Small Cell Lung Cancer: NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines)
Small Cell Lung Cancer: NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines)
Small Cell Lung Cancer: NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines)
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The NCCN Guidelines® are a statement of evidence and consensus of the authors regarding their views of currently accepted approaches to treatment.
Any clinician seeking to apply or consult the NCCN Guidelines is expected to use independent medical judgment in the context of individual clinical
circumstances to determine any patient’s care or treatment. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network® (NCCN®) makes no representations or
warranties of any kind regarding their content, use or application and disclaims any responsibility for their application or use in any way. The NCCN
Guidelines are copyrighted by National Comprehensive Cancer Network®. All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and the illustrations herein may not
be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN. ©2020.
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Updates in Version 3.2020 of the NCCN Guidelines for Small Cell Lung Cancer from Version 2.2020 include:
SCL-F 3 of 4
• Brain Metastases
Bullet 4 added: For patients with a better prognosis (eg, ≥ 4 months), consider hippocampal-sparing WBRT using IMRT
• Palliative Radiation for Extracranial Metastases section added
Bullet 1 added: Common radiation dose-fractionation regimens (eg, 30 Gy in 10 fractions, 20 Gy in 5 fractions, 8 Gy in 1 fraction) used for
palliation of other solid tumors are appropriate for palliation of SCLC metastases in most patients.
Bullet 2 added: Conformal techniques, such as IMRT, and/or higher dose intensity approaches, including SABR or SRS, may be appropriate
in selected patients (eg, tumors with close proximity to organs at risk, re-irradiation, or better prognosis).
Updates in Version 2.2020 of the NCCN Guidelines for Small Cell Lung Cancer from Version 1.2020 include:
SCL-E 1 of 4 Durvalumab in combination with chemotherapy (etoposide with either carboplatin or cisplatin) has been added as a preferred
first-line treatment option (category 1) followed by maintenance durvalumab for patients with extensive stage SCLC.
Updates in Version 1.2020 of the NCCN Guidelines for Small Cell Lung Cancer from Version 2.2019 include:
SCL-1 (SCL-6). If brain metastases progress while on systemic therapy,
• Initial Evaluation then initiate WBRT.
Bullet 5 modified here and as appropriate throughout the
guidelines: Chest/abdomen/pelvis CT with contrast SCL-6
Bullet six modified: Consider PET/CT scan (skull base to mid- • Footnote u modified: Not recommended in patients with poor
thigh), if limited stage is suspected or if needed to clarify stage performance status or impaired neurocognitive function. Increased
Bullet 9 added: Molecular profiling (only for never smokers with cognitive decline after PCI has been observed in older adults (≥60
extensive stage) years) in prospective trials; the risks and benefits of PCI versus
• Footnotes close surveillance should be carefully discussed with these patients.
Footnote f added: Molecular profiling may be considered in never • Footnote v added: The benefit of PCI is unknown in patients who
smokers with extensive stage SCLC to help clarify diagnosis and have undergone complete resection for pathologic stage I-IIA (T1-
evaluate for potential targeted treatment options. 2,N0,M0) SCLC. See Principles of Surgical Resection (SCL-C).
SCL-B 1 of 2
SCL-5 • Pathologic Evaluation
• Initial Treatment Bullet 6 added: Combined SCLC consists of both SCLC histology
Extensive stage with brain metastases, Asymptomatic, modified: and NSCLC histology (squamous cell, adenocarcinoma, spindle/
May administer systemic therapy first, with whole-brain RT (WBRT) pleomorphic, and/or large cell). There is no minimal percentage of
after completion of induction systemic therapy NSCLC histologic elements required; when any are present along
• Footnotes: with SCLC, this can be called combined SCLC.
Footnote r modified: For patients with asymptomatic brain
metastases receiving systemic therapy before whole brain WBRT, SCL-C
brain MRI (preferred) or CT with contrast should be repeated after • Principles of Surgical Resection
every 2 cycles of systemic therapy and at completion of therapy Bullet 4 modified: Patients who undergo complete resection should
Continued
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UPDATES
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Updates in Version 1.2020 of the NCCN Guidelines for Small Cell Lung Cancer from Version 2.2019 include:
be treated with postoperative systemic therapy. Patients without Reference 35 added: Ott PA, Elez E, Hiret S, et al. Pembrolizumab in
nodal metastases should be treated with systemic therapy patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: results from the
alone. Patients with N2 or N3 nodal metastases should be phase Ib KEYNOTE-028 study. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:3823-3829.
treated with postoperative concurrent or sequential systemic SCL-F 1 of 4
therapy ± concurrent or sequential and mediastinal RT. Patients • General Treatment Information
with N1 nodal metastases may be considered for postoperative
Limited stage, sub-bullet 1 added: In patients with clinical stage I-IIA
mediastinal radiation.
(T1-2,N0,M0) who have undergone lobectomy and are found to have
regional nodal involvement on final pathology, postoperative RT is
SCL-E 1 of 4
recommended in pathologic N2 and may be considered in pathologic
• Primary or Adjuvant Therapy for Limited Stage SCLC
N1 stage, either sequentially or concurrently with chemotherapy.
All of the systemic therapy regimens have been categorized
Principles of postoperative RT for NSCLC, including target volumes
using a new preference stratification system; certain regimens
and doses, are recommended.
are now recommended as preferred interventions, whereas
Limited stage, sub-bullet 5 modified: Historically, clinically uninvolved
other regimens are categorized as either other recommended
mediastinal nodes have been included in the RT target volume,
interventions or useful under certain circumstances.
whereas uninvolved supraclavicular nodes generally have not been
Treatment cycle length added: Planned cycle length should be
included. Consensus on elective nodal irradiation (ENI) is evolving.
every 21–28 days during concurrent RT.
