Thesis by Chapters
Thesis by Chapters
Thesis by Chapters
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The growth of population is still rapidly increasing, as the result, the increasing demand for
goods and services. In agricultural sector, where our food is coming, they still looking for some
improvement on how to fasten the production in terms of animal and crop products to meet the
In animal production, poultry production is one of the top producers in terms of meat and
eggs. In such way, poultry farming are facing many challenges and problems that may affect the
production of poultry products and to the profit of poultry raisers. One of this is the unending
increase costs of commercial feed and other feed stuffs. One solution for this is the proper
utilization of the agricultural waste and by-products, unknown legumes and forages and other,
which have characteristics, potential as feed ingredients and feed additives. The use of locally
available and indigenous materials is not new in poultry production due to unstoppable research
for improvement and making solution and getting answer for increasing commercial feed costs.
Another problem is the proper feed formulation. Proper feed formulation could help the
production to become more efficient. Errors and difficulties during the feed making process can
lead to feeds reduced its quality, being presented to the birds. Some of the problems that can
occur during the making process are including; incorrect nutritional values within the feed
will reduce its quality and durability. This could lead to a high percentage of fines in the finished
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
feed and increased segregation and feeds wastage and also inadequate mixing or incorrect raw
The purpose of every poultry raisers is to produce the best and quality chickens that
perform well in terms of better and higher weight gain, better conversion efficiency and better
meat quality to meet the unending increase of demand in poultry products. Those purpose must
be attain because quality chickens require shorter growing period, lesser feeds, lesser efforts and
Peanut ( Arachis hypogea L.) is consists of an extra hull (or shell) (21-29%) surrounding
the nut (71-79%) (Van Doosselaere, 2013; Davis et al., 2016). The shelling of peanuts is often
the second operation (after cleaning) of peanut processing, as both the production of peanut oil
and the production of peanut snacks, peanut butter and other peanut-based foods require kernels
without hulls ( except the production of in-shell peanuts). And peanut hulls usually consists of
fragmented hulls with variable amounts ta whole or broken kernels (Hill, 2002).
Peanut hulls and skins are considered as waste products of the food industry generated in
large amounts. Peanut hulls are often burned, dumped or left to detoriate naturally, in peanut
producing countries (Singh et al., 1999). In the recent past environmental concerned have led to
an interest in using peanut shells for a variety of purposes; fuel, mulch, carrier for chemical and
fertilizers, bedding for livestock and poultry, pet litter, soil conditioners, etc. (Hill, 2002). That’s
why, peanut hulls are effectively used as roughage source at levels 20% of beef finishing diets,
for bedding in dairy cattle loafing sheds. Peanut hulls are economically priced because of their
quantity, their inherent high fiber content and low CP content and they should not be fed as
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
primary feedstuffs for beef cattle (Hill, 2002). It is also fed to poultry, rabbits and other livestock
animals.
cover crop, green manure and fodder for livestock. It is a twining and climbing perennial legume.
Tropical kudzu forms swards of tangled branches that may reach (60-75 cm) in height (Heuze et
al., 2016).
Tropical kudzu is often used as nitrogen-fixing green manure or grown as a cover crop in
coffee, oil palm, citrus and rubber plantations. Tropical kudzu leaves and stems are rich in
protein (about 19%) and palatable to livestock and so are used widely as animal fodder. It may
also be used as a pasture crop (ECHOcommunity.org). According to Halim, 1997, the roots are
reported to be edible and its fibrous roots are used to make ropes. In addition, like most legume
forages it is rich in protein but due to its very high fiber content (crude fiber 26-40%) it is tends
Rice bran D1 is the finest by product of rice milling process. Rice bran contains various
antioxidants that have good effects in human and animal health. It is widely used as a major
component of livestock feeds and is a source of rice bran oil also used as food and medicine
offal’s, excess production that may not contribute in human consumption, small fishes and etc. It
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
vitamins, minerals and unknown growth factors. Fish meals are added to the diet as high quality
supplements to obtain efficient diets, particularly for aquaculture and animal feed (Janatha Fish
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a major staple food grain throughout the world,
particularly in Africa, Latin America and Asia and it is a major feed stuff in developed countries
(ECOcrop, 2010).
Maize or corn is very important as a livestock feed ingredient to chickens and other
poultry species. This is because maize is the major energy source in livestock feeds and it is very
high in energy. It is also the most common and readily available source of energy for livestock.
Maize contains protein, but very low and of poor quantity (Livestocking, 2018).
Molasses is a sticky dark by-product of processing sugar cane or sugar beets into
sugar. Molasses can be a source of quick energy and an excellent source of minerals for farm
animals and even humans. Molasses can also be a key ingredient for cost effective management
Daley, 2012, said that, feeding molasses to farm animals will improve digestion of
pastures/hay; increase milk production, help maintain body condition and appetite and result is
less feed waste. In addition, molasses can reduce the dusty powdery nature of some finely
ground feeds. In this role, it makes a feed mixture more palatable and edible to livestock.
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Molasses is typically used as a binder in dry poultry diets, but its use as energy source has
Generally, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of the formulated feedstuffs using
Peanut hull, (Puraria phaseoloides) Kudzu, Fish meal, Rice bran D1, Corn and Molasses on the
1. Effect of the formulated feedstuffs using Peanut hull, (Pueraria phaseoloides) Kudzu,
Fish meal, Rice bran D1, Corn and Molasses on the performance of broiler, in terms of
gain in weight, water consumption, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and meat
2. Economic feasibility of using Peanut hull, (Pueraria phaseoloides) Kudzu, Fish meal,
Rice bran D1, Corn and Molasses as feedstuffs for broiler by computing the Return on
1. Broiler chicken raiser: Help broiler raisers improve the growth quality of broilers
produced and help to reduce cost for commercial feeds and other feedstuffs as its cost is
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
2. Consumers: Help them to provide and serve a non-chemical product in their family that
3. Department of Agriculture: Serve a basis for possible technology trials and transfer to
help the raisers in improving the growth and production of their broiler.
4. Researchers: Future researchers can use the results as basis for further researches to
5. Environment: Help to reduce agricultural waste, from utilizing properly those materials
The study was delimited to determine the effectiveness of Peanut hull, (Puraria
phaseoloides) Kudzu, Fish meal, Rice bran D1, Corn and Molasses as feedstuffs for broiler on
growth and development, meat and carcass quality and improvement of their weight by the
different treatments.
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Chapter 2
Feed formulation is the process of quantifying the amounts of feed ingredients that need
to be combined to form a single uniform mixture (diet) for poultry supplies all of their nutrient
requirements. Since feed accounts for 65-75% of total live production costs for most types of
poultry throughout the world, a simple mistake in diet formulation can be extremely expensive
A complete diet meets the needs of an animal for nutrients and energy for maintenance,
growth and reproduction, and this must be kept in mind when feeds are being formulated for the
relate to the bioavailability of a feed may depend not only on its chemical composition but also
on the sensitivity of the animal towards its components. Even when readily accepted,
nutritionally balanced feeds have been formulated, their physical qualities may have important
influences upon stability and nutrient bioavailability according to Houlihan D, Boujarf T, Jobling
M (2001).
RELATED LITERATURE
Poultry farming means ‘raising various types of domestic birds commercially for the
purpose of meat, eggs and feather production’. The most common and widely raised poultry
birds are chicken. About 5k million chickens are being raised every year as a source of food
(both meat and eggs of chicken). The chickens which are raised for eggs are called layer chicken,
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
and the chickens which are raised for their meat production are called broiler chickens (Poultry
Farming, 2018).
As of July 01, 2017, the total chicken inventory in the country was estimated at 181.05
million birds. This went up by 3.73 percent compared with the previous year’s total inventory.
The inventory of layer and native/improved chickens recorded respective increases of 9.80
percent. Meanwhile, broiler chicken inventory declined by 1.24 percent compared with the
previous year’s stocks (PSA, 2017). In broiler production, reducing feed costs can lead to
improved production efficiency and profitability, that’s why many researchers focused their
attention on how to reduce feed cost. The use of locally or indigenous materials as feed added to
commercial feeds for broiler ration may be one solution to lower feed cost.
Peanut Hull
According to Chids and Abajian (1976), dried ground peanut hulls were found to contain 34.56
lignin, 39.42% cellulose, 73.98% acid detergent fiber and 86.16% neutral detergent fiber. The
hulls bound 2-3g HOH/g sample, exchanged 1.55 meq cations/g sample and bounds 2.28 + 0.87
In addition, the National Peanut Board (2011), breaks down peanut shell content as
follows: 60% crude fiber, 25% cellulose, 8% water/moisture, 6% crude protein, 2% ash and 1%
fat. They said that, the composition differs based on peanut varieties and manufacturing
environments. Other than dietary fiber, peanut shells offer virtually no nutritional value.
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Tropical kudzu
According to Heuze, Tran, Hassoun, Bastianelli and Lebas (2017), tropical kudzu, like
most legume forages, is rich in protein (about 20% DM, ranging from 13 to 25%). However, its
fiber content is very high (crude fiber 26 to 40%), which tends to be detrimental for animal
feeding.
protein 18.3, fiber 37.9, ash 6.6, K 2.09, Na 0.02, Ca 0.72, Mg 0.36, P 0.24, Cl 0.33 and S 0.20%
of dry matter. The protein level is sufficient to permit the daily yield of 10 kg milk, 4% fat, from
a 400 kg cow, but the high fiber content would prevent high yields. K and Ca were high and Na,
Cl and S were low compared with levels in indigenous grasses on the same soil. The mineral
Fish Meal
According to Jacob (2015), fish meal is an excellent source of protein for poultry. It has
high levels of essential amino acids such as methionine and lysine and it also has a good balance
of unsaturated fatty acids, certain minerals (available phosphorus), and vitamins (A, D, and B-
complex). The use of fish meal is usually restricted to 5% to 10% of the content of poultry diets.
In addition, according to Sauvant et al., (2004), fish meal has a high crude protein content
ranging from 62% to more than 70% while Medale et al., (2009) added that fish meal also have a
The article (Fishmeal in Animal Feed), stated that, the fat will generally improve the
balance of fatty acids in the feed to restore the ratio of omega-6: omega3: forms towards 5:1,
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
which is believed to be optimum; in the fat in many diets currently this ratio is considerably
higher. With the optimum ratio and omega-3 fatty acids provided ass DHA and EPA, general
health of the animal is improved, especially where there is to be less dependence on routine
medication. A dietary source of DHA and EPA results in their deposition in animal products.
This in turn will help to balance omega-6: omega-3 ratios in the human diets and provide pre-
formed DHA and EPA required for infant development and for prevention of numerous disorders
of the circulatory system, the immune system and to reduce inflammatory conditions. In
addition, fish meal is a concentrated energy source. With 70% to 80% of the product in the form
of digestible protein and fat its energy content is higher than of many other proteins.
Rice Bran D1
According to Jacob (2013), rice bran is rich in protein and fat. It contains high levels of
Batal and Dale (2010) give the nutrient content of rice bran which include crude protein
(13.5%), Methionine (0.17%), Cysteine ( 0.10%), Lysine (0.50%), Trytophan (0.10%), and
Threonine (0.40%), crude fat at (5.9%), crude fiber (13%), while ash content is at (11%),
Corn
According to Jacob (2015), corn is the easiest grain for chickens to digest and is low in
fiber. Yellow dent corn is the variety typically used in feed. Nutrient content of ground corn
varies from variety to variety, location to location, and year to year, but recent averages suggest
that corn has about 1520 kcal/lb. (3350 kcal/kg.) of energy for poultry. It has also, on average
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
7.5% crude protein. Corn protein is low in methionine. In addition, much of the phosphorus corn
grain is bound to phytate and is not readily available to birds. Birds do not produce sufficient
phytase, which is the enzyme required to break down phytate and release the bound phosphorus.
Phosphorus availability can be increased by the addition of the enzyme phytase to feed. Another
option is to feed poultry low-phytate corn varieties (also-referred to as high available phosphorus
or HAP corn), which will reduce the need for supplemental phosphorus in poultry diets.
Yellow maize has higher vitamin A content than white maize. Vitamin A deficiency is of
little importance in ruminants but it may have deleterious effects in pigs and poultry if not
adequately supplemented with source of Vitamin A. Yellow maize is best for monogastric
Molasses
Molasses usually fed to animals is a liquid viscous product containing 70-75% DM. From
a nutritional point of view, it is primarily source of energy, due to its high sugar content (60-70%
DM), also the proportion of the non-sugar fraction increases from A to C molasses according to
Perez (1995). Leclerc (2003) stated; that in cane molasses, only 2/3 of the sugar content consists
of sucrose, unlike beet molasses where the sugar is mostly sucrose. Perez (1997); Le Dividich et
al (1978) added that molasses is free of fat and fiber with low nitrogen content and the crude
In addition, Blair (2007), sugarcane molasses is a rich source of minerals. The calcium
content is quite high (about 0.9% DM) due to the addition of calcium hydroxide during
processing. Cane molasses is also high in sodium, potassium and magnesium and contains
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
significant quantities of copper, zinc, iron and manganese. However, its poor in phosphorus (less
than 0.1% DM) and supplementation may be required. Molasses can be a good source of
Leclerc (2003); Ly (1989) added, that the non-sugar fraction also contains soluble gums,
organic acids (citric, malic) and unidentified compounds originating from different chemicals
(electrolytes, formaldehyde, sulphur dioxide, hypochlorite, sodium bisulphite and also tension-
RELATED STUDIES
Peanut Hull
Peanut hulls have been successfully used by broiler growers in some parts of the country
According to Hill, (2002) in the article (Peanut by products fed to cattle), peanut hulls are
effectively used as a roughage source at levels up to 20% of beef finishing diets, for bedding in
dairy cattle loafing sheds and in variety of manufactured products. Peanut hulls are economically
priced because of their quantity, their inherent high fiber, and low CP content, and they should
Crandell K, Ph.D. a senior nutritionist at Kentucky Equine Research (2015) stated that
the results investigated by many researchers about peanut hull as an ingredient in horse feeds
and published by the National Research Council (2015), peanut hull reveals low levels of
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
protein, fat and minerals and virtually no vitamins whatsoever. Peanut hulls are rich in fiber, a
dietary component that all horses require. Fiber is mostly indigestible to horses. Average
statistics from multiple samples showed neutral detergent fiber (NDF) as 69% and acid detergent
fiber (ADF) as 60%. And among equine nutritionists and some feed manufacturers, peanut hulls
are considered filler and it does not appropriate to horses because of almost entirely empty of
useful nutrients. In addition, Crandell said, that peanut hulls are contaminated with aflatoxins,
According to Lien et al. (1998), peanut hulls do not have any nutritive value for poultry.
They can only be used as bedding material, as an alternative to wood shavings. In addition,
ICRISAT (2016) said that, for poultry and livestock, aflatoxins can cause loss of appetite, loss of
According to Nworgu et al. (2013), tropical kudzu leaves are rich in fiber and hence not
particularly adapted to poultry feeding. When tropical kudzu leaf meal was in added to broiler
diets, growth performance decreased significantly and feed conversion was degraded. Also
depressive effect was higher in young animals and with increasingly levels of kudzu. In addition,
according to Zambrano et al. (2015), in slow growing chickens, feed intake and growth
performance were depressed when 5 to 10% tropical kudzu leaf meal was included. Etela et al.
(2007) stated that when tropical kudzu was fed as green forage in supplement of a complete diet,
tropical kudzu had a slight negative effect on growth and feed efficiency.
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
In rabbit, feeding fresh Pueraria phaseoloides forage can be used without restriction as a
source of fiber and protein. However, topical kudzu protein cover only ~65% and ~75% of the
requirement for sulfur-containing amino acids and lysine respectively, and only 80% and 50%
of calcium and phosphorus requirements according to Lebas et al. (2013). The precise nutritive
value of tropical kudzu hay has not been established yet, but this dry forage could certainly be
Fish Meal
Considerable data have been accumulated concerning the value of fish meal as an
According to Blair and Chadd (2008), fish meal is an interesting concentrated protein
source for poultry, particularly in situations where land animal-by-products have been banned in
poultry feeds. Fish meal has a higher biological value in poultry, not only as a protein source but
also as source of minerals, such as P and Ca, and trace elements such Se or I. However, the high
prices of fish meal limit the inclusion levels and those remain around or below 5%. Blair (2008)
added that including fish meal in broiler diets increases body weight and feed intake. Fish meal
has greater impact on growing broilers than on starters. It is highly valuable to young turkeys. In
laying hens and broilers, inclusion of fish meal may cause a fishy taste in eggs and meats.
Advisory Committee on Animal Feeding stuffs (ACAF) (2001) stated that, it is argued
that ruminant animals are herbivores and do not naturally consume animal or fish material.
Nevertheless, prior to the introduction of the temporary EU-wide ban, there was some usage of
fish meal in ruminant diets. For dairy cows, it is a good source of undegradable protein with a
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
good balance of amino acids for milk production which is required for higher yields. In addition,
for sheep, research shown that the inclusion of fish meal can result in heavier lambs at birth,
Rice Bran D1
According to Widyobroto, (1989), the variability of rice bran, and in particular its fiber
content, has a very high effect on its nutritional value for poultry. In addition, rice ran has a high
lysine and methionine contents according to Tsvetanov et al. (1990), it has also a good Mn
Rice bran is prone to rancidity, has a high phytate content, contains an enzyme inhibitor
(trypsin inhibitor), and is high in fiber, and these characteristics of rice bran have limited in
broiler diets, depending on the geographical origin of the rice and the level of supplemental
Gallinger et al. (2004) reported that inclusion of 20% rice bran in broiler diets resulted in
reduced growth performance. In addition, adding just 10% rice bran reduced feed efficiency and
tibia ash content. Others have recommended like Martin and Farrell, (1998) that rice bran not be
Higher levels are possible with ducklings and laying hens said; Farrell, (1994). While
60% rice bran has been successfully used in layer diets, an upper limit of 45% is more widely
accepted, and the use of feed enzymes has had only limited success, although phytate has been
shown to increase phosphorus availability, added; Farrell, (1994). In addition, when including
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
high levels of rice bran in duckling diets, the inclusion of 5% fish meal has been shown to
Corn
Daghir (2008) stated that in poultry, maize is appreciated for its highly digestible starch,
low fiber and relatively high oil content, resulting in high metabolizable energy values. It is fed
at high levels in broilers and laying hens. In addition, white and yellow maize have equivalent
energy, protein and mineral values. Yellow maize is beneficial to yolk pigmentation because it
Molasses
According to Preston (1986), it is important to distinguish between low and high level
usage of all types of molasses. At low levels (<20 percent of the diet dry matter), the effect of the
soluble carbohydrates in the molasses tends to be complementary rather than competitive and
there appears to be little or no depression in the degree to which the basal feed resource is
fermented. Beyond a concentration of 20% in the rumen microorganisms, with the result that the
basal diet is used less and less efficiently according to the amount of molasses that is fed.
Daley (2012) said; that molasses can be source of quick energy and an excellent source
of minerals for farm animals and even humans. Molasses can also be a key ingredient for cost
effective management of feeds and pastures. The calcium content of sugar cane molasses is high
(up to one percent), whereas phosphorus content is low. It is also high in sodium, potassium,
magnesium, and sulphur. In addition, supplementing poor quality hay molasses will increase fed
intake and improve palatability. Microbes in the rumen break down the sugars in molasses
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
rapidly, which extensively causes rapid release of energy that makes molasses very useful for
balancing other feeds in the dairy diet. In addition, feeding molasses to farm animals will
improve digestion of pastures/hay; increase milk production, help maintain body condition and
According to Gohl (1982), molasses is typically used as a binder in dry poultry diets, but
its use as an energy source has also been investigated. Poultry, particularly geese and ducks, can
Early research showed that sugarcane molasses could be used up to more than 30% in
broiler diets. However, high levels of molasses tend to cause sticky droppings and caked litter
according to Roseberg (1995). In addition, molasses is suggested at a high level for laying hens,
said Soldevila et al. (1976), while Sharma et al. (1973) said that, feeding molasses to laying hens
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Chapter 3
The following poultry facilities and essential equipment were used during the study:
Improvised feeding troughs (9) Graduated cylinder (50 ml) Stick Broom
METHODS
The study was laid to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) during the study.
The birds were randomly distributed into three treatments, replicated three times with ten birds in
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Treatment 2: 50% commercial feeds and 50% of Peanut hull, Kudzu, Fish meal, Corn, Molasses,
Treatment 3: 100% Peanut hull, Kudzu, Fish meal, Corn, Molasses, and Rice bran D1
Experimental Animals
A total of ninety (90) heads of 14 days-old broiler chicks, regardless of sex, were used in
the study. There were three (3) treatments and replicated three times with ten (10) birds each
replication.
This study was conducted its first trial from December 29, 2017 to February 02, 2018 and
from February 10, 2018 to March 17, 2018 conducted its second trial respectfully at Sitio Bacod,
Peanut Hull and (Pueraria phaseoloides) kudzu were collected. The collected peanut hull
and kudzu were washed thoroughly to remove dirt such as sands and other matters that could
affect the quality of the feeds. After washing, the peanut hull and kudzu were being dry through
air to prevent volatilization of nitrogen and other nutrients present from the plant (the said
materials were being weighed every other day and if the weight were constant for three
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
consecutive weighing, it is already dried). After drying, peanut hull and kudzu were being passed
Tilapia, other small fishes and waste or by-products of different fish were been collected
and then washed. Then, all the collected and gathered cleaned raw products were dried. After
drying, fish by-products & waste, tilapia and other small fishes were cooked by frying without
using any kind of oil. Then after cooking, it will be passed also to DA Sual Satellite Station for
grinding.
The remaining feed ingredients- molasses, ground yellow corn and rice bran d1 were
purchased from a reliable dealer to ensure the quality and reliability of materials.
Prepare all the needed ingredients, the feed stuff ingredients and other materials. Ground
peanut hull, ground kudzu, fish meal, ground yellow corn, rice bran d1, molasses and palm oil.
Weighing scale and mat is also needed. If all needed ingredients and materials are already
prepared, prepare the mat for mixing all the things needed. Weigh every ingredients based from
the computed feed formulation. Every ingredient that is solid will be place on the mat one by one
and mixed thoroughly then pour 1 liter of palm oil and the weighed molasses which is 5 liters.
After pouring palm oil and molasses, it will be mixed again thoroughly. And finally, after mixing
it well, it will be packed in sacks and ready to be fed to the broiler chickens. The feedstuff
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
(starter and finisher) were also being passed to Institute of Animal Science (Animal Nutrition
Division- Animal Nutrition Analytical Service Laboratory) University of the Philippines Los
Baños -College of Agriculture for proximate analysis to analyze and determined the (%) crude
protein, (%) moisture content, (%) ash, (%) crude fiber and (%) crude fat.
Preparation of Brooder and Experimental House. Prior to the start of the study, the
brooder and experimental house and all other facilities and equipment’s needed in the conduct
of the study were thoroughly cleaned and disinfected to eliminate the disease-causing organisms.
Electric bulbs were installed at center of the each brooder and turned on during day and night to
keep them warm and provide the sufficient heat requirements of chicks and encourage eating.
reputable dealer to ensure the health and vigor of the birds. The chicks were inspected for any
deformities and health problems such as lameness, crooked legs and beaks, pasty vents and
unhealed navels. Feeds and other necessary materials were also purchased to a reputable and
Care and Management of the Experimental Birds during Brooding Period. Upon the
arrival, the broiler chicks were placed in the brooding cages with old newspapers as beddings to
avoid damage to the feet and legs of the chicks and as insulator. Drinking troughs containing
fresh water mixed with sugar was immediately placed in the brooder to relieve the chicks from
stress due to transport. The chick booster feed were scattered on the newspaper beddings for the
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
chicks could easily pick-up it. On the following days, floor feeding was gradually reduced.
Water supply fortified with drink supplement was provided during the entire brooding period for
the broiler chicks. Wet newspaper bedding are removed and replaced with new ones to prevent
the chicks from getting wet and soiled which might cause pulmonary infection. Chick booster
feeds was given alone, as adjustment period throughout the brooding period and ad libitum
feeding was employed. The chicks in fourteenth day of life were randomly selected, a total of 90
broiler chicks-up from the original 110 chicks and distributed into three dietary treatments. And
the weight obtained was recorded as the initial weight of the chicks.
Drink Management. The birds were provided with clean water every day. Vetracin was
mixed with water and administered every 2 weeks to protect the birds from pest and diseases.
Rearing Management. From the original one hundred ten (110) heads of chicks, ninety
(90) heads of chicks were randomly picked and were used in this study. Ninety (90) heads of
chicks were distributed into three (3) treatments, replicated three (3) times consisting of ten (10)
control (farmer’s practice), while the birds in T2 were given 50 % of the feedstuff made and 50%
of commercial feeds, T3 were given 100% of the feedstuff made. Gradual change of feeds was
applied.
Other Management Practices. Cleaning inside and outside of the experimental house
was done every day to avoid the occurrence of pest and diseases. Carbonized rice hull were
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
placed in the chicken dung everyday to reduce the multiplication and breeding of house fly and
other organisms that might bring pest and diseases. Drinking jars were cleaned and washed every
day. Proper sanitation and waste disposal was imposed in the whole study.
DATA GATHERED
The data gathered were the mean initial weight, mean final weight, mean gain in weight,
water consumption, mean feed consumption, mean feed conversion ratio, meat and carcass
quality, total cost of production, net income, return of investment and benefit cost ratio.
Mean Initial Weight. This was obtained by weighing the experimental animals at the
start of feeding period, by adding the total number of kilogram or gram using the weighing scale,
MIW=
Mean Final Weight. This was obtained by weighing the experimental birds at the end of
the feeding period, by adding the total number of kilogram using the weighing scale, divided by
MFW=
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Mean Gain in Weight. This was obtained by deducting the mean initial weight from the
Water Consumption. This was measured by adding all the water consumed during the
WC=
Mean Feed Consumption. This was obtained by adding the total feed consumed from
the start up to the end of the study and deducting from it the left over feeds.
MFC=
Mean Feed Conversion Ratio. This was obtained by dividing the total feed consumption
MFCR=
Meat and Carcass Quality. This was obtained at the end of the study by dressing one
bird per treatment. Percentage fat per body weight, fat color, and meat color were determined.
24
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Total Cost of Production. This was obtained by adding the all expenses incurred during
Net Income. This was obtained by deducting the gross income from the total cost of
production.
Return of Investment. This was computed by the percentage of the income from the
Net Income
ROI= X 100
Benefit Cost Ratio. This was computed by the percentage of the net income from the
Net Income
BCR = X 100
Variable Cost
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in RCBD was used to determine the differences among
treatment means.
25
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Chapter 4
Table 1.
Summary of the Comparison of Mean Initial Weight, Week 1 Mean Weight, Week 2 Mean
Weight, Mean Final Weight, Mean Gain 1, Mean Gain 2, Mean Gain 3, Mean Gain in Weight,
under Trial Regardless of the Different Treatments
Table 1 shows the comparison of the initial weight of the birds between two trials before
distributing them in their respective experimental and dietary cages. As presented in Table 1,
birds under Trial 2 registered the highest initial weight and performed well compared with Trial
1, with a mean of 501.67 kg, and Trial 1 registered the lowest initial weight with a mean of
26
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
387.56 kg. The difference of trial 2 to trial 1 is at 114.11 kg. This means that regardless to the
hotter environmental condition Trial 1 performed well in terms of initial weight compared with
Trial 2 conducted in cooler environmental condition that performed less efficient in terms of
initial weight. Environmental condition is only one of the problems that may affect the
Statistical analysis revealed that the comparison of the two trials in terms of mean initial
weights of the broilers were significantly different. This was shown by the computed p-value of .
000, lower than 0.05 the set level of significance using analysis of variance. This means that the
birds is not comparable to each other in terms on initial weights and are homogenous condition
Result in Table 1 shows that the week 1 weight of the experimental birds between two
trials, under trial 2 registered the highest week 1 weight with a mean of 856.11 kg, compared
Statistical revealed that the comparison of two trials in terms of week 1 weight of the
broilers were significantly different. This was shown by the computed p-value of .000, lower
than 0.05 the set level of significance using analysis of variance. This means that the birds is not
comparable to each other in terms on week 1 weights and are homogenous condition for the
experiment.
27
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Table 1 show that the week 2 weights of the experimental birds between two trials, under
Trial 1 got the highest week 2 weights with a mean of 1310.56 kg, while Trial 2 got only 1220.67
Statistical analysis revealed that the comparison of two trials in terms of week 2 weight
of the broilers were significantly different. This was shown by the computed p-value of .002,
lower than 0.05 the set level of significance using analysis of variance. This means that the birds
are not comparable to each other in terms on week 2 weights under the comparison of the trials.
Result in Table 1 shows that the mean final weight of the experimental birds of the
comparison between two trials, Trial 1 administered the highest mean final weight and
performed better with a mean of 1725.00 kg, while Trial 2 were administering only a mean of
1481.67 kg and having a 243.33 kg difference into Trial 1. This means that environmental
condition would may affect the birds in terms of Final weight, Trial 1 conducted in a colder
environmental condition performed better in terms of Final weight compare to Trial 2 conducted
in hotter environmental condition, wherein environmental condition is only factor that could
Analysis of Variance reveals that there were significant differences in the final weight of
the birds this was shown by the computed p-value of .000, lower than 0.05 the set level of
28
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
significance. This means that the birds are not comparable to each other in terms on week 2
Gain 1
Table 1 show that the Gain 1 of the experimental birds of the comparison between two
trials, in terms of Gain 1, Trial 2 registered the highest mean in gain 1 with a mean of 354.44 kg
and performed well compared with Trial 1 registering only a main of 262.42 kg.
Statistical analysis revealed that the comparison of two trials in terms of Gain 1 of the
broilers were significantly different. This was shown by the computed p-value of .000, lower
than 0.05 the set level of significance using analysis of variance. This means that the birds are
not comparable to each other in terms on Gain 1 under the comparison of the trials.
Gain 2
Result in Table 1 show that in terms of Gain 2 under the comparison of the Two Trials,
Trial 1 performed better with a mean of 660.58 kg while Trial 2 registering only a mean of
Analysis of Variance reveals that there were significant differences in the Gain 2 of the
birds, this was shown by the computed p-value of 0.000, lower than 0.05 the set level of
significance. This means that the birds are not comparable to each other in terms on Gain 2 under
29
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Gain 3
Table 1 shows that in terms of Gain 3 under the comparison of the Two Trials. Trial 1
registered the highest mean in terms of Gain 3 with a mean of 414.44 kg and Trial 2 registered
the lowest mean in terms of Gain 3 having a mean of 261.00 kg. This means that in terms of
Statistical analysis revealed that the comparison of two trials in terms of Gain 3 of the
broilers were significantly different. This was shown by the computed p-value of .000, lower
than 0.05 the set level of significance using analysis of variance. This means that the birds are
not comparable to each other in terms on Gain 3 under the comparison of the Two Trials.
Result in Table 1 shows that the mean total gain of the experimental birds of the
comparison between two trials, Trial 1 administered the highest mean total gain and performed
better with a mean of 1337.44 kg, while Trial 2 were administering only a mean of 980.00 kg
and having a 357.44 kg difference into Trial 1. This means that in terms of total gain,
environmental condition could may affect the birds, Trial 1 conducted in a colder environmental
condition performed better in terms of Total gain compare to Trial 2 conducted in hotter
environmental condition. Environmental condition is only one factor that could affect to the
Analysis of Variance reveals that there were significant differences in the total gain of the
birds this was shown by the computed p-value of 0.000, lower than 0.05 the set level of
30
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
significance. This means that the birds are not comparable to each other in terms on total gain
31
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Table 2.
Summary of the Comparison of Mean Feed Intake, Feed Conversion Efficiency and Mean Liquid
Consumption under Trial Regardless of the Different Treatments
Mean Liquid
Trial FCE Mean Feed Intake
Intake
1 73077.22 35802.00 2.770
Table 2 shows that in terms of Mean Liquid Intake under the comparison of the Two
Trials with different environmental condition. Trial 1 registered the highest mean in terms of
Liquid Intake with a mean of 73,077.22 ml and Trial 2 registered the lowest mean, having a
mean of 69,650.89 ml. This means that in terms of Liquid Intake, Trial 1 consumed more water
regardless to a cooler environmental condition while Trial 2 slightly consumed lesser water
environmental temperatures may affect and responsible for the different water intake.
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Analysis of Variance reveals that there were no significant differences in the mean liquid
intake of the birds this was shown by the computed p-value of .249, higher than 0.05 the set level
of significance. This means that the birds are comparable to each other in terms on liquid intake
FCE
The mean FCE of the birds was observed that trial 1 have higher mean with 35,802.00 kg
than trial 2 with a mean of 34863.67 kg. This means that trial 1 performed better in terms of feed
Analysis of Variance reveals that there were significant differences in the final weight of
the birds this was shown by the computed p-value of .003, lower than 0.05 the set level of
significance. This means that the birds are not comparable to each other in terms on feed
Table 2 shows that in terms of Mean Feed Intake under the comparison of the Two Trials
conducted into different environmental condition. Trial 2 registered the highest mean in terms of
Feed Intake with a mean of 4.028 kg and Trial 2 registered the lowest mean, having a mean of
2.770 kg. This means that in terms of Feed Intake, Trial 2 consumed more feeds regardless to a
hotter environmental condition while Trial 1 consumed lesser feeds compared to trial 2
temperatures may affect and responsible for the different feed intake of the broiler and this is
33
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Analysis of Variance reveals that there were no significant differences in the mean feed
intake of the birds this was shown by the computed p-value of .516, higher than 0.05 the set level
of significance. This means that the birds are comparable to each other in terms on feed intake
34
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Table 3.
Summary of the Comparison of Mean Initial Weight, Week 1 Mean Weight, Week 2 Mean
Weight, Mean Final Weight, Mean Gain 1, Mean Gain 2, Mean Gain 3, Mean Gain in Weight,
under Treatment Regardless of the Different Trials
Table 4 presented the results of the comparison among the different treatments regardless
of the two trials in terms of mean initial weight. It was observed, the mean initial weight per
treatment are mostly comparable from each other With a mean of 449.58g Treatment 1 have the
highest mean initial weight, followed by the Treatment 2 with a mean of 449.17g, and having
35
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Statistically analyzed that there were no significant differences among the three
treatments as it is shown by the computed p-value of the mean initial weight of 0.332 is higher
than 0.05, the set level of significance using the analysis of variance. This proved that all
The Table 4 posted that the T1 got the highest week 1 mean weight 868.75 g and the T3
is the lowest mean of 595.00 g, and 795.38 g of the week 1 mean weight of the T2. They are not
Statistical analysis revealed that there are significant differences among all the treatments
regardless of the two trials in terms of Week 1 Mean Initial Weight. The results from the Table 4
shows, that T1 is statistically higher than T2. Treatment 2 is statistically lower than T1 but higher
than T3 in week 1 mean weight. And statistically lowest is Treatment 3 among all treatments of
the mean weight in week 1. It is also shown by the computed p-value of 0.000 is lower than
Presented in the Table 4, the result shows that Treatments 1 is the highest with the mean
of 1504.17 g in terms of week 2 mean weight, then followed by the T2 of 1313.33 g and the least
36
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Statistically analysis revealed that there are significant differences among the three
treatments. A mean 1882.50 g of the T1 from the week 2 mean weight is statistically highest
among all the 3 treatments. Treatment 2 is statistically lower than T1 but higher than the
Treatment 3 in terms of the mean weight of the second week. And T3 is statistically the least
mean weight of the week 2. It is also posted by being the p-value of 0.000 as lower than 0.005
The first treatment with the mean of 1882.50 g is the highest mean final weight, and the
least is the third treatment with the mean of 1270.83 g and the second treatment with the mean of
1656.67 g. This result shows that they are not comparable from each other. And also, this means
that the treatment treated with farmer’s practice is performed better compared with the two the
other treatments, while the treatment treated with a 50% farmer’s practice and 50% feed
formulated is performed next to farmer’s practice and the treatments treated with a 100% feed
Statistically analysis revealed that among all the treatments regardless of the two trials,
that they are significantly different from each other. It is shown from the p-value of 0.000, lower
than the 0.005 set level of significance using the analysis of variance. It also observed that T1 is
statistically highest and higher than T2 in terms of mean final weight. Statistically lower of T2
than T1 but nevertheless statistically higher than T3. And T3 is statistically lowest among all the
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Mean Gain 1
Among all the three treatments, T1 is the highest, with the mean of 419.17 g, next is T2
with a mean of 346.22 g and the least with the mean of 159.92 g is T3 in terms of mean gain 1. It
was observed that they are not comparable from each other.
Statistical analysis reveals that the treatments are significantly differences from each
other. Based from the result of the computed p-value of 0.000, lower than 0.005 the set level of
significance. It is revealed from the table that Treatment 1 is statistically higher than T2.
Treatment 2 is statistically lower than T1 but higher than T3, so T3 is statistically lowest among
Mean Gain 2
From the Table 4, it shows that all the treatments are not comparable to each other. A
635.42 g of the mean is the highest from T1, secondly a 517.95 g mean gain 2 of T2 and the
Statistical analysis revealed that there are significant differences among all treatments
regardless of different trial. This was shown by the computed p-value of 0.000, lower than 0.05
38
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Mean Gain 3
The mean gain 3 of the birds was observed that treatment 1 have the highest mean in
terms of mean gain 3 with a mean of 378.33 kg. , next is treatment 2, with a mean of 343.33 kg
Analysis of variance revealed that there were significant differences among all treatments
regardless to the trials in terms of mean gain 3. This was shown that the computed p-value of
Table 3 shows the mean total gain of the birds among different treatments, the table
shows treatment 1 is statistically higher than treatment 2 with a mean of 1432.92 kg. , treatment
2 is statistically lower than treatment 1 and higher than treatment 3 with a mean of 1207.50 kg
while treatment 3 is statistically lowest among all treatments having a mean of 835.75 kg.
Statistical analysis revealed that the mean total gain of the broilers were significantly
differences among all different treatments. This was shown by the computed p-value of 0.000,
lower than 0.05 the set level of significance using analysis of variance. This means that the birds
have incomparable to each other in terms of mean total gain and broilers treated with treatment 1
performed well which is the farmer’s practice, while broilers treated with 50% farmer’s practice
and 50% feed formulated were performed next to farmer’s practice and treatment 3 which are
treated with 100% feed formulated is performed less efficient in terms of mean total gain.
39
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Table 4.
Summary of the Comparison of Mean Feed Intake, Feed Conversion Efficiency and Mean Liquid
Consumption under Trial Regardless of the Different Treatments
The mean liquid intake of the birds was observed that treatment 1 have the higher mean
with 80272.167 ml, next is treatment 2 with a mean 0f 72029.167 ml and treatment registered the
lowest the mean in terms of mean liquid intake having a mean of 61790.833ml. This means that
broilers under treatment 1 consumed more water, next is treatment two and consuming less water
Analysis of variance revealed that there were significant differences among all treatments
in terms of mean liquid intake. This was shown by the p-value of .002, lower than 0.05 the set
40
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
level of significance using analysis of variance. This means that the birds in three treatments
Table 4 showed the mean feed conversion efficiency of the birds, treatment 2 registered
the highest mean, with a mean of 36849.17 kg. , treatment 3 registered a mean of 36244.833 and
having a lowest mean is treatment 1 with a mean of 32904.50 kg. This means that in terms of
mean feed conversion efficiency treatment 2 treated with 50% commercial feeds and 50% feed
formulated performed better, while treatment 3 is next which are treated with 100% feed
formulated and treatment 1 which treated with commercial feeds/farmer’s practice performed
Analysis of variance on the mean feed conversion efficiency showed that there were
significant differences among all treatments means. The computed p- value (0.001) is lower than
0.05, the set level of significance. This means that the birds in three treatments have
Result in table 4 show that the mean feed intake of the birds ranges from2.32 to 4.77 kg.
Analysis of Variance on the mean feed intake of the birds showed that there were no significant
differences among all treatments means. This was shown by the computed p-value of 0.098,
higher than 0.05, the set level of significance. Based on the result, the birds given 100% feed
41
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
formulation using peanut hull, kudzu, rice bran d1, corn, fish meal and molasses did not enhance
the performance of the birds and all treatments are comparable with each other.
The result of the study showed that the birds consumed on the average of 3.4 kg for the
whole rearing period. The means falls slightly higher with the normal feed consumption of 3.25
according to Dr. T. Kotaiah a senior poultry geneticist working with poultry projects in India
since 1974.
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Table 5.
Fat Content and Meat and Carcass Quality of the Experimental Birds under Trial 1
Table 5 showed that the meat and carcass quality of the experimental birds under trial 1
was normal based on the results of the study. The results of the study in terms of fat content, it
was observed that the birds treated with 50% commercial feeds and 50% feed formulated (T2)
and 100% feed formulated (T3) had the highest and are the same having 40g fat content per body
weight, while the birds treated with commercial feeds (T1) as control registered 20g per body
43
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Table 6.
Fat Content and Meat and Carcass Quality of the Experimental Birds under Trial 2
Table 6 showed that the meat and carcass quality of the experimental birds under trial 1
was normal based on the results of the study. The results of the study in terms of fat content, it
was observed that the birds treated with 100% feed formulation (T3) and 50% commercial feeds
and 50% feed formulation had the highest fat content at 50g per body weight, while the
commercial feeds (T1) as control registered at 40g per body weight, which is the lowest.
44
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
The cost and return analysis of the different treatments under the two trials, Treatments 3
treated with a pure feed formulation using peanut hull, kudzu, fish meal, rice bran d1, corn and
molasses revealed that it did not reduced the cost of production, as observed treatments 3 did not
perform well compared with Treatment 1 which utilized by commercial feeds. In terms of Return
of Investment (ROI) and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Treatment 3 showed lowest result, followed
by Treatment 2 while treatment 1 treated with commercial feeds registered the highest ROI and
BCR. This means that the feed formulation did not enhance the growth performance of the
broiler which leads into lower profit compared with Treatment that treated with commercials
feeds.
45
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Table 7.
Summary of Cost and Production of Different Treatments under the Two Trials
Trial 1 Trial 2
Treatment Treatmen Treatment Treatment Treatment Treatment
1 t2 3 1 2 3
Gross 7,343.75 6,637.5 5,425 6,775 5,787.5 4,106.25
Income
Cost of 6,237.21 6,145.93 5,559.07 6,360.24 6,089.23 6,027.45
Productio
n
Net Income 1,106.54 491.57 -134.07 414.76 -301.73 -1,921.2
ROI% 17.74% 8% -2.41% 6.52% -4.96% -31.87%
BCR% 18.39% 8.30% 2.51% 6.76% -5.14% -33.08%
Therefore, feed formulation using peanut hull, kudzu, fish meal, rice bran d1, corn and
molasses can be an alternative feeds substitute to commercial feeds but it can’t increases the
profitability of broiler production. Treatment 3 got the lowest Return on Investments (ROI) of –
(2.41% under Trial 1 and -31.87% under trial 2) and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of (2.51% under
Trial 1 and -33.08% under Trial 2) as compared to farmer’s practice. One factor, is due to the
feed formulation quality, type and texture, the feeds being formulated is dusty and mash it will
lead to increased feed wastage, reduced feed intake and reduced growth rate, increased time
spent at the feeder that result in an increased amount of energy spent on feeding thus reducing
the energy available for growth and incomplete or inefficient digestion of the feed, this factor
could affect the growth performance of the broiler that leads in lower weights of the birds and
result to lower profitability. Another factor of getting a low profit is the excess inclusion of
46
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
tropical kudzu which affects the growth performance of birds and slows down the growth of the
broiler.
Chapter 5
SUMMARY
This study “Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Kudzu, Fish meal, Corn,
Rice bran D1 and Molasses” was conducted to evaluate the effect of feed formulation using
locally available materials on the performance of broiler in terms of gain in weight, water
consumption, feed consumption, and feed conversion efficiency. This was conducted at
Barangay Zaragoza, Sitio Bcaod, Bolinao, Pangasinan from December 29, 2017 to February 02,
2018 its first trial and from February 10, 2018 to March 17, 2018 conducted its second trial
respectfully.
Ninety heads of chicks were used in this study and were randomly distributed into 3
treatments and being replicated three times, each replication was consist of 10 birds using
random numbers in Randomized Complete Block Design (BCBD). The treatments used were as
follows:
Treatment 2: 50% commercial feeds and 50% of Peanut hull, Kudzu, Fish meal, Corn, Molasses,
47
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Treatment 3: 100% Peanut hull, Kudzu, Fish meal, Corn, Molasses, and Rice bran D1
Findings
1. Using feed formulation using peanut hull, kudzu, fish meal, corn, rice bran d1, and
molasses did not significant affect the performance of broiler in terms of mean initial
weight and mean feed intake, while mean liquid intake, mean feed conversion efficiency,
mean total gain, mean gain 3, mean gain 2, mean gain 1, mean week 1 and 2 weight and
mean final weight were significantly affect the broilers. In analysis and interpretation
under the comparison of different treatments regardless of the trials, it revealed that the
performance of the broiler treated with 100% feed formulated is incomparable to the
raised in farmer’s practice and raised to the 50% feed formulated and 50% commercial
feeds.
2. Broiler treated with 100% feed formulated gave the lowest Return on Investments (ROI)
and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) than those treated with commercial feeds.
3. Environmental condition is one factor that could affect the birds in terms of growth
environmental condition.
48
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
4. Quality of the feeds also affects the broiler, a poor quality of feeds given to broiler will
lead to a of increased feed wastage, reduced feed intake and reduced growth rate,
increased time spent at the feeder that result in an increased amount of energy spent on
feeding thus reducing the energy available for growth and incomplete or inefficient
5. Having excessive fiber content of the feeds can adversely affects the body weight gain of
the broiler.
6. Too much inclusion rate of tropical kudzu can significantly decrease the growth
performance of the broiler and feed conversion can also degrade. (5% to 10% is the
CONCLUSION
1. Feed formulation using peanut hull, kudzu, fish meal, corn, rice bran d1, and molasses
has incomparable effect with commercial feeds on the growth performance of broiler in
terms of mean initial weight and mean feed intake, while it have a comparable effects in
terms of mean liquid intake, mean feed conversion efficiency, mean total gain, mean gain
3, mean gain 2, mean gain 1, mean week 1 and 2 weight and mean final weight.
2. Using feed formulation using peanut hull, kudzu, fish meal, corn, rice bran d1, and
molasses can’t reduce the cost of production wherein broiler could not achieve the
growth and performance and gave a lower Return on Investments (ROI) and Benefit Cost
49
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
3. Different factors could affect the growth performance of the broilers. Samples of these
factors are environmental condition and feed quality, type and texture. Like Having
excessive fiber content of the feeds can adversely affects the body weight gain of the
broiler and too much inclusion rate of tropical kudzu can significantly decrease the
growth performance of the broiler and feed conversion can also degrade. (5% to 10% is
RECOMMENDATIONS
indigenous feeds materials used in formulating a feeds for broiler ration. Proper inclusion
rate of the different feed materials is also recommend and is very important to familiarize
the feed materials being used. It is further recommended to re-study this study for some
more profitable.
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
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Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
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Chechar (2017), Can I Eat Peanut shells? Retrieved from the World Wide Web:
https://www.livestrong.com/article/493419 -can-i-eat-peanut-shells/
Corn Fed research: New publication highlights corn farmer’s support for beef initiatives (2014).
Retrieved from the World Wide Web: www.mcorn.org/2014/05/06/corn-fed-research-
new-publication-highlights-corn-farmers-support-for-beef-initiatives/
53
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
APPENDICES
54
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
TRIAL 1
I ** Expression
0.43 0.35 0.37 0.38
is faulty **
** Expression
II 0.35 0.41 0.42 0.39
is faulty **
** Expression
III 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.39
is faulty **
** Expression ** Expression
Total 1.19
is faulty ** is faulty **
Grand Total ** Expression
is faulty **
Grand Mean 0.39
Total 87 361905
55
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Total 87 11057583.33
CV=1.7586
S = Significant
56
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Total 87 10043421.67
57
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
CV=3.8054
NS=Not Significant
58
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Total 6 3.334
CV=3.1769
59
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
60
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
TRIAL 2
Total 87 290878.334
CV=1.1763
S =Significant
61
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Total 87 10931083.33
CV=1.3724
S =Significant
62
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Total 87 9896645
CV=2.0117
S =Significant
63
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
CV=0.6457
S =Significant
64
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Total 6 22.864
CV=0.6457
S =Significant
65
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
I ** Expression
8.43 8.33 7.56 8.11
is faulty **
** Expression
II 6.87 7.14 7.21 7.07
is faulty **
III 5.15 6.01 5.96 17.12 5.71
** Expression ** Expression
Total 20.73
is faulty ** is faulty **
Grand Total 62.66
Grand Mean 6.96
Total 6 947309458.7
CV=0.6457
S =Significant
66
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
COMPARISON BY TRIAL
birds
1 34880 34880 387.556
2 45150 45150 501.667
Grand Total 80030
Grand Mean 444.6115
Total 3 592837.5
CV=1.0173
S = Significant
67
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
birds
1 155250 155250 1725.000
2 133260 133260 1481.667
Grand Total 288510
Grand Mean 1603.3335
Total 3 2762083.333
CV=1.1389
S = Significant
68
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Total 3
CV=1.4679
S = Significant
birds
1 3222180 3222180 35802.000
2 3137730 3137730 34863.667
Grand Total 6359910
Grand Mean 35332.8335
69
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Total 3 19124012.83
CV=1.9541
NS = Not Significant
Efficiency of 90 birds
1 249.3 249.3 2.770
2 362.52 362.52 4.028
Grand Total 611.82
Grand Mean 3.399
70
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Total 3 7.585
CV=4.5013
NS = Not Significant
Efficiency of 90 birds
1 6576949.98 6576949.98 73077.222
2 6268580.01 6268580.01 69650.889
Grand Total 12845529.99
Grand Mean 71364.0555
71
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Total 3 97369879.500
CV=1.9297
NS = Not Significant
COMPARISON BY TREATMENTS
Regardless of Trials
1 26974.98 26974.98 449.583
2 26950.02 26950.02 449.167
3 26104.98 26104.98 435.083
Grand Total 80029.98
Grand Mean 444.611
72
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
per Treatments
Regardless of Trials
1 112950 112950 1882.500
2 99400.02 99400.02 1656.667
3 76249.98 76249.98 1270.833
Grand Total 288600
Grand Mean 1603.333
CV=1.1389
S = Significant
73
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
per Treatments
Regardless of Trials
1 85975.02 85975.02 1432.917
2 72450 72450 1207.500
3 50145 50145 835.750
Grand Total 208570.02
Grand Mean 1158.722333
CV=1.4679
S = Significant
74
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
per Treatments
Regardless of Trials
1 1974270 1974270 32904.500
2 2210950.02 2210950.02 36849.167
3 2174689.98 2174689.98 36244.833
Grand Total 6359910
Grand Mean 35332.8333
Total 10 122814132
CV=1.9541
NS = Not Significant
per Treatments
75
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Regardless of Trials
1 138.96 138.96 2.316
2 186.36 186.36 3.106
3 286.5 286.5 4.775
Grand Total 611.82
Grand Mean 3.399
Total 10 22.305
CV=4.5013
S = Significant
per Treatments
Regardless of Trials
1 4816330.02 4816330.02 80272.167
2 4321750.02 4321750.02 72029.167
3 3707449.98 3707449.98 61790.833
76
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Variance Freedom F
Total 10 1301739671
CV=1.9297
S = Significant
Trial
Treatments Total Mean
I II
77
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Variance Freedom F
Treatment
2 18555.278 9277.639 2.519 .084
Error
170 626052.778 3682.663
Total 172 644608.056
CV=1.9297
NS = Not Significant
Trial
Treatments Total Mean
I II
78
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Variance Freedom F
Treatment
2 306250.000 153125.000 2.551 .081
Error
170 10202333.333 60013.725
Total 172 1326483.333
CV=1.1389
NS = Not Significant
Trial
Treatments Total Mean
I II
79
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Variance Freedom F
Treatment
2 174638.611 87319.306 1.677 .190
Error
170 8853052.778 52076.781
Total 172 9027691.389
CV=1.4679
NS =Not Significant
Trial
Treatments Total Mean
I II
80
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Variance Freedom F
Treatment
2 4362841.333 2181420.667 .254 .782
Error
8 68647250.667 8580906.333
Total 10 73010092
CV=1.9541
NS =Not Significant
Trial
Treatments Total Mean
I II
81
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Variance Freedom F
Treatment
2 3.894 1.947 4.592 .047
Error
8 3.392 .424
Total 10 7.286
CV=4.5013
NS =Not Significant
Trial
Treatments Total Mean
I II
82
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Variance Freedom F
Treatment
2 92080661.333 46040330.667 1.349 .313
Error
8 273079270.889 34134908.861
Total 10 365159932.2
CV=1.9297
NS =Not Significant
TRIAL 1
PARTICULAR T1 T2 T3
Gross Income 7,343.75 6,637.5 5,425
Total L.W. of the Birds @ Php.125/kg 58.75 53.1 43.4
Less Operating Investments
1. Material for Broiler House
Bamboo 33.33 33.33 33.33
Cogon 41.67 41.67 41.67
Nail @ Php. 40/kg 6.67 6.67 6.67
Plastic Net @ Php. 60/meter 25 25 25
Electrical wires @ Php. 18/meter 7.5 7.5 7.5
83
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Replication Price
Treatment Total Total (Php.)
I II III (L.W.)
84
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Appendix Table 33. Net Income, Return of Investments (ROI),and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of
the Broiler
Cost of
Treatment Gross Income Net Income BCR%
Production ROI%
TRIAL 2
PARTICULAR T1 T2 T3
Gross Income 6,775 5,787.5 4,106.25
Total L.W. of the Birds @ Php.125/kg 54.2 46.3 32.85
Less Operating Investments
1. Material for Broiler House
Bamboo 33.33 33.33 33.33
Cogon 41.67 41.67 41.67
Nail @ Php. 40/kg 6.67 6.67 6.67
85
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Replication Price
Treatment Total Total (Php.)
I II III (L.W.)
18.2 17.7 18.3 6,775
I 54.2 125/kg
86
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Appendix Table 36. Net Income, Return of Investments (ROI),and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of
the Broiler
Cost of
Treatment Gross Income Net Income BCR%
Production ROI%
Appendix Table 37. Summary of Cost and Return of Different Treatments under the Two Trials
Trial 1 Trial 2
Treatment Treatmen Treatment Treatment Treatment Treatment
1 t2 3 1 2 3
Gross 7,343.75 6,637.5 5,425 6,775 5,787.5 4,106.25
Income
Cost of 6,237.21 6,145.93 5,559.07 6,360.24 6,089.23 6,027.45
87
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Productio
n
Net Income 1,106.54 491.57 -134.07 414.76 -301.73 -1,921.2
ROI% 17.74% 8% -2.41% 6.52% -4.96% -31.87%
BCR% 18.39% 8.30% 2.51% 6.76% -5.14% -33.08%
89
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
90
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
91
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
Figure 7. Meat and Carcass Quality of the Experimental Birds under Different Treatments
92
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
93
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
CURRICULUM VITAE
94
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
95
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
96
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
97
Broiler Feed Ration Formulation Using Peanut Hull, Fish Meal,
Kudzu, Corn, Rice Bran D1 and Molasses
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
98