April 03, 2018

Student Name: ___________________________________________________________________Roll No: __________________Section:____

LAB # 07: ROUTER CONFIGURATION

1. ROUTERS

They are small electronic devices that join multiple computer networks together via either wired
or wireless connections.

1.1. HOW ROUTERS WORK

In technical terms, a router is a Layer 3 network gateway device, meaning that it connects two or
more networks and that the router operates at the network layer of the OSI model. Routers contain
a processor (CPU), several kinds of digital memory, and input-output (I/O) interfaces. They
function as special-purpose computers, one that does not require a keyboard or display.

The router's memory stores an embedded operating system (O/S). Compared to general-purpose
OS products like Microsoft Windows or Apple Mac OS, router operating systems limit what kind
of applications can be run on them and also need much smaller amounts of storage space. Examples
of popular router operating systems include Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) and DD-
WRT. These operating systems are manufactured into a binary firmware image and are commonly
called router firmware.

By maintaining configuration information in a part of memory called the routing table, routers also
can filter both incoming or outgoing traffic based on the addresses of senders and receivers.

1.2. ROUTERS FOR BUSINESS NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET

Before home networking became popular, routers could be found only the closets of businesses
and schools. Each cost thousands of dollars and required special technical training to set up and
manage. The largest and most powerful network routers form the Internet backbone. These routers
must manage many terabits of data flowing through and between Internet Service Provider (ISP)
networks.

1.3. HOME BROADBAND ROUTERS

Routers became mainstream consumer devices when households began to accumulate multiple
computers and wanted to share the home Internet connection

Home networks use Internet Protocol (IP) routers to connect computers to each other and to the
Internet. Early generations of home routers supported wired networking with Ethernet
cables while newer wireless routers supported Wi-Fi together with Ethernet. The term broadband
router applies to any home wired or wireless router being used for sharing a broadband Internet
connection.

Page 1 of 10
 April 03, 2018
Student Name: ___________________________________________________________________Roll No: __________________Section:____

Home routers often cost USD $100 or less. They are manufactured to be much more affordable
than business routers in part because they offer fewer features. Still, home routers provide many
essential home networking functions:

• sharing of home Internet connections for dozens of devices

• basic home network firewall and other security support
• ability to change router configuration settings from a Web browser

1.4. OTHER TYPES OF ROUTERS AND ROUTING DEVICES

A class of portable Wi-Fi routers called travel routers are marketed to people and families who
want to use the functions of a personal router at other locations besides home.

Routing devices called mobile hotspots that share a mobile (cellular) Internet connection with Wi-
Fi clients are also available. Many mobile hotspot devices only work with certain brands of cell
service.

2. ROUTING TABLE

A routing table contains the information necessary to forward a packet along the best path toward
its destination. Each packet contains information about its origin and destination. When a packet
is received, a network device examines the packet and matches it to the routing table entry
providing the best match for its destination. The table then provides the device with instructions
for sending the packet to the next hop on its route across the network.

A basic routing table includes the following information:

• Destination: The IP address of the packet's final destination

• Next hop: The IP address to which the packet is forwarded
• Interface: The outgoing network interface the device should use when forwarding the packet
to the next hop or final destination
• Metric: Assigns a cost to each available route so that the most cost-effective path can be chosen
• Routes: Includes directly-attached subnets, indirect subnets that are not attached to the device
but can be accessed through one or more hops, and default routes to use for certain types of
traffic or when information is lacking.

Routing tables can be maintained manually or dynamically. Tables for static network devices
do not change unless a network administrator manually changes them. In dynamic routing,
devices build and maintain their routing tables automatically by using routing protocols to
exchange information about the surrounding network topology. Dynamic routing tables allow
devices to "listen" to the network and respond to occurrences like device failures and network
congestion.

Page 2 of 10
 April 03, 2018
Student Name: ___________________________________________________________________Roll No: __________________Section:____

2.2. VIEWING THE CONTENTS OF ROUTING TABLES

On home broadband routers, routing table contents are typically shown on a screen inside the
administrative console. An example IPv4 table is shown below.

Routing Table Entry List (Example)

Destination LAN IP Subnet Mask Gateway Interface
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 xx.yyy.86.1 WAN (Internet)
xx.yyy.86.1 255.255.255.255 xx.yyy.86.1 WAN (Internet)
xx.yyy.86.134 255.255.255.255 xx.yy.86.134 WAN (Internet)
192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.101 LAN & Wireless

In this example, the first two entries represent routes to the Internet provider's gateway address
('xx' and 'yyy' represent real IP address values that are hidden for the purpose of this article). The
third entry represents the route to the home router's public facing IP address assigned by the
provider. The last entry represents the route for all computers within the home network to the home
router, where the router has IP address 192.168.1.101.

On Windows and Unix/Linux computers, the netstat -r command also displays the contents of
the router table configured on the local computer.

3. CONFIGURING A ROUTER
Check following Commands on Boson Network Simulator

3.1. HOW TO SET BANNER

A banner is a message that is presented to someone using the router. The type of banner you
configure determines when this message is shown to the user. You can configure three main types
of banners on a Cisco router.