Several more modern series, both retrospective and prospective,
• Footnotes
suggest that omission of ENI results in low rates of isolated nodal
Footnote a added: Cisplatin contraindicated or not tolerated.
recurrences (0%–11%, most <5%), particularly when incorporating
Footnote c added: Contraindications for treatment with
PET staging/target definition (1.7%–3%). ENI has been omitted in
PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors may include active or previously
current prospective clinical trials (including CALGB 30610/RTOG 0538
documented autoimmune disease and/or concurrent use of
and the EORTC 08072 [CONVERT] trial). Inclusion of the ipsilateral
immunosuppressive agents.
hilum in the target volume, even if not grossly involved, differs
Footonote removed: The regimens included are representative
between these trials but may be reasonable.
of the more commonly used regimens for SCLC. Other regimens
may be acceptable. SCL-F 2 of 4
Footnote removed: If not used as original regimen, may be used • General Treatment Information
as therapy for primary progressive disease. Extensive stage, first sentence of sub-bullet 1 modified: Consolidative
thoracic RT is beneficial for selected patients with extensive‑stage
SCL-E 4 of 4
SCLC with complete response or good response to systemic therapy,
• References
especially with residual thoracic disease and low-bulk extrathoracic
Reference 34 added: Chung HC, Piha-Paul SA, Lopez-Martin J,
metastatic disease.
et al. Pembrolizumab after two or more lines of prior therapy in
• Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation
patients with advanced small-cell lung cancer (SCLC): Results
Bullet 1 modified: In patients with limited-stage SCLC who have a
from the KEYNOTE-028 and KEYNOTE-158 studies. 2019 AACR
good response to initial therapy, PCI decreases brain metastases
Annual Meeting. Abstract CT073. Presented April 1, 2019.
Continued
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UPDATES
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Updates in Version 1.2020 of the NCCN Guidelines for Small Cell Lung Cancer from Version 2.2019 include:
and increases overall survival (category 1).In patients with
extensive--stage SCLC that has responded to systemic therapy,
PCI decreases brain metastases. A randomized trial conducted
by the EORTC found improved overall survival with PCI.However,
a Japanese randomized trial found that in patients who had no
brain metastases on baseline MRI, PCI did not improve overall
survival compared with routine surveillance MRI and treatment
of asymptomatic brain metastases upon detection. In patients
not receiving PCI, surveillance for metastases by brain imaging
should be performed. Surveillance imaging for brain metastases is
recommended for all patients regardless of PCI status.
SCL-F 3 of 4
• Brain Metastases
Bullet 1 modified: Brain metastases should typically be treated
with WBRT; however, selected patients with a small number
of metastases may be appropriately treated with stereotactic
radiotherapy (SRT)/radiosurgery (SRS) rather than stereotactic
radiotherapy/radiosurgery (SRT/SRS) alone, because these
patients tend to develop multiple central nervous system (CNS)
metastases.
Bullet 3 modified: Recommended dose for WBRT is 30 Gy in 10
daily fractions. Consider adding memantine during and after RT
(see Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation for memantine dosing).
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UPDATES
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• H&Pb
• Pathology reviewc
• CBC
• Electrolytes, liver function tests Limited stage
(See ST-1 for TNM See Additional
(LFTs), BUN, creatinine Workup (SCL-2)
Small cell lung • Chest/abdomen/pelvis CT with Classification)
cancer (SLCL) or contrast
combined SCLC/ • Brain MRIa,d (preferred) or CT with
non-small cell lung contrast
cancer (NSCLC) on • Consider PET/CT scan (skull base
biopsy or cytology to mid-thigh), if limited stage is Extensive stage
of primary or suspected or if needed to clarify See Initial
(See ST-1 for TNM
metastatic site stagea,e,f Treatment (SCL-5)
Classification)
• Smoking cessation counseling
and intervention. See the NCCN
Guidelines for Smoking Cessation.
• Molecular profiling (only for never
smokers with extensive stage)f
a If extensive stage is established, further staging evaluation is optional. However, brain imaging, MRI (preferred), or CT with contrast should be obtained in all patients.
b See Signs and Symptoms of Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCL-A).
c See Principles of Pathologic Review (SCL-B).
d Brain MRI is more sensitive than CT for identifying brain metastases and is preferred over CT.
e If PET/CT is not available, bone scan may be used to identify metastases. Pathologic confirmation is recommended for lesions detected by PET/CT that alter stage.
f Molecular profiling may be considered in never smokers with extensive stage SCLC to help clarify diagnosis and evaluate for potential targeted treatment options.
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SCL-1
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g While most pleural effusions in patients with lung cancer are due to tumor, there are a few patients in whom multiple cytopathologic examinations of pleural fluid are
negative for tumor and fluid is non-bloody and not an exudate. When these elements and clinical judgment dictate that the effusion is not related to the tumor, the
effusion should be excluded as a staging element. Pericardial effusion is classified using the same criteria.
h Selection criteria include: nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) on peripheral blood smear, neutropenia, or thrombocytopenia suggestive of bone marrow infiltration.
i See Principles of Surgical Resection (SCL-C).
j Mediastinal staging procedures include mediastinoscopy, mediastinotomy, endobronchial or esophageal ultrasound-guided biopsy, and video-assisted thoracoscopy.
