MA 2140: Statistics

Dr. Sameen Naqvi

Department of Mathematics, IIT Hyderabad
Email id: [email protected]

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Logistics

I Lecture Timings and Location:

Tuesday (11 am - 12 noon), Wednesday (2.30 - 4 pm) and Friday (10
- 11 am) in the Auditorium.

I Office/Office hours:
C-Block 312/A (by appointment).

I Prerequisite:
MA 2110 : Probability

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Logistics

I Grading Scheme: Relative

Surprise Quiz - 20%
Final Exam - 80%.

Final Exam: March 20, 2020 (Friday); 3 - 5 pm (2 hours).

I Lecture Slides: Google classroom

Code: qk2bjds.

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Reference books

I Ross, S.M., 2014. Introduction to probability and statistics for

engineers and scientists. Academic Press.

I Walpole, R.E., Myers, R.H., Myers, S.L. and Ye, K., 1993. Probability
and statistics for engineers and scientists (Vol. 5). New York:
Macmillan.

I Rohatgi, V.K. and Saleh, A.M.E., 2015. An introduction to

probability and Statistics. John Wiley & Sons.

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Course Contents

I Fundamentals of Data

I Sampling and Sampling Distributions

I Point and Confidence-Interval Estimation

I Hypothesis Testing

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Fundamentals of Data

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Agenda

I Understand “Why?” and “What?” of Statistics.

I Review data basics; classify variables as numerical and categorical and

distinguish between observational and experimental studies.

I Learn various techniques of data collection.

I Identify various measures to summarize data, and explore ways to

visualize numerical and categorical data.

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Overview of Statistics

Why study Statistics ?

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 Overview of Statistics

What is Statistics ?

I Statistics is the study of how best to collect, analyze, and draw

conclusions from data.

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 Overview of Statistics

Branches of Statistics

There are two major branches of statistics:

Descriptive statistics: Devoted to the summarization and

description of data
includes the construction of graphs, charts, and tables, and the
calculation of various descriptive measures such as averages, variation,
and percentiles.

Inferential statistics: Concerned with using sample data to make an

inference about a population
includes methods like point estimation, interval estimation and
hypothesis testing which are all based on probability theory.

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 Overview of Statistics

Statistics vs. Probability

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Overview of Statistics

Data Basics

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 Data Basics Types of variables

Types of variables

all variables

numerical categorical
(quantitative) (qualitative)
take on numerical values take on a limited number
sensible to add, subtract, of distinct categories
take averages, etc. with categories can be
these values identified with numbers,
but not sensible to do
arithmetic operations

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 Data Basics Types of variables

Numerical variables

all variables
nume

numerical categorical

continuous discrete
take on any of an take on one of a
infinite number of specific set of
values within a numeric values
given range

I Examples
Continuous: Amount of water in 1 gallon container
Discrete: Number of students in this class

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 Data Basics Types of variables

Categorical variables

all variables
catego

numerical categorical

continuous discrete regular !

categorical ordinal
levels have an
inherent ordering

I Examples
Regular categorical/ Nominal: Gender, Hair color (here no
hierarchy is implied)

Ordinal: Level of Education, Economic Status

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 Data Basics Types of variables

Example

data matrix
country cr_req cr_comply ud_req ud_comply … hemisphere hdi
observation!
Argentina 21 100 134 32 … southern very high

Australia 10 40 361 73 … southern very high

(case)
Belgium <10 100 90 67 … northern very high

Brazil 224 67 703 82 … southern high

… … … … … … … …

United States 92 63 5950 93 … northern very high

variable

*Google’s Transparency Report (2011).

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 Data Basics Types of variables

Example contd.

country cr_req cr_comply ud_req ud_comply … hemisphere hdi

Argentina 21 100 134 32 … southern very high

Australia 10 40 361 73 … southern very high

Belgium <10 100 90 67 … northern very high

Brazil 224 67 703 82 … southern high

… … … … … … … …

United States 92 63 5950 93 … northern very high

I cr req:Number
Number of content removal requests made discrete
to Google
cr_req: of content removal requests made to Google
numerical
I Discrete Numerical

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 Data Basics Types of variables

Example contd.

country cr_req cr_comply ud_req ud_comply … hemisphere hdi

Argentina 21 100 134 32 … southern very high

Australia 10 40 361 73 … southern very high

Belgium <10 100 90 67 … northern very high

Brazil 224 67 703 82 … southern high

… … … … … … … …

United States 92 63 5950 93 … northern very high

continuo
I cr comply: Percentage of content removal requests Google complied
cr_comply: Percentage of content removal requests Google complied with
with numeric

I Continuous Numerical

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 Data Basics Types of variables

Example contd.

country cr_req cr_comply ud_req ud_comply … hemisphere hdi

Argentina 21 100 134 32 … southern very high

Australia 10 40 361 73 … southern very high

Belgium <10 100 90 67 … northern very high

Brazil 224 67 703 82 … southern high

… … … … … … … …

United States 92 63 5950 93 … northern very high

I hemisphere: Hemisphere that the country

hemisphere: is located
Hemisphere incountry
that the (southern,
is located in
northern) categorical (southern, northern)

I Nominal Categorical

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 Data Basics Types of variables

Example contd.

country cr_req cr_comply ud_req ud_comply … hemisphere hdi

Argentina 21 100 134 32 … southern very high

Australia 10 40 361 73 … southern very high

Belgium <10 100 90 67 … northern very high

Brazil 224 67 703 82 … southern high

… … … … … … … …

United States 92 63 5950 93 … northern very high

Human Development
hdi:medium,
I hdi: Human Development Index (very high, high, low) Ind
(very high, high, medium, low)
I Ordinal Categorical

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 Data Basics Types of variables

Relationship between variables

Two variables that show some connection with one another are called
associated (dependent), otherwise they are said to be
independent.
Association can be either positive or negative!

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 Data Basics Types of variables

Thank you for listening!

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