UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY LABORATORY (CHE 485)

NAMED : NUR ARISYAH ARIFF BT MOHD ARIFF (2019653666)

: NADZRATUL NAZIRAH BT MOHD SALLEH (2019685378)
: NABILAH AISYAH BT CHE ASHAARI (2019252754)
: MOHD ARIF EFFANDI BIN SAMAWI (2019818892)
: MUHD ARASH ADHA BIN RAMLI (2019468148)
GROUP :6
EXPERIMENT :2
DATE PERFORMED : 12 APRIL 2020
SEMESTER :2
PROGRAMME/CODE : EH 220 2A
SUBMIT TO : SIR MOHD AIZAT AHMAD

No. Title Allocated Marks (%) Marks

1 Abstract / Summary 5
2 Introduction 10
3 Aims 5
4 Theory 10
5 Apparatus 5
6 Methodology / Procedure 10
7 Results 10
8 Calculation 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 5
11 Recommendation 5
12 Reference / Appendix 5
100

Remarks :
Checked by :
----------------------------
Date :
ABSTRACT
The weak acid is the acid that dissociate partially in aqueous solution. The strength
of a weak acid depends on how much it dissociates: the more it dissociates, the stronger the
acid. The strength of an acid is measured based on its ability to donate protons to base. In
order to quantify the relative strengths of weak acids, we can look at the acid dissociation
constant Ka, the equilibrium constant for the acid dissociation reaction. The Ka value is a
characteristic of an acid and can be used to identify an unknown acid.This experiment was
conduct in order to determine the Ka value of an unknown acid solution and to distinguish
the identity of the weak acid solution. Firstly, a standardization of sodium hydroxide solution
with unknown acid was done. 10 ml of 0.1 M unknown acid solution was diluted with 40 ml of
distilled water to produced 0.02 M of unknown acid solution. The diluted unknown acid then
titrated with 0.1 M of sodium hydroxide solution, 1ml by 1 ml. The pH was recorded for each
1 ml of standardized sodium hydroxide added. The titration between diluted unknown acid
and sodium hydroxide was repeated twice.The graph of pH versus NaOH added is plotted
and the calculation was made using the formula given. The average equivalence point of the
graph is 10.5 ml with 8.78 corresponding pH average. The average half-equivalence point of
the graph is 5.25 mL with corresponding pH average of 4.6475. The experimental Ka value
for Method 1 is 2.25 x10¯⁵and Ka for Method 2 is 5.07 x10¯⁶ .The identity of the unknown
acid solution is identified as Hydrazoic acid with theoretical value Ka of 1.9x10-5. Method 1
with percentage error of 18.4% is more accurate compared to Method 2 which is 98.7 %.
The objectives is successfully obtained, therefore the experiment is successfully done

INTRODUCTION
The relative acidity of a substance or a system is important in many situations, such
as in the quality of drinking water, food preservation, soil conditions for agriculture and
physiological functions. The strength of an acid is measured based on its ability to donate
protons to base. The weak acid is the acid that dissociate partially in aqueous solution. In
other words, a weak acid is any acid that is not a strong acid.The strength of a weak acid
depends on how much it dissociates: the more it dissociates, the stronger the acid.

The purpose of titration is to determine the equivalence point of the reaction. The
equivalence point is reach when the added quantity of one reactant is the exact amount
necessary for stoichiometric reaction with another reactant. The half-equivalence point is
determined for its corresponding pH which also represent the pKa of the unknown acid
solutions. In order to quantify the relative strengths of weak acids, we can look at the acid
dissociation constant Ka, the equilibrium constant for the acid dissociation reaction. The Ka
value is a characteristic of an acid and can be used to identify an unknown acid. The Ka
value indicates the relative strength of an acid. The larger the Ka value, the stronger the acid
and vice versa

For this experiment, there are two method used to calculate experimental Ka which are Acid-
Base Titration and using the initial pH of the unknown acid solution.

Ionic equation for complete reaction with base:

HA(aq)+H2O(l)⇌H3O+(aq)+A−(aq)

Method 1 : Acid Base Titration (Half-Equivalence) (experimental)

Ka = [H3O+ ][A-] / [HA] .