If endoscopic lymph node biopsy is positive, additional mediastinal staging is not required.
k Pathologic mediastinal staging is not required if the patient is not a candidate for surgical resection or if non-surgical treatment is pursued.
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SCL-2
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SCL-3
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Systemic therapym +
Good PS (0-2) concurrent RTn (category 1)
See Response
Assessment +
Adjuvant Treatment
(SCL-6)p
Limited stage
IIB-IIlC (T3-4,N0,M0; Poor PS (3-4) Systemic therapym ± RTn
T1-4,N1-3,M0) due to SCLC (concurrent or sequential)
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SCL-4
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SCL-5
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SCL-6
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• Consider
subsequent
systemic
therapym,y
Continue until • Palliative
progression PS 0-2 symptom
management,q,x
or including
Subsequent Response localized RTn
systemic therapym,y to symptomatic
Development of
unacceptable sites
or
toxicity
PS 0-2 Palliative symptom
managementq,x
including localized No Palliative
RTn to symptomatic response or symptom
Relapse sites unacceptable management,q,x
or primary PS 3-4
toxicity including
progressive localized RTn to
disease symptomatic sites
Palliative symptom
PS 3-4 management,q,x including
localized RTn to symptomatic sites
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SCL-7
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Signs and symptoms due to primary tumor invasion or regional lymphatic metastases
• Hoarseness – left vocal cord paralysis due to tumor invasion or lymphadenopathy in the aortopulmonary window
• Hemidiaphragm elevation – due to phrenic nerve compression
• Dysphagia – due to esophageal compression
• Chest pain – involvement of pleura or chest wall, often dull and non-localized
• SVC syndrome – due to local invasion into mediastinum or lymphadenopathy in right paratracheal region
• Pericardial effusion and tamponade
• Cervical or supraclavicular lymph node enlargement
Continued
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
SCL-A
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• Endocrine:
Due to ectopic peptide hormone production
Usually reversible with successful anti-tumor therapy
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH):
◊◊Ectopic vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) secretion
◊◊Clinically significant hyponatremia in 5%–10% of SCLC
◊◊Malaise, weakness, confusion, obtundation, volume depletion, nausea
◊◊Hyponatremia, euvolemia, low serum osmolality, inappropriately concentrated urine osmolality, normal thyroid and adrenal function
Cushing’s syndrome:
◊◊Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion
◊◊Weight gain, moon facies, hypertension, hyperglycemia, generalized weakness
◊◊High serum cortisol and ACTH, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, alkalosis
• Hematologic:
Anemia of chronic disease
Leukemoid reaction – leukocytosis
Trousseau’s syndrome – migratory thrombophlebitis
Pathologic Evaluation
• Pathologic evaluation is performed to determine the histologic classification of lung tumors and relevant staging parameters.
• The World Health Organization (WHO) tumor classification system provides the foundation for the classification of lung tumors, including
histologic subtype, staging factors, clinical features, molecular characteristics, genetics, and epidemiology.1-3
• SCLC is a poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma. Distinguishing SCLC from other neuroendocrine tumors, particularly typical and
atypical carcinoids, is important due to significant differences in epidemiology, genetics, treatment, and prognosis.4-6
• SCLC can be diagnosed on good-quality histologic samples via high-quality hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections or on well-
preserved cytologic samples.
SCLC is characterized by small blue cells with scant cytoplasm, high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, granular chromatin, and absent or
inconspicuous nucleoli.
SCLC cells are round, oval, or spindle-shaped with molding and high mitotic counts.7-9
The most useful characteristics for distinguishing SCLC from large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) are the high nuclear-to-
cytoplasmic ratio and paucity of nucleoli in SCLC.
• Careful counting of mitoses is essential, because it is the most important histologic criterion for distinguishing SCLC from typical and
atypical carcinoids.
SCLC (>10 mitoses/2 mm2 field); atypical carcinoid (2–10 mitoses/2 mm2 field); typical carcinoid (0–1 mitoses/2 mm2 field)
Mitoses should be counted in the areas of highest activity and per 2 mm2 field, rather than per 10 high-power fields.
In tumors that are near the defined cutoffs of 2 or 10 mitoses per 2 mm2, at least three 2-mm2 fields should be counted and the calculated
mean (rather than the single highest mitotic count) should be used to determine the overall mitotic rate.1,2
• Combined SCLC consists of both SCLC histology and NSCLC histology (squamous cell, adenocarcinoma, spindle/pleomorphic, and/or large
cell). There is no minimal percentage of NSCLC histologic elements required; when any are present along with SCLC, this can be called
combined SCLC.
Immunohistochemical Staining
• Immunohistochemistry can be very helpful in diagnosing SCLC in limited samples.5,7
Nearly all SCLCs are positive for cytokeratin antibody mixtures with broad reactivity, such as AE1/AE3 and CAM5.2.1,10
The majority of SCLCs are reactive to markers of neuroendocrine differentiation, including CD56/NCAM, synaptophysin, and
chromogranin A. Fewer than 10% of SCLCs are negative for all neuroendocrine markers.
Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) is positive in 85% to 90% of SCLCs.11-14
• Ki-67 immunostaining can be very helpful in distinguishing SCLC from carcinoid tumors, especially in small biopsy samples with crushed or
necrotic tumor cells in which counting mitotic figures is difficult.4,5
The Ki-67 proliferative index in SCLC is typically 50% to 100%.1
References on
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated. SCL-B 2 of 2
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
SCL-B
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1Lad T, Piantadosi S, Thomas P, et al. A prospective randomized trial to determine the benefit of surgical resection of residual disease following response of small cell
lung cancer to combination chemotherapy. Chest 1994;106:320S-3S.
