Chapter 8- Function Overloading and Member Function II PUC, MDRPUC, Hassan

Chapter-8

FUNCTION OVERLOADING AND MEMBER FUNCTION

 Introduction:
 User defined function is a function defined by the user to solve his/her problem. Such a function
can be called from anywhere and any number of times in the program.
 C++ implements polymorphism through function overloading and operator overloading.
 Function overloading allows the user to create new abstract data type.

 Function Overloading:
 Function Overloading means two or more functions have same name, but differ in the number of
arguments or data types of arguments.
 Function overloading is the process of defining same function name to carry out similar types of
activities with various data items.

 Definition and Declaration of overloaded functions:

 The main factor in function overloading is a functions argument list.
 If there are two functions having same name and different types of arguments or different number
of arguments, then function overloading is invoked automatically by the compiler.
 Function Overloading is also known as Compile time polymorphism.
 Example:
int sum (int a, int b)
float sum ( float p, float q)
 The function sum( ) that takes two integer arguments is different from the function sum( ) that
takes two float arguments. This is function overloading.
 To overload a function, each overloaded function must be declared and defined separately.
 Example:
int product ( int p, int q, int r);
float product ( float x, float y); Important
int product ( int p, int q, int r)
{ 5 Marks
cout<<”Product = “<<p * q * r << endl;
}
float product ( float x, float y, float z);
{
cout<< “Product = “ << x * y <<endl;
}
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Chapter 8- Function Overloading and Member Function II PUC, MDRPUC, Hassan

 Calling Overloaded Functions:

 The following program shows how overloaded functions can be called.
Program: To compute area of rectangle, circle, triangle using overloaded functions.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class funoverloaded
{
public:
int area ( int l, int b) // area of rectangle
{
return (l * b);
}
float area ( float r) // area of circle
{
return (3.14 * r * r);
}
float area (float b, float h)
{
return (0.5 * b * a); // area of triangle
}
};
void main( )
{
funoverloaded f;
clrscr( ); OUTPUT:
cout<<” Area of Rectangle:”<<f.area(4,6)<<endl;
Area of Rectangle: 24
cout<<”Area of Circle:”<<f.area(10)<<end;
cout<<”Area of Triangle:”<<f.area(3.0, 7.0)<<endl; Area of Circle: 314.2857
getch(); Area of Triangle: 10.5
}

 Need for function overloading:

 The advantage of function overloading are:
o Code is executed faster.
o It is easier to understand the flow of information and debug.
o Code Maintenance is easy.
o Easier interface between programs and real world objects.

 Restrictions on Overloaded Functions:

 Each function in a set of overloaded functions must have different argument list.
 If typedef is used for naming functions, then the function is not considered as different type.

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Chapter 8- Function Overloading and Member Function II PUC, MDRPUC, Hassan

 Inline Function:
 An Inline function is a special type of function whose body is inserted at the place where it is
called, instead of transferring the control to the function.
 The keyword inline is used to define inline function.
Important
 Rules:
5 Marks
o Inline function definition starts with keyword inline.
o The inline function should be defined before all function that call it.
o The compiler replaces the function call statement with the function code itself (expansion)
and then compiles the entire code.
 The general format for the inline function declaration is given below:
inline Returntype Fun_Name ( [Argument] )
{
……….. ;
return expression ;
}
 Program to find the cube of a number using inline function:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
inline int cube ( int a )
{
return a * a * a;
}
void main( )
{
int n ;
clrscr( ); OUTPUT:
cout<<”Enter the input number”<<endl;
cin>>n; Enter the input number
cout<<”Cube of “ <<n<<” = “<<cunbe(n); 4
getch(); Cube of 4 = 64
}

 Advantage of inline function:

 The size of the object code is considerably reduced.
 The speed of execution of a program increases.
 Very efficient code can be generated.
 There is no burden on the system for function calling.
 It also saves the overhead of return call from a function.
 The readability of the program increases.

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Chapter 8- Function Overloading and Member Function II PUC, MDRPUC, Hassan

 Disadvantage of inline function:

 May increase the size of the executable file
 More memory is needed.
 If used in header file, it will make your header file size large and may also make it unreadable.

 Note: The inline function may not work some times for one of the following reasons:
 The inline function definition is too long or too complicated.
 The inline function is recursive.
 The inline function has looping constructs.
 The inline function has a switch or goto.

 Friend Function:
 A friend function is a non-member function of a class has the access permission to the private
member of the class.
 The friend function is declared within a class with the prefix friend.
 But it should be defined outside the class like a normal function without the prefix friend.
 The general format for the friend function is given below:
class class_name
Important
{
public:
5 Marks
friend return_type function_name ( [arguments] );
}
 The friend functions have the following properties:
 Friend function is not a member function of the class, has full access permission to private and
protected members of the class.
 It can be declared either in public or private part of a class.
 A friend function cannot be called using the object of that class. It can be invoked like any normal
function.
 The function is declared with keyword friend. But while defining friend function it does not use
either keyword friend or : : operator.
 They are normal external functions that are given special access privileges.
 It cannot access the data member variables directly and has to use an object name.membername.
 Use of friend function is rare, since it violates the rule of encapsulation and data hiding.

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Chapter 8- Function Overloading and Member Function II PUC, MDRPUC, Hassan

 Program to check a number is even or odd using a friend function.

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class number
{
private:
int a;
public:
void readdata( )
{
cout<<”Enter the Number”<<endl;
cin>>a;
}
friend int even(number);
};
int even(number n)
{
if(n.a % 2 = = 0) //friend function can access the private data a of the object n
return 1;
OUTPUT:
else
return 0; Enter the Number
} 10
void main( ) Number is Even
{ Enter the Number
number num1; 11
clrscr( ); Number is Odd
num1.readadata( );
if( even(num1) ) //friend function call
cout<<”Number is Even”;
else
cout<<’Number is Odd”;
getch();
}

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Chapter 8- Function Overloading and Member Function II PUC, MDRPUC, Hassan

CHAPTER 8 – Function Overloading and Member Function BLUE PRINT

VSA (1 marks) SA (2 marks) LA (3 Marks) Essay (5 Marks) Total
- - - 01 Question 01 Question
- - Question No 32 05 Marks

Important Questions

5 Marks Question:

1. What is function overloading? Explain the need for function overloading.

2. Discuss overloaded functions with syntax and example.
3. What is inline function? Write a simple program for it.
4. Mention the advantage and disadvantage of inline function.
5. Explain friend function and their characteristics.
6. Program to check whether a number is prime or not using inline function:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
inline int prime ( int n )
{
for(int i=2; i<n/2; i++)
if ( n % i = = 0)
return 0;
return 1;
}
void main( )
{
int num ;
clrscr( );
cout<<”Enter the input number”<<endl;
cin>>num; OUTPUT:
if ( prime(num)) //inline function call Enter the input number
cout<<”Number is Prime “ ;
5
else
cout<<”Number is not a Prime “ ; Number is Prime
getch();
}

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