- log [H3O+ ] = - log Ka

pKa=pH (at half equivalence point)

Ka=10−𝑝𝐾𝑎

Method 2 : Initial pH of The Known Acid Solution (theoretical)

ICE table used to determine the equilibrium concentrations of the reactants. In this
experiment, the pH of a unknown acid solution will be used to determine equilibrium
concentration of the H3O+ using the following equation. pH = -log [H3O+] and with a quick
rearrangement, [H3O+] = 10-pH

Once we know the concentration of the H3O+ , we can use an ICE table to determine
the concentrations of the A- and the HA. Once you have all 3 of these values, you can then
determine the Ka of the acid.

The ICE table set up for a weak acid equilibrium follows the same format as any
other equilibrium reaction. First, you write the balanced chemical reaction and record the
initial concentrations of your reactants and products. Then you use the balanced equation to
determine the changes that will take place based on the stoichiometry. Reactants will always
decrease in concentration, so you use a negative coefficient before the variable, x. Products
increase, so use a positive value of x. The value of the coefficient in front of the x is the
value of the coefficient in the chemical equation. Finally, add the values or formulas on the
initial and change lines together to find the final formula for the equilibrium concentrations.
Note that water is not used at all in the equilibrium as it is a pure liquid and pure liquids and
solids cannot change their concentrations and thus will not affect the equilibrium.

For the example below, we start with a 2.0M solution of HA in water.

HA(aq) + H2O (l) ↔ H3O + (aq) + A- (aq)

Initial 2.0M 0M 0M

Change -1x +1x +1x

Equilibrium (2.0-1x) (0+1x) (0+1x)

solve for Ka using the equilibrium constant expression shown below:

[𝐻₃𝑂 + ][𝐴− ]
Ka=
[𝐻𝐴]

OBJECTIVE

• To determine the Ka value of an unknown acid solution.

• To identify the real identity of an unknown weak acid solutions .
• To compare the Ka value by using Method 1 (Acid-Base Titration) or Method
2 (Measuring the pH of the weak acid).
• To compare the experimental Ka values between two different method.
THEORY

There are two methods used to determine the Ka value which are:

• Acid-Base Titration,
• Measuring the pH of the Acid Solution.

1) Acid-Base Titration

A titration curve is produced by plotting the graph of the pH of the solution versus the
volume of sodium hydroxide solution used. The equivalence point of the titration is
reached when all of the hydrogen (H+) ion in the acid [HA] completely reacted with the
hydroxide (OH-) ion in the base solution. The equivalence point is read at the center
of the region where pH increases sharply on the titration curve. Furthermore, the half-
equivalence point for the titration is reached when the exactly one half of the base
required to completely neutralize the acid has been added. At this point, the
concentration of the acid [HA] in the solution is identical with the concentration of its
conjugate base [A].

[HA] = [A] (Equation 1)

Equation 1 can be simplified to yield equation 2,

Ka = [H3O+ (aq) ] (Equation 2)

Taking the negative logarithm of each side of Equation 2, Equation 3 can be derived :

- log Ka = - log [H3O+(aq)] (Equation 3)

pKa = pH

Equation 3 indicates that the pKa for the acid is equal to the pH of the solution at the half
equivalence point. The Ka of the acid is determined from the pKa value as follows,
2. Measuring pH of the Acid Solution
MATERIAL & APPARATUS

Material

1. 0.1 M Sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH.

2. 0.1M Unknown acid solution.
3. Distilled water, H2O

Apparatus

1. Retort Stand and clamp

2. 10mL Volumetric Pipette
3. 250 mL beaker
4. 100mL Measuring cylinder
5. pH meter
6. Glass Rod
7. Conical Flask

PROCEDURE

Titration Of Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH solution with Unknown Acid solution

1) 40.00mL of distilled water was transferred to the clean, dry 250 mL beaker.
10.0mL of 0.1M unknown acid solution is added to the beaker.
2) The solution was transferred into a conical flask.The burette was filled with
sodium hydroxide,NaOH solution.The titration was carried out.
3) The new concentration of unknown acid solution is calculated and tabulated
in result table.
4) The dilute unknown acid solution was titrated with sodium hydroxide, NaOH
solution and the pH was recorded with 1 ml additions of NaOH solution into
the unknown acid solution.
5) Step 1 to 4 was repeated for the second trial to standardized the NaOH
solution.
6) The graph of pH versus NaOH was plotted and the volume of the NaOH
required to neutralize the unknown acid solution was determined for each
titration.
7) The equivalence point of the titration curve is determined.
RESULT
Table 1 – Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide Solution Using Unknown Acid Solution

Titration 1 Titration 2
Concentration Of Unknown Acid (mol/L) 0.1 0.1

Volume Of Distilled Water (mL) 40 40

Volume Of Unknown Acid (mL) 10 10
Volume Of Unknown Acid + Distilled Water (mL) 50 50