2Yang CJ, Chan DY, Shah SA, et al. Long-term survival after surgery compared with concurrent chemoradiation for node-negative small cell lung cancer. Ann Surg
2018;268:1105-1112.
3Yang CE, Chan DY, Speicher PJ, et al. Role of adjuvant therapy in a population-based cohort of patients with early-stage small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol
2016;34:1057-1064.
4 Yang Y, Zhang D, Zhou X, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in resected small cell lung cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Cancer 2018;9:433-439.
5 Auperin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation
Overview Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 1999;341:476-484.
6Le Péchoux C, Dunant A, Senan S, et al. Standard-dose versus higher-dose prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer in
complete remission after chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy (PCI 99-01, EORTC 22003-08004, RTOG 0212, and IFCT 9901): a randomised clinical trial. Lancet
Oncol 2009;10(5):467-474.
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SCL-C
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• Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is not recommended during
concurrent systemic therapy plus RT (category 1 for not using GM-CSF).1
• SIADH
Fluid restriction
Saline infusion for symptomatic patients
Antineoplastic therapy
Demeclocycline
Vasopressin receptor inhibitors (ie, conivaptan, tolvaptan) for refractory hyponatremia
• Cushing’s syndrome
Consider ketoconazole. If not effective, consider metyrapone.
Try to control before initiation of antineoplastic therapy.
• Leptomeningeal disease: See NCCN Guidelines for Central Nervous System Cancers
1Bunn PA, Crowley J, Kelly K, et al. Chemoradiotherapy with or without granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of limited-stage small-cell
lung cancer: a prospective phase III randomized study of the Southwest Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:1632-1641.
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SCL-D
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b Regimen not recommended for relapsed disease in patients on maintenance atezolizumab or durvalumab at time of relapse. For patients who relapse after >6 months
of atezolizumab or durvalumab maintenance therapy, recommend re-treatment with carboplatin + etoposide alone or cisplatin + etoposide alone.
c Contraindications for treatment with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors may include active or previously documented autoimmune disease and/or concurrent use of
immunosuppressive agents.
d Subsequent systemic therapy refers to second-line and beyond therapy.
Response Assessment (SCL-E 3 of 4)
References
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
(SCL-E 4 of 4)
SCL-E
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• Extensive stage
During systemic therapy, response assessment by chest/abdomen/pelvis CT with contrast should occur after every 2–3 cycles of systemic
therapy and at completion of therapy.
For patients with asymptomatic brain metastases receiving systemic therapy before WBRT, brain MRI (preferred) or CT with contrast
should be repeated after every 2 cycles of systemic therapy and at completion of therapy.
References
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
(SCL-E 4 of 4)
SCL-E
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See Limited Stage (cont.), Extensive Stage, Normal Tissue Dose Constraints, Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation (SCL-F 2 of 4)
References
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated. (SCL-F 4 of 4)
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
SCL-F
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Brain Metastases:
• Brain metastases should typically be treated with WBRT; however, selected patients with a small number of metastases may be appropriately
treated with stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT)/radiosurgery (SRS)
• Recommended dose for WBRT is 30 Gy in 10 daily fractions. Consider adding memantine during and after RT (see Prophylactic Cranial
Irradiation for memantine dosing).33
• In patients who develop brain metastases after PCI, repeat WBRT may be considered in carefully selected patients.34,35 SRS is preferred, if
feasible.36,37
• For patients with a better prognosis (eg, ≥4 months), consider hippocampal-sparing WBRT using IMRT38
References
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated. (SCL-F 4 of 4)
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
SCL-F
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ST-1
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aMost pleural (pericardial) effusions with lung cancer are a result of the tumor. In a few patients, however, multiple microscopic examinations of pleural (pericardial) fluid are negative for
tumor, and the fluid is nonbloody and not an exudate. If these elements and clinical judgment dictate that the effusion is not related to the tumor, the effusion should be excluded as a
staging descriptor.
Used with permission of the American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois. The original source for this information is the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, Eighth Edition
(2017) published by Springer International Publishing.
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ST-2
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CAT-1
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Discussion This discussion corresponds to the NCCN Guidelines for Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation............................................... MS-15
Small Cell Lung Cancer. Last updated on 08/05/2019.
