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Assignment 2 Final

This document summarizes common Japanese particles and their usage, including: - wa marks the topic of discussion, o marks the grammatical object, mo means "also", ni indicates location or movement towards a place, e emphasizes direction, de indicates the location of an action, ga marks the subject, kara indicates the source, made means "until", to joins items in a list, ya indicates an incomplete list, ne is a tag question, and yo emphasizes the speaker's conviction. Examples of usage are provided for each particle.

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Angelica Mangilit
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32 views

Assignment 2 Final

This document summarizes common Japanese particles and their usage, including: - wa marks the topic of discussion, o marks the grammatical object, mo means "also", ni indicates location or movement towards a place, e emphasizes direction, de indicates the location of an action, ga marks the subject, kara indicates the source, made means "until", to joins items in a list, ya indicates an incomplete list, ne is a tag question, and yo emphasizes the speaker's conviction. Examples of usage are provided for each particle.

Uploaded by

Angelica Mangilit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Japanese Particles: Formation

 は (wa) Noun + o (を) + verb


 を (o) Example
 も (mo)
 に (ni)
 へ (e)
 で (de)
 が (ga)
 から (kara)
 まで (made)
 と (to)
 や (ya)
 の (no)
 ね (ne)
 よ (yo)
私はチョコを食べます。
8Watashi wa choko o tabemasu.
How to use Japanese Particles:
I eat chocolate.
も (mo)
も (mo) functions as “also” or “too”
in English. It is used to indicate
that something that has previously
been stated also holds true for the
item currently under discussion. It
replaces ga, wa or o when used.
Formation
[Object1] は [property1/action1] で
す
[Object2] も [property1/action1] で
す.
は (wa) Example
は (wa) follows the topic the A: 私はフランス人です。
speaker wants to talk about. Watashi wa furansujin desu.
Therefore, wa（は）is often called I am French.
topic marking particle. The “topic” B: 私もフランス人です。
is often the grammatical subject, Watashi mo furansujin desu.
but can be anything (including the I am also French.
grammatical object, and
sometimes the verb), and it may に (ni)
also follow some other particles.
Formation に (ni) indicates a place toward
[ A ] wa [ B ] desu. where someone or something
= [ A ] is [ B ]. moves. It is preceded by the name
Example of the place and followed by a verb
which indicates a moving action
昨日は雨だった。
such as iku (行く) “to go.”
Kinō wa ame datta.
It was rainy yesterday It is also used with giving/receiving
verbs and can then mean “from”.
を (o)
In the case of passive verbs, it
を (o) marks the grammatical marks the grammatical agent,
object of a sentence. It follows making it the same as “by” in
nouns and noun phrases English. (i.e. “my wallet was stolen
by my brother.” ).
に is also used to indicate the However it can’t be used with with
location of existence when the verbs いる or ある.
combined with the verbs いる or あ Formation
る, making it the Japanese version location + de (で)
of “at” (in some instances). Example: 私は家で 本を読みます。
Formation Watashi wa ie de hon o yomimasu.
place + ni (に) I read books at home.
Example
学校に行きます。 が (ga)
Gakkō ni ikimasu. が (ga) marks the grammatical
I go to school. subject of a sentence when it is
first introduced to a conversation.
へ (e) It can also be used to join
sentences, like the word “but”, but
へ (e) is basically the same as に,
that が is technically a different
except it emphasizes direction over
arrival. The main difference is word. The particle が can also be
usage. へ is never used as “from”,
“by”, “at”.
In addition, the particle の can
follow the へ particle directly,
whereas it cannot follow に.
Formation
location/direction + e(へ)
Example
彼へ 手紙を送りました。 used to emphasize the subject or
Kare e tegami o okurimasita. distinguish it from others. While は
I sent him a letter. is used when a question word
(who, where, etc) comes after the
topic in the sentence (レストランは
どこですか。), we use the particle
が when the question word is the
subject or part of it.
Example
だれ が 来ますか。
Dare ga kimasu ka.
Who will come?

から (kara)
から (kara) indicates the source of
で (de) an object or action. This starting
position may be either a point in
で (de) is used to indicate location
space (in which case it is translated
of an action. The performer of the as “from”), or a point in time (in
action (the subject) is followed by which case it is translated as
either of the particles wa or ga, “since” or “after”).
and the place is followed by de.
Formation Formation
Noun + kara (から) AやB
Example AやBや
学校から 家までどれくらいかかります
か。
Gakkō kara ie made dorekurai
kakarimasu ka?
How long does it take you to get
home from school?

Example
赤や  黄色の花が咲いていた。
Aka ya kīro no hana ga saiteita.
There were red, yellow and other
color flowers blooming.

まで (made)
 indicates that an action/effect
extends or reaches a specified limit
or a point in time or space. It is
therefore equivalent to the English
expression “until.”
Formation
Noun + made (まで)
Example
彼女と７時まで ドライブしました。 の (no)
Kanojo to shichi-ji made doraibu の (no) indicates possession
shimashita. (functioning like the English
I went driving around with my “apostrophe-S”). In the structure A
girlfriend until 7 o’clock. no B, B belongs to A, however,
many nouns act like adjectives
when followed by no.
It directly follows nouns and noun
と (to) phrases.
と (to) is used to join nouns Formation
together into an exhaustive list Object1 + の + Object2
that functions as a single noun: Example
”with”, “and”. It’s also the particle
あなた の 名前はなんですか。
used to indicate a direct quote
(from someone’s mind or speech),
functioning like quotation marks in
English.
Formation
Noun + to (と) + Noun
Example
肉と 魚が好きです。
Niku to sakana ga suki desu.
I like meat and fish.
や (ya) Anata no namae wa nan desuka?
や (ya) is used in the same way as What’s your name?
the first sense of と, but the list is
not exhaustive. It means “such
things as A, B, and C”.
ね (ne)
ね (ne) is used at the end of
sentences, basically in the same
way as an English tag question. If
said with rising intonation, it
indicates a request for confirmation
from the listener (i.e. “It’s a
beautiful day, isn’t it?” ), whereas
if said with falling intonation, it’s
used as rhetorical device (i.e. “It’s
a beautiful day, isn’t it.” )
Formation
End of the sentence + ne (ね)
Example
これは美味しいです ね 。
Kore wa oishii desu ne .
This is delicious, isn’t it?

よ (yo)
よ (yo) is used by the speaker to
express a strong conviction about
something or to emphatically
declare something.
Formation
End of the sentence + yo (よ)
Example3
明日私は行く よ 。
Ashita Watashi wa iku yo .
I’ll go tomorrow!

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