• Message of the Day (MOTD): This type of logon message has been around for a long
time on Unix and mainframe systems. The idea was to display a temporary notice to users,
such as issues with system availability.
However, because it displays when you connect to the device prior to login, most network
administrators now use it to display legal notices regarding access to the router, such as
unauthorized access to this device is prohibited and violators will be prosecuted to the full
extent of the law.
• Login: This banner displays before login to the system but after the MOTD banner is
displayed. Typically, this banner displays a permanent message to users.
• Exec: This banner displays after the login is completed when the connecting user enters
User EXEC mode. Whereas the other banners are seen by all people who attempt to connect

Page 3 of 10
 April 03, 2018
Student Name: ___________________________________________________________________Roll No: __________________Section:____

to the router, this banner is seen only by users who successfully log on to the router. This
banner can be used to post reminders to network administrators.
To configure each of these banners, examine the following commands, which set all three banners
up on your router:
Router(config)#banner motd c
Enter TEXT message. End with the character 'c'.
This device is for authorized personnel only.
If you have not been provided with permission to
access this device - disconnect at once.
c

Router(config)#banner login c
Enter TEXT message. End with the character 'c'.
*** Login Required. Unauthorized use is prohibited ***
c

Router(config)#banner exec c
Enter TEXT message. End with the character 'c'.
*** Ensure that you update the system configuration ***
*** documentation after making system changes. ***
c

Notice that each of the banner lines ends with a ‘c’ to delimit the end of the message. You can
specify any character you want, but you will be using it to end the banner message. Here is what
these messages look like when you connect to the router:

Router Con0 is now available

Press RETURN to get started!
This device is for authorized personnel only.
If you have not been provided with permission to
access this device - disconnect at once.
*** Login Required. Unauthorized use is prohibited ***
User Access Verification
Password:
*** Ensure that you update the system configuration ***
*** documentation after making system changes. ***
Router>

Page 4 of 10
 April 03, 2018
Student Name: ___________________________________________________________________Roll No: __________________Section:____

3.2. HOST NAME CONFIGURATION

Router# Config t

Router(Config)#hostname enter name

Exit

3.3. DISPLAY RUNNING CONFIGURATION

Router> en

Router# show running-config

3.4. LINE CONSOLE PASSWORD

Router# Config t

Router(Config)#line console 0

Router(Config)#login

Router(Config)#password enter password

Router(Config)#exit

3.5. PASSWORD FOR EXECUTIVE MODE

Router# Config t

Router(Config)#enable password give password

Router(Config)#exit

Figure 1. 800 Series Routers

Page 5 of 10
 April 03, 2018
Student Name: ___________________________________________________________________Roll No: __________________Section:____

Router 1 (800 series)

Router 2 (800 series)

Ping both the routers to see connectivity.

Page 6 of 10
 April 03, 2018
Student Name: ___________________________________________________________________Roll No: __________________Section:____

Router Serial Connectivity

Given below is the network diagram that you have to configure using Generic Routers

Figure 2. Network Using Generic Routers

Task 01: Create the networks in figure 1 using:

1) Packet Tracer
2) Boson Network Simulator
HINT: connectivity using serial interface

Figure 3. Serial Link

In the above diagram you can see that clock is visible at ser 2/0 port so set clock rate at this port remember
the clock rate should be same throughout. Then configure all the ports as you have done before the only
difference would be instead of giving command

Page 7 of 10
 April 03, 2018
Student Name: ___________________________________________________________________Roll No: __________________Section:____

interface fa0/1 you will configure serial ports. Command would look something like this

interface s 0/1 .

Considering Fig 2

ROUTER 0

R0#
R0#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R0(config)#int s2/0
R0(config-if)#ip add 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
R0(config-if)#clock rate 64000 // setting clock for synchronization, required in serial interfaces

R0(config-if)#no shut

R0(config)#int s3/0
R0(config-if)#ip add 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
R0(config-if)#no shut

R0(config)#ip route 9.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.1 // statically define the route

ROUTER 1

Router(config)#int s2/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 11.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shut

Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#int s3/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 12.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shut

Router(config)#ip route 9.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 12.0.0.2 // statically define the route

ROUTER 2

Router(config)#int s2/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 12.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#no shut

Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#int s3/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0

Page 8 of 10
 April 03, 2018
Student Name: ___________________________________________________________________Roll No: __________________Section:____

Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000

Router(config-if)#no shut
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#int s6/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 9.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#no shut

ROUTER 3

Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#int s2/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 9.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shut

Router(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 9.0.0.1 // statically define the route

Router(config)#ip route 12.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 9.0.0.1
Router(config)#ip route 11.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 9.0.0.1

Page 9 of 10
 April 03, 2018
Student Name: ___________________________________________________________________Roll No: __________________Section:____

Do it Yourself
2. Implement following topology on Packet tracer and BOSON Net Sim.

3. Solve and attach the solution of IP excises discussed in lab.

Page 10 of 10