Palliative Radiotherapy .......................................................... MS-17
Table of Contents
Surgical Resection of Stage I to IIA SCLC ................................. MS-17
Overview ......................................................................................... MS-2
Surveillance .................................................................................. MS-18
Literature Search Criteria and Guidelines Update Methodology........ MS-2
Summary ...................................................................................... MS-19
Diagnosis ........................................................................................ MS-3
References ................................................................................... MS-20
Screening .................................................................................... MS-3
Manifestations.............................................................................. MS-3
Staging............................................................................................ MS-4
Treatment........................................................................................ MS-6
MS-1
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MS-2
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used resource for medical literature and indexes peer-reviewed biomedical symptomatic disease between annual scans, thereby limiting the potential
literature. The search results were narrowed by selecting studies in effect on mortality.16
humans published in English. Results were confined to the following article
types: Clinical Trial, Phase 1; Clinical Trial, Phase 2; Clinical Trial, Phase Manifestations
3; Clinical Trial, Phase 4; Guideline; Randomized Controlled Trial; SCLC typically presents as a large hilar mass and bulky mediastinal
Meta-Analysis; Systematic Reviews; and Validation Studies. lymphadenopathy that cause cough and dyspnea.20 Frequently, patients
present with symptoms of widespread metastatic disease, such as weight
The data from key PubMed articles as well as articles from additional loss, debility, bone pain, and neurologic compromise. The NCCN SCLC
sources deemed as relevant to these NCCN Guidelines and discussed by Panel recently added a new section describing signs and symptoms of
the NCCN SCLC Panel have been included in this version of the SCLC based on the tumor location and type of metastases (see Signs and
Discussion section (eg, e-publications ahead of print, meeting abstracts). Symptoms of Small Cell Lung Cancer in the algorithm). It is uncommon for
Recommendations for which high-level evidence is lacking are based on patients to present with a solitary peripheral nodule without central
the panel’s review of lower-level evidence and expert opinion. The adenopathy. In this situation, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) may not
complete details of the development and update of the NCCN Guidelines adequately differentiate small cell carcinoma (which is a high-grade
are available at www.NCCN.org. neuroendocrine carcinoma) from low-grade (typical carcinoid),
intermediate-grade (atypical carcinoid), or large-cell neuroendocrine
Diagnosis
carcinoma (LCNEC) (which is also a high-grade neuroendocrine
Screening carcinoma) (see Lung Neuroendocrine Tumors in the NCCN Guidelines
Ideally, a screening test should detect disease at an early stage when it is for Neuroendocrine and Adrenal Tumors, available at
still curable. Currently, no effective screening test is available to detect www.NCCN.org).21,22
early-stage SCLC; the disease is typically diagnosed when patients
present with symptoms indicative of advanced-stage disease (see Signs Many neurologic and endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes are associated
and Symptoms of Small Cell Lung Cancer in the algorithm).16 The National with SCLC.23-25 Neurologic syndromes include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic
Lung Screening Trial (NLST) reported that screening with annual, syndrome, encephalomyelitis, and sensory neuropathy. Patients with the
low-dose, spiral CT scans decreased lung cancer-specific mortality in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome present with proximal leg weakness
asymptomatic high-risk individuals (see the NCCN Guidelines for Lung that is caused by antibodies directed against the voltage-gated calcium
Cancer Screening, available at www.NCCN.org).17 Although low-dose CT channels.26,27 Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis and sensory neuropathy
screening can detect early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), it are caused by the production of an antibody (anti-Hu) that cross-reacts
does not seem to be useful for detecting early-stage SCLC.16-19 Low-dose with both small cell carcinoma antigens and human neuronal RNA-binding
CT screening is probably not useful for SCLC because of the proteins resulting in multiple neurologic deficits; paraneoplastic
aggressiveness of the disease, which results in the development of encephalomyelitis may precede the diagnosis of a tumor.28 For the 2019
update, the NCCN SCLC Panel now recommends that if neurologic
MS-3
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paraneoplastic syndrome is suspected, then obtaining a comprehensive for Neuroendocrine and Adrenal Tumors, available at
paraneoplastic antibody panel should be considered. www.NCCN.org).34,39 Up to 30% of specimens from patients with SCLC
reveal areas of NSCLC differentiation (mainly large cell carcinoma);38 this
SCLC cells sometimes produce polypeptide hormones, including finding is more commonly detected in specimens from previously treated
vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone [ADH]) and adrenocorticotropic patients and suggests that pulmonary carcinogenesis occurs in a
hormone (ACTH), which cause hyponatremia of malignancy (ie, syndrome pluripotent stem cell capable of differentiation along divergent pathways.
of inappropriate ADH secretion [SIADH]) and Cushing syndrome, Although 95% of small cell carcinomas originate in the lung, they can also
respectively.29,30 In patients with SCLC, SIADH occurs more frequently arise from extrapulmonary sites, including the nasopharynx,
than Cushing syndrome. Cancer treatment and/or supportive care may gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract.40,41 Both pulmonary and
also cause hyponatremia (eg, cisplatin, opiates).31 Primary treatment for extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas have a similar clinical and biologic
SIADH includes fluid restriction (which is difficult for patients because of behavior, leading to a high potential for widespread metastases.