New Concentration Of Unknown Acid (mol/L) 0.02 0.02

Volume Of NaOH to neutralize Unknown Acid 10.5 10.5

Table 2 – Titration between Dilute Unknown Acid Solution and NaOH Solution

Volume of NaOH Titration 1 Titration 2

(mL) pH pH
0 3.51 3.49
1 3.76 3.75

2 3.95 4.01

3 4.19 4.24
4 4.35 4.46
5 4.58 4.64

6 4.70 4.82
7 4.92 5.01

8 5.15 5.21

9 5.49 5.63
10 6.64 7.56

11 10.42 10.49
12 10.45 10.66
13 10.87 10.83
14 10.94 10.95
 15 11.07 11.08
16 11.10 11.11
17 11.12 11.13
18 11.15 11.17

19 11.20 11.21
20 11.29 11.30

CALCULATION
Method 1: Determination of Ka via Graph

Calculation for equivalence point

Total pH of two point

𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 =
𝟐

10.42+6.64
T1= = 8.53
2

10.49+7.56
T2= = 9.025
2

Calculation for half equivalence point:

By using interpolation,

8.53 − 6.64 𝑥 − 10
=
10.42 − 6.64 11 − 10
X=10.5 mL (titration 1)
9.025 − 7.56 𝑥 − 10
=
10.49 − 7.56 11 − 10
X=10.5 ml (titration 2)

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝒂𝒕 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕

𝑯𝒂𝒍𝒇 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 =
𝟐

10.50 𝑚𝐿
= = 5.25 𝑚𝐿
2

Titration 1 Titration 2

Volume of NaOH at equivalence point (mL) 10.50 10.50

Half equivalence point (mL) 5.25 5.25

By using interpolation,

6 − 5.25 4.70 − 𝑥
=
6−5 4.70 − 4.58
X=4.61 (pH titration 1)
6 − 5.25 4.82 − 𝑥
=
6−5 4.82 − 4.64
X=4.685 (pH titration 2)

Titration 1 Titration 2

Half equivalence point (mL) 5.25 5.25

pH at half equivalence point 4.61 4.685

𝑻𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏 + 𝑻𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝑯 =
𝟐

4.61+ 4.685
=
2

= 4.6475

Calculation of Ka value:

𝑲𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎-pka
= 10-4.6475
𝐾a = 2.25 x 10-5
 Titration 1 Titration 2

pH at half equivalence point (pKa) 4.61 4.685

Average pH at half equivalence point (pKa) 4.6475 4.6475

Ka value 2.25 x 10-5 2.25 x 10¯⁵

|𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|

𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

|1.9 x10¯⁵ − 2.25 x 10¯⁵|

𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥100% = 18.4 %
1.9 x10¯⁵

Method 2: Determination of Ka via Initial pH of the Unknown Acid

𝑻𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏 + 𝑻𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝑯 =
𝟐

3.51+ 3.49
=
2

= 3.5

Calculation for [H3O+] in the Unknown Acid Solution:

[𝑯𝟑𝑶 ] = 𝟏𝟎 -𝒑𝑯

= 10-3.5 .

= 3.16 x 10-4 𝑀
 HA + H2O → H3O+ + A-

Initial 0.02 M 0 0

Change -3.16 x 10-4M -3.16 x 10-4M -3.16 x 10-4M

___________________________________________________________________

Equilibrium (0.02 - 3.16 x 10-4) M -3.16 x 10-4M -3.16 x 10-4M

Calculation for Ka value of the Unknown Acid Solution:

(−3.16x10−4 )(−3.16x10−4 )
(0.02 − 3.16x10−4 )

=5.07 x 10-6 M

Calculation for percentage error

| 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 − 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 |

𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
| 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 |

| 4x10-4 - 5.07 x 10-6 |

= × 100%
| 4x10-4 |

= 98.7%
DISCUSSION

In this experiment, we need to determine the unknown acid provide by the lab by comparing
the acid ionization constant,Ka that obtained from the experiment and theoretical acid. The
concentration of unknown acid would be diluted in water to reduce the concentration but
remained the same acidic compound. The aim to do dilution process is to slow down the
neutralization process. The data would be get convert to graph the pH versus volume of
NaOH.

Based on the graph, volume NaOH that added in unknown acid is about 10mL cause the pH
of solution increase drastically passed neutral pH. After about 11.5mL of NaOH added to
the solution, the graph increase smoothly. The half equivalent point is 5.25mL while
equivalent point is 10.50mL.

The Ka that obtained in the experiment are 2.25*10^-5 M and 5.07*10^-6 M in

method 1 and method 2 respectively.By comparing the theoretical value of Ka, we can
determined unknown acid in method 1 and method 2. In method 1, the value of Ka yield
towards Hydrazoic acid(1.9*10^-5) futhermore in method 2, the value Ka yield towards
Pyridium acid(5.6*10^-6). Indentity of unknown acid no to be found yet. The percentage error
in method 1 and method 2 also need to be consider to get the exact indentity of unknown
acid.The lowest percentage of error are the greatest way to conclude unknown acid. The
percentage of error in method 1 is 18.4% while percentage error in method 2 is 98.7%. As
we known the lowest percentage of error is suitable for indentified unknown acid. In method
1, the value of percentage of error is lowest than mehod 2. We can conclude acetic acid as
unknown acid because the lowest percentage of error that has been calculated from the both
method.

Method 1 shows percentage of error is lower by 18.4% that 5 times less than 98.7%
compared to method 2. The inaccurateness in Ka value is due to addition of water. Distilled
water that has pH 7 make the pH of acid increase after being added. Method 2 calculated
using pH value of the acid also depends on the distilled water that being added. In this
experiment, the acid being diluted to 0.02M and initial pH is 3.49. This lead to big error in
method 2 compared to acetic acid theoretical value of Ka.

Method 1 is depend on half equivalence point on the graph which obtained after
experiment being conducted. At the equivalence point unknown acid had been fully
neutralize by NaOH that make the amount of acid equal to conjugate base compared to
assuming concentration acid-base in method 2.

CONCLUSION

As the conclusion, the acid-base titration curve is successfully plotted in a graph of pH versus
volume of sodium hydroxide, NaOH used in the experiment. The equivalence point of the
graph in titration 1 is 10.50mL with 8.53 corresponding pH and in titration 2 is 10.50ml with
corresponding pH of 9.025. The half-equivalence point of the graph in titration 1 is 5.25mL
with corresponding pH of 4.61 while in titration 2 half equivalence point is 5.25 with
corresponding pH 4.685. The experimental Ka value for Method 1 and Method 2 are 2.25x10^-
5 and 5.07x10^-6 respectively. The identity of the unknown acid solution is identified as
Hydrazoic acid with theoretical value Ka of 1.9x10^-5. Method 1 with percentage error of 18.4%
is more accurate compared to Method 2, 98.7%. The objectives is successfully obtained,
therefore the experiment is successfully done.
RECOMMENDATIONS

From this experiment, we discovered the percentage of error is 18.4% and 98.7%. There are
several error can be done when doing experiment. We need to take precaution so the
mistake can be solved. The important thing during titration, eyes of the student must parallel
to the meniscus of the NaOH. This aim to prevent parallax error during experiment and the
data that tabulated would be false.

Secondly, the pH meter rod must be clean with distilled water before taking another reading
to make sure the accuratenes of pH solution that would be taken. This step may take a few
minutes to get real reading of pH. Next, we need to make sure the tip of burette dont have
bubble because the bubble make the volume of NaOH exceed and can lead to error in
volume of NaOH that being added in unknown acid.

In addition, NaOH in burette tend to leak without our relization. When NaOH leak and
neutralize with the unknown acid, the tabulated data of NaOh would cause error to the result
in method 2 that using pH. Lastly, the apparatus we used must be cleaned with distilled
water to prevent unknown material that can cause error in result.

REFFERENCE

Table of acids with Ka and pKa values* CLAS acid HA a - Ka pKa acid strength conjugate
base strength Hydroiodic HI I. (n.d.). Academia.edu - Share research.
https://www.academia.edu/35809714/Table_of_Acids_with_Ka_and_pKa_Values_CLAS
_Acid_HA_A_-_Ka_pKa_Acid_Strength_Conjugate_Base_Strength_Hydroiodic_HI_I

Nurlina Syahiirah, Lab Report on Determination of The Ka Value Of A Weak Acid

(2017).Acedemia.edu-Share research. https://www.academia.edu/35240273/CHE485_-
_Lab_Report_on_Determination_of_The_Ka_Value_Of_A_Weak_Acid_2017_

Khan Acedemy 2020.Weak Acid-Base Equilibria.

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/acids-and-bases-topic/copy-of-acid-
base-equilibria/a/weak-acid-base-equilibria