mamallassery 7.29 38 8 2.4 0.5 5.7 0.18 2
48 Pampakuda 6.93 64 12 4 0.5 11 0.15 8
49 Anchalpetty 8.96 997 70 24 2.4 266 0.21 1
50 Kakkur 7.88 148 26 4.8 3.4 20 0.09 8
51 Koothattukulam 8.07 321 76 23 4.4 41 0.13 29
52 Perumpidavam 7.68 57 16 4 1.5 5.7 0.17 6
53 Ilanji 7.27 53 10 2.4 1 9.9 0.09 6
54 Piravam 7.88 84 28 8.8 1.5 7.1 0.06 1
55 Edakkatuvayal 7.56 58 12 4.8 0 7.1 0.1 7
56 Poothotta 7.89 179 58 18 2.9 17 0.05 4
57 Mulanthuruthi 8.07 198 50 16 2.4 31 0.23 21
58 Vytilla 7.92 155 58 22 0.5 11 0.08 2
59 Punithura 8.35 942 240 48 29 153 0.33 3
60 Maradu 8.31 319 98 28 6.8 34 0.04 1
61 Tripunithura 8.16 411 102 34 3.9 44 0.15 47
62 Kundannur 8.67 292 60 22 1 41 0.32 4

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27