NR Application to Power Flow

We first need to rewrite complex power equations

as equations with real coefficients (we've seen this earlier):
*
Si   Vi
Vi I *  n n
 YikVk   i  ikVk
* *
i V Y
 k 1  k 1
These can be derived by defining
Yik Gik  jBik
Vi Vi e ji  Vi i
ik i  k
Recall e j  cos  j sin
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Real Power Balance Equations
n n
Si  Pi  jQi  Vi  ikVk 
Y * *
 i k
V V e jik
(Gik  jBik )
k 1 k 1
n
  Vi Vk (cosik  j sinik )(Gik  jBik )
k 1
Resolving into the real and imaginary parts:
n
Pi   Vi Vk (Gik cosik  Bik sinik )  PGi  PDi
k 1
n
Qi   Vi Vk (Gik sinik  Bik cosik )  QGi  QDi
k 1

2
 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
In the Newton-Raphson power flow we use Newton's
method to determine the voltage magnitude and angle at
each bus in the power system that satisfies power balance.
We need to solve the power balance equations:
n
 Vi Vk (Gik cosik  Bik sinik )  PGi  PDi  0
k 1
n
 Vi Vk (Gik sinik  Bik cosik )  QGi  QDi  0
k 1

3
 Power Flow Variables
For convenience, write:
n
Pi (x)   Vi Vk (Gik cosik  Bik sinik )
k 1
n
Qi (x)   Vi Vk (Gik sinik  Bik cosik )
k 1
The power balance equations are then:
Pi(x)  PGi  PDi  0
Qi (x)  QGi  QDi  0

4
 Power Flow Variables
Assume the slack bus is the first bus (with a fixed
voltage angle/magnitude). We then need to determine
the voltage angle/magnitude at the other buses.
We must solve f (x)  0, where:
 2   P2(x)  PG2  PD2 
   
   
 n   Pn(x)  PGn  PDn 
x   f (x)  
V2 Q2 (x)  QG 2  QD2 
   
   
V  Q (x)  Q  Q 
 n   n Gn Dn 
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 N-R Power Flow Solution
The power flow is solved using the same procedure
discussed previously for general equations:
For v  0; make an initial guess of x, x(0)
While f (x (v) )   Do
x(v1)  x (v) [J(x (v) )]1f (x (v) )
v  v 1
End

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 Power Flow Jacobian Matrix
The most difficult part of the algorithm is determining
and factorizing the Jacobian matrix, J(x)
 f1 (x) f1 f1
(x) (x) 
 x1 x2 x2n2
 
 f 2 (x) f 2
(x)
f 2
(x) 
J(x)   x1 x2 x2n2 
 
 
f 2n2 f2n2 f 2n2 
 x (x) (x) (x) 
 1 x2 x2n2 
7
Power Flow Jacobian Matrix, cont’d
Jacobian elements are calculated by differentiating
each function, fi (x), with respect to each variable.
For example, if fi (x) is the bus i real power equation
n
fi (x)   Vi Vk (Gik cosik  Bik sinik )  PGi  PDi
k 1

fi n

i
(x)   Vi Vk (Gik sinik  Bik cosik )
k 1
k i

fi
(x)  Vi V j (Gij sin ij  Bij cosij ) ( j  i)
 j
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Two Bus Newton-Raphson Example
For the two bus power system shown below, use the
Newton-Raphson power flow to determine the
voltage magnitude and angle at bus two. Assume
that bus one is the slack and SBase = 100 MVA.
Line Z = 0.1j

One 1.000 pu Two 1.000 pu

0 MW 200 MW
0 MVR 100 MVR

2   j10 j10 

Unkown: x   , Also, Ybus   
 V2   j10  j10  9
 Two Bus Example, cont’d
General power balance equations:
n
 Vi Vk (Gik cosik  Bik sinik )  PGi  PDi  0
k 1
n
 Vi Vk (Gik sinik  Bik cosik )  QGi  QDi  0
k 1
For bus two, the power balance equations are
(load real power is 2.0 per unit,
while reactive power is 1.0 per unit):
V2 V1 (10sin2 )  2.0  0
V2 V1 (10cos2 )  V2 2 (10)  1.0  0 17
 Two Bus Example, cont’d
P2(x)  2.0  V2 (10sin2 )  2.0
Q2 (x) 1.0  V2 (10cos2 )  V2 2 (10)  1.0
Now calculate the power flow Jacobian
 P2 ( x) P2 ( x) 
 2  V2 
J(x)   
Q2 ( x) Q2 ( x) 
2  V2 
10 V2 cos2 10sin2 
  
 10 V2 sin  2 10cos  2  20 V 2
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 Two Bus Example, First Iteration
 2(0) 
0
For v  0, guess x   (0)     . Calculate:
(0)
V2  1 
 V (0)
(10sin  (0)
)  2.0 

2 2
 2.0
f (x ) 
(0)
 
V (0) (10cos (0) )  V (0) 2 (10)  1.0 1.0 
 2 2 2 
10 V2(0) cos 2(0) 10sin 2(0)  10 0
J(x(0) )    
10 V2(0) sin 2(0) (0)  0 10
10cos 2  20 V2
(0) 
 
1
  
0 10 0  2.0 0.2
Solve x (1)
     1.0    
  
1 0 10     0.9  19
Two Bus Example, Next Iterations
 0.9 (10sin(0.2))  2.0  0.212
f (x )  
(1)
 
 2
10  0.279
 0.9(10cos(0.2)) 0.9 1.0 
 8.82 1.986
J(x )  
(1)
1.788 8.199 
1
 0.2   8.82 1.986  0.212 0.233
x 
(2)
      
 0.9  1.788 8.199  0.279 0.8586

f (x(2) )  
0.0145 0.236
0.0190
x (3)
 
0.8554
 0.0000906 
f (x (3)
)   Close enough! V2  0.8554 13.52
0.0001175 
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 Two Bus Solved Values
Once the voltage angle and magnitude at bus 2 are
known we can calculate all the other system values,
such as the line flows and the generator reactive
power output
200.0 MW -200.0 MW
168.3 MVR Line Z = 0.1j -100.0 MVR

One 1.000 pu Two 0.855 pu -13.522 Deg

200.0 MW 200 MW
168.3 MVR 100 MVR

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 Two Bus Case Low Voltage Solution
This case actually has two solutions! The second
"low voltage" is found by using a low initial guess.

Set v  0, guess x  (0)  0 

. Calculate:

0.25 
 V (0)
(10sin  (0)
)  2.0 

2 2
   2 
f (x ) 
(0)
V (0) (10cos (0) )  V (0) 2 (10)  1.0 0.875
 2 2 2 
10 V2(0) cos 2(0) 10sin 2(0) 
J(x(0) )     2.5 0
10 V2(0) sin 2(0) (0)   0 5
10cos 2(0)  20 V2
 
15
 Low Voltage Solution, cont'd
1
 0  2.5 0   2   0.8 
Solve x  
(1)
       
 0.25   0 5   0.875  0.075 
1.462 (2)  1.42  (3) 0.921
f (x ) 
(2)
x  x 
0.534 0.2336 0.220 

Low voltage solution

200.0 MW -200.0 MW
831.7 MVR Line Z = 0.1j -100.0 MVR

One 1.000 pu Two 0.261 pu -49.914 Deg

200.0 MW 200 MW
831.7 MVR 100 MVR
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 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
 Advantages
– fast convergence as long as initial guess is close to
solution
– large region of convergence
 Disadvantages
– each iteration takes much longer than a Gauss-Seidel
iteration
– more complicated to code, particularly when
implementing sparse matrix algorithms
 Newton-Raphson algorithm is very common in
power flow analysis.

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