Laboratory Exercise 2 PDF

Pedagogical and Technological University Of Colombia
Electronics Engineering School

Digital Electronics 1 Course
Laboratory Exercises
Laboratory Exercise 2
Basic Logic Gates
The purpose of this exercise is to describe the operation, use and sketch the external connections to integrated-circuit
chips AND, OR, NOT and XOR to implement logic circuits.
INTRODUCTION
Logic gates are the basic building blocks for forming digital electronic circuitry. A logic gate has one output
terminal and one or more input terminals. Its output will be HIGH (1) or LOW (0) depending on the digital
level(s) at the input terminal(s). Through the use of logic gates, we can design digital systems that will evaluate
digital input levels and produce a specific output response based on that particular logic circuit design. The five
basic logic gates are the AND, OR, NAND, NOR, and inverter.
The AND Gate
Let’s start by looking at the two-input AND gate whose schematic symbol is shown in the Figure 1-1. The operation
of the AND gate is simple and is defined as follows: The output, X, is HIGH if input A AND input B are both
HIGH. In other words, if A=1 AND B=1 then X=1. If either A or B or both are LOW, the output will be LOW.
The best way to illustrate how the output level of a gate responds to all the possible input-level combinations is with
a truth table. Table 1–1 is a truth table for a two-input AND gate. On the left side of the truth table, all possible
input-level combinations are listed, and on the right side, the resultant output is listed.
One example of how an AND gate might be used is in a bank burglar alarm system. The output of the AND gate
will go HIGH to turn on the alarm if the alarm activation key is in the ON position AND the front door is opened.
This setup is illustrated in Figure 1–2(a). Figure 1–2(b) shows the result for every combination of Key (K) and Door
(D).
The OR Gate
The OR gate also has two or more inputs and a single output. The symbol for a two input OR gate is shown in
Figure 1-3. The operation of the two-input OR gate is defined as follows: The output at X will be HIGH whenever
input A OR input B is HIGH or both are HIGH. As a Boolean equation, this can be written (which is read as “X
equals A OR B”). Notice the use of the symbol to represent + the OR function.
The truth table for a two-input OR gate is shown in Table 1-2.
 Consult description, logical symbol and truth table for NOT, XOR, NAND and NOR gates.
Using IC Logic Gates
AND and OR gates are available as ICs. The IC pin layout, logic gate type, and technical specifications are all
contained in the logic data manual supplied by the manufacturer of the IC. For example, referring to a TTL or a
CMOS logic data manual, we can see that there are several AND and OR gate ICs. To list just a few:
1. The 7408 (74LS08, 74HC08) is a quad two-input AND gate.

2. The 7411 (74LS11, 74HC11) is a triple three-input AND gate.
3. The 7421 (74LS21, 74HC21) is a dual four-input AND gate.
4. The 7432 (74LS32, 74HC32) is a quad two-input OR gate.
In each case, the letters LS stand for the Low-Power Schottky TTL family and the letters HC stand for the High-
Speed CMOS family. For example, the basic part number 7408 refers to an AND gate IC with four (quad) internal
AND gates each having two inputs. The most common TTL version is the 74LS08, and the most common CMOS
version is the 74HC08. They both have exactly the same pin layout and function.
Besides the family designation (LS, HC, etc.), most ICs will have a prefix that specifies the manufacturer. Two
examples of this are SN for Texas Instruments— SN7400 and DM for Fairchild—DM7400. Also, a suffix is added
to the end of the part number to specify the package style. Two examples of this are N for Plastic Dual-In- Line
Package (P-DIP)—SN7400N and M for Small-Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC)—DM7400M.
Let’s look in more detail at one of these ICs, the 7408 (see Figure 1-4). The 7408 is a 14-pin DIP IC. The power
supply connections are made to pins 7 and 14. This supplies the operating voltage for all four AND gates on the IC.
Pin 1 is identified by a small indented circle next to it or by a notch cut out between pin 1 and 14 (see Figure 1-4).
The pin configurations for some other logic gates are shown in Figure 1.5.
 Consult the pin configuration for the ICs: 7404, 7432 and 7486.
Part I
Implement and verify the truth table of the logic gates: 7400, 7402, 7404, 7408, 7432 y 7486. Use Virtual
Constructor and Digital Circuit Simulator 0.9.7 software available in
http://www.tourdigital.net/SimuladorTTLconEscenarios.htm.
The Figure 1.6 shows the pin connection to validate the truth table of 74LS11 Triple 3-Input AND Gate.
(a)
(b)
Figure 1.6. a) Pin configuration for 74LS11 gate IC. b) Connection of pins in breadboard.
Part II
a) Determine the logical function that describes the operation of the digital circuit shown in Figure 1.7.
b) Obtain the truth table from the evaluation of the logical function obtained in section a).
c) Implement the logic circuit shown in Figure 1.7, using logic gates and Virtual Constructor and Digital
Circuit Simulator 0.9.7 software.
d) Obtain the truth table from the evaluation of the digital circuit implemented in c).
e) Compare the results obtained in b) and d).
Figure 1.7. Digital circuit.

Part III
We want to make a circuit to activate the fire alarm (A) for the evacuation of a building. For this, there is a gas
sensor (G), a smoke sensor (H), and two signals from a thermometer that indicate if the temperature is higher than
45ºC (T45) and if the temperature is higher than 60ºC (T60) .
Because the sensors sometimes detect smokes and gases that do not always come from fires (for example from
cigarettes or kitchens), to avoid false alarms, signal A will be activated when the following conditions are met:
 If the temperature is higher than 60ºC, the alarm will always be activated.
 If the temperature is between 45ºC and 60ºC, the alarm will be activated only if gases or smokes have been
detected (or both).
 If the temperature is lower than 45ºC, the alarm will be activated only if gases and smokes are detected.
a) Obtain the truth table of the alarm signal (A) from the input signals (G, H, T45, T60).
b) Determine the logical function of the system.
c) Draw the digital circuit using symbols of the logic gates (logical circuit synthesis).
d) Implement the digital circuit using Virtual Constructor and Digital Circuit Simulator 0.9.7 software.

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Pedagogical and Technological University Of Colombia

Electronics Engineering School

The AND Gate

The truth table for a two-input OR gate is shown in Table 1-2.

1. The 7408 (74LS08, 74HC08) is a quad two-input AND gate.

Figure 1.7. Digital circuit.

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