increased thirst) and demeclocycline; vasopressin receptor inhibitors (ie,
conivaptan, tolvaptan) can be used for refractory hyponatremia (see Immunohistochemistry is useful for diagnosing SCLC in limited
Principles of Supportive Care in the algorithm).31-33 Hyponatremia usually samples.21,39,42 Nearly all SCLCs are immunoreactive for cytokeratin
improves after successful treatment for SCLC. (AE1/Ae3, CAM5.2); 85% to 90% of SCLCs are positive for thyroid
transcription factor-1 (TTF-1).21,43-45 Most SCLCs also stain positively for
Pathology markers of neuroendocrine differentiation, including chromogranin A,
The NCCN Guidelines for SCLC include a section on pathology (see neuron-specific enolase, neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM; CD56),
Principles of Pathologic Review in the algorithm). The WHO classification and synaptophysin.21 However, these markers alone cannot be used to
system is used to classify lung tumors.34-36 SCLC is a poorly differentiated distinguish SCLC from NSCLC, because approximately 10% of NSCLCs
malignant epithelial tumor that is categorized as a high-grade will be immunoreactive for at least one of these neuroendocrine markers.46
neuroendocrine carcinoma.21 The classic and distinctive histology on Ki-67 immunostaining is useful for distinguishing SCLC from carcinoid
hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) may be sufficient for identifying SCLC in tumors.34,39,47
good-quality histologic samples including small blue cells with scant
cytoplasm, ill-defined cell borders, finely granular nuclear chromatin, and Staging
absent or inconspicuous nucleoli.21,37 The cells are round, oval, or The NCCN SCLC Panel adopted a combined approach for staging SCLC
spindle-shaped; nuclear molding is prominent.38 The mitotic count is high using both the AJCC TNM staging system and the older Veterans
in SCLC when compared with the count in atypical and typical carcinoids. Administration (VA) scheme for SCLC.6,48 The VA Lung Study Group’s
2-stage classification scheme has historically been used to define the
It is important to distinguish SCLC from other neuroendocrine tumors, extent of disease in patients with SCLC: 1) limited-stage disease is
especially typical and atypical carcinoids, because treatment differs for disease confined to the ipsilateral hemithorax, which can be safely
these tumors (see Lung Neuroendocrine Tumors in the NCCN Guidelines encompassed within a radiation field; and 2) extensive-stage disease is
MS-4
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disease beyond the ipsilateral hemithorax, including malignant pleural or radiotherapy, which is indicated primarily for patients with limited-stage
pericardial effusion or hematogenous metastases.49 Contralateral disease. Full staging includes a history and physical examination; CT scan
mediastinal and ipsilateral supraclavicular lymphadenopathy are generally (with intravenous contrast) of the chest/abdomen; and brain imaging using
classified as limited-stage disease, whereas the classification of MRI (preferred) or CT scan (with intravenous contrast).50,53 However, once
contralateral hilar and supraclavicular lymphadenopathy is more a patient has been found to have extensive-stage disease, further staging
controversial and treatment is individualized.6,48,50 Approximately 66% of is not required, except for brain imaging.6 Unilateral bone marrow
patients present with overt hematogenous metastases, which commonly aspirates and biopsies may be indicated in select patients with nucleated
involve the contralateral lung, liver, adrenal glands, brain, bones, and/or red blood cells on peripheral blood smear, neutropenia, or
bone marrow. The AJCC recently revised the TNM staging system for lung thrombocytopenia suggestive of bone marrow infiltration and with no other
cancer; new staging guidelines (8th edition) became effective on January evidence of metastatic disease. Bone marrow involvement as the only site
1, 2018 (see Staging in the algorithm).51,52 The NCCN SCLC Panel will of extensive-stage disease occurs in fewer than 5% of patients. If
continue to use both the VA and the TNM systems for staging SCLC. limited-stage disease is suspected, a PET/CT scan (skull base to
mid-thigh) can be performed to assess for distant metastases.6,48 A bone
In applying the TNM classifications to the VA system, limited-stage SCLC scan can be performed if PET/CT is equivocal or not available; bone
is defined as stage I to III (T any, N any, M0) that can be safely treated biopsy can be considered if bone imaging is equivocal.
with definitive radiation therapy (RT), excluding T3-4 due to multiple lung
nodules that are too extensive or have tumor/nodal volume that is too PET scans can increase staging accuracy in patients with SCLC, because
large to be encompassed in a tolerable radiation plan (see Table 1 in the SCLC is a highly metabolic disease.54-56 PET/CT is superior to PET
algorithm). Extensive-stage SCLC is defined as stage IV (T any, N any, alone.56 Approximately 19% of patients who undergo PET are upstaged
M1a/b/c) or T3–4 due to multiple lung nodules as previously described. from limited-stage to extensive-stage disease, whereas only 8% are
downstaged from extensive-stage to limited-stage disease.50 For most
Because most of the literature on SCLC classifies patients based on the metastatic sites, PET/CT is superior to CT imaging; however, PET/CT is
VA’s definitions of limited-stage or extensive-stage disease, these inferior to MRI or CT for the detection of brain metastases (see the NCCN
definitions are often used for clinical decision-making. However, the TNM Guidelines for Central Nervous System Cancers, available at
system is useful for selecting patients with T1-2,N0 disease who are www.NCCN.org).57 Changes in management based on PET staging were
eligible for surgery and for radiation treatment planning.48 Clinical research reported in approximately 27% of patients, mainly because of alterations in
studies should begin to include use of the TNM system, because it will the planned radiation field as a result of improved detection of intrathoracic
allow for more precise assessments of prognosis and specific therapy in sites of disease.50,55,58 Although PET/CT seems to improve staging
the future.51 accuracy in SCLC, pathologic confirmation is still required for
PET/CT-detected lesions that would result in upstaging.
All patients with SCLC, even those with radiographically limited-stage
disease, require systemic therapy either as primary or adjuvant therapy.
Therefore, staging provides a therapeutic guideline for thoracic
MS-5
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Before surgical resection, pathologic mediastinal staging is required to patients may become more seriously ill in the interval, with a significant
confirm PET/CT scan results in patients with clinical stage I to IIA SCLC decline in their performance status (PS).
(T1–2,N0,M0) to rule out occult nodal disease.6 However, mediastinal
staging is not required if the patient is not a candidate for surgical Prognostic Factors
resection or if non-surgical treatment is planned. Invasive mediastinal Poor PS (3–4), extensive-stage disease, weight loss, and markers
staging can be performed either by conventional mediastinoscopy or by associated with excessive bulk of disease (such as lactate dehydrogenase
minimally invasive techniques such as transesophageal endoscopic [LDH]) are the most important adverse prognostic factors. Female gender,
ultrasound-guided FNA (EUS-FNA), endobronchial ultrasound-guided age younger than 70 years, normal LDH, and stage I disease are
transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA), or video-assisted thoracic associated with a more favorable prognosis in patients with limited-stage
surgery (VATS).59,60 disease. Younger age, good PS, normal creatinine level, normal LDH, and
a single metastatic site are favorable prognostic factors in patients with
Thoracentesis with cytologic analysis is recommended if a pleural effusion extensive-stage disease.61,62
is large enough to be safely accessed via ultrasound guidance. If
thoracentesis does not show malignant cells, then thoracoscopy can be Treatment
considered to document pleural involvement, which would indicate
Primary or Adjuvant Systemic Therapy
extensive-stage disease. The effusion should be excluded as a staging
For all patients with SCLC, systemic therapy is an essential component of
element if: 1) multiple cytopathologic examinations of the pleural fluid are
appropriate treatment. Many single-agent and combination chemotherapy
negative for cancer; 2) the fluid is not bloody and not an exudate; and 3)
regimens have been shown to be active in SCLC. Adjuvant chemotherapy
clinical judgment suggests that the effusion is not directly related to the
is recommended for patients who have undergone surgical resection or
cancer. Pericardial effusions are classified using the same criteria.
SABR for early-stage disease. For patients with limited-stage IIB to IIIC
Staging should not focus only on sites of symptomatic disease or on sites (T3–4,N0,M0; T1–4,N1–3,M0) and with good PS (0–2), recommended
suggested by laboratory tests. Bone scans are positive in up to 30% of treatment consists of chemotherapy with concurrent thoracic radiotherapy
patients without bone pain or without an abnormal alkaline phosphatase (category 1).8,63,64 For patients with extensive-stage disease, systemic
level. Bone imaging with radiographs or MRI may be appropriate if therapy alone is the recommended treatment; however, radiotherapy may
PET/CT is equivocal. Brain imaging (MRI preferred or CT with contrast) be used in select patients for palliation of symptoms (see Initial Treatment
can identify central nervous system (CNS) metastases in 10% to 15% of and Principles of Systemic Therapy in the algorithm; see NCCN
patients at diagnosis, of which approximately 30% are asymptomatic. Guidelines for Palliative Care, available at www.NCCN.org). For the 2019
Early treatment of brain metastases results in less chronic neurologic update (Version 1), the NCCN SCLC Panel added a
morbidity, arguing for the usefulness of early diagnosis in asymptomatic chemo-immunotherapy regimen as a preferred option for patients with
patients. Because of the aggressive nature of SCLC, staging should not extensive-stage SCLC, which is described in greater detail later in this
delay the onset of treatment for more than 1 week; otherwise, many section.65 In patients with extensive-stage disease and brain metastases,
MS-6
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systemic therapy can be given either before or after whole-brain therapy for patients who have undergone resection of stage IA to IIA
radiotherapy depending on whether the patient has neurologic symptoms SCLC. If pathologic lymph node involvement is found at surgery, then
(see Initial Treatment in the algorithm).9,66 If systemic therapy is given first, thoracic radiotherapy can be added concurrently or sequentially to EP.
whole-brain radiotherapy is administered after completion of systemic For patients with limited-stage IIB to IIIC (T3–4,N0,M0; T1–4,N1–3,M0),
therapy. EP plus concurrent thoracic radiotherapy is the recommended therapy
(category 1).63,64,71,72 For the 2019 update, the NCCN SCLC Panel
Response Assessment slightly revised the recommended EP regimens for limited-stage SCLC
Response assessment is an important aspect of the management of based on the dosing used in the CONVERT trial (see Principles of
patients with SCLC. After adjuvant chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy Systemic Therapy in the algorithm).73 Thus far, there are no data to
with concurrent RT for patients with limited-stage disease, response support the use of immunotherapy in patients with limited-stage SCLC.
assessment using CT with contrast of the chest/abdomen should occur
only after completion of therapy; repeating CT scans during therapy is not Thoracic radiotherapy improves local control rates by 25% in patients with
recommended. For systemic therapy alone or sequential systemic therapy limited-stage disease and is associated with improved survival.63,64 Data
followed by RT in patients with limited-stage disease, response suggest that chemoradiotherapy may be indicated for patients with
assessment using CT with contrast of the chest/abdomen should occur limited-stage disease who have cytologically negative or indeterminate
after every 2 cycles of systemic therapy and again at completion of pleural effusions but not for those with pericardial effusions.74,75 In
therapy. During systemic therapy for patients with extensive-stage combination with thoracic radiotherapy, EP causes an increased risk of
disease, response assessment using CT with contrast of the esophagitis, pulmonary toxicity, and hematologic toxicity.76 The use of
chest/abdomen should occur after every 2 to 3 cycles of systemic therapy myeloid growth factors is not recommended (category 1 for not using
and again at completion of therapy. Serial brain imaging is also granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF]) in patients
recommended in patients with extensive-stage disease who have undergoing concurrent chemoradiation.77 In patients with limited-stage
asymptomatic brain metastases and are receiving systemic therapy before disease, treatment with EP plus definitive thoracic radiotherapy results in
whole-brain RT; brain MRI (preferred) or brain CT with contrast is response rates of 70% to 90% with a median overall survival of only 24
recommended after every 2 cycles of systemic therapy and again at to 30 months and 5-year overall survival rates of 25% to 30%.73
completion of therapy.
Cisplatin versus Carboplatin
Limited-Stage SCLC In clinical practice, carboplatin is frequently substituted for cisplatin to
Etoposide plus cisplatin (EP) is the most commonly used initial reduce the risk of emesis, neuropathy, and nephropathy.78 However, the
combination chemotherapy regimen for patients with limited-stage SCLC use of carboplatin carries a greater risk of myelosuppression.79 Small
(see Principles of Systemic Therapy in the algorithm).67 This combination randomized trials in patients with SCLC have suggested similar efficacy of
replaced alkylator/anthracycline-based regimens based on its superiority cisplatin and carboplatin regimens, as did a retrospective analysis in
in both efficacy and toxicity.68-70 EP alone is recommended as adjuvant patients with extensive-stage disease.78,80,81 A meta-analysis of individual
MS-7
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patient data from 4 randomized studies compared cisplatin-based versus Atezolizumab may cause unique immune-mediated adverse events that
carboplatin-based regimens in patients with SCLC.82 Of 663 patients are not seen with traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy; therefore, health
included in this meta-analysis, 32% had limited-stage disease and 68% care providers should be aware of the spectrum of potential
had extensive-stage disease. No significant difference was observed in immune-mediated adverse events, know how to manage these adverse
response rate (67% vs. 66%), progression-free survival (PFS) (5.5 vs. 5.3 events, and educate their patients about possible side effects. High-dose
months), or overall survival (9.6 vs. 9.4 months) in patients receiving corticosteroids are generally recommended for immune-mediated adverse
cisplatin-containing versus carboplatin-containing regimens, suggesting events based on the severity of the reaction. In addition, atezolizumab
equivalent efficacy in patients with SCLC. should be withheld or discontinued for severe or life-threatening
immune-mediated adverse events when indicated (see prescribing
Extensive-Stage SCLC
information).
For many years, platinum plus etoposide had been the standard treatment
for patients with extensive-stage SCLC, with a preference for carboplatin Other Primary Systemic Therapies
over cisplatin due to its equivalent efficacy and more tolerable toxicity Prior to the recent favorable data on immunotherapy, many other
profile. Recently, this standard has changed due to a randomized phase 3 chemotherapy combination regimens had been evaluated in patients with
trial (IMpower133) demonstrating improved survival with the addition of extensive-stage disease with little consistent evidence of benefit when
atezolizumab, a PD-L1–targeted immune checkpoint inhibitor, to platinum compared with EP. For example, the combination of irinotecan and
plus etoposide.65 In this study, standard cisplatin or carboplatin plus cisplatin initially appeared to be better than EP. A small phase 3 Japanese
etoposide was compared to the same chemotherapy plus atezolizumab trial reported that patients with extensive-stage SCLC who were treated
followed by maintenance atezolizumab in 403 patients with previously with irinotecan plus cisplatin had a median survival of 12.8 months
untreated extensive-stage SCLC. Response rates were similar in both compared with 9.4 months for patients treated with EP (P = .002).83 In
arms (60% with chemotherapy plus atezolizumab versus 64% with addition, the 2-year survival was 19.5% in the irinotecan plus cisplatin
chemotherapy alone), but the median overall survival was significantly group versus 5.2% in the EP group.83 However, two subsequent large
longer with the addition of atezolizumab (12.3 months [95% CI, 10.8–15.9] phase 3 trials performed in the United States comparing irinotecan plus
vs. 10.3 months [95% CI, 9.3–11.3]). Similarly, the 1-year overall survival cisplatin with EP failed to show a significant difference in response rate or
rate was 51.7% versus 38.2%, favoring the atezolizumab-containing overall survival between the regimens.84,85 A phase 3 randomized trial of
regimen (hazard ratio [HR] for death, 0.7 [95% CI, 0.54–0.91; P = .007]). 220 patients with extensive-stage SCLC found that median overall survival
The rate of grade 3 or 4 adverse events was similar in both groups (56%). was slightly improved with irinotecan and carboplatin compared with
For the 2019 update (Version 1), the NCCN SCLC Panel now carboplatin and oral etoposide (8.5 vs. 7.1 months, P = .04).86 Based on
recommends (category 1) carboplatin/etoposide/atezolizumab as the these studies, the cisplatin or carboplatin plus irinotecan regimens are
preferred first-line systemic therapy option followed by maintenance included as options in the NCCN Guidelines for patients with
atezolizumab for patients with extensive-stage SCLC.65 extensive-stage disease. In addition, a meta-analysis suggested an
improvement in PFS and overall survival with irinotecan plus platinum
MS-8
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regimens compared with etoposide plus platinum regimens.87 However, many active cytotoxic agents as possible during initial treatment.96
the relatively small absolute survival benefit needs to be balanced against However, randomized trials have failed to show improved PFS or overall
the toxicity profile of irinotecan-based regimens. Therefore, the NCCN survival with this approach.97,98
SCLC Panel continues to recommend etoposide plus platinum regimens
for patients with either limited-stage or extensive-stage SCLC. Multidrug cyclic weekly chemotherapy was designed to increase dose
intensity. Early phase 2 results of this approach were promising, although
Many other strategies have been evaluated in an effort to improve on the favorable patient selection was of some concern.99,100 Nevertheless, no
recommended treatment for extensive-stage SCLC, including the addition survival benefits were documented in randomized trials, and excessive
of a third agent. In two trials, the addition of ifosfamide (or treatment-related mortality was noted with multidrug cyclic weekly
cyclophosphamide plus an anthracycline) to EP showed a modest survival chemotherapy regimens.101-104 The role of higher-dose chemotherapy for
advantage.88,89 However, these findings have not been uniformly patients with SCLC remains controversial. Higher complete and partial
observed, and the addition of an alkylating agent, with or without an response rates, and modestly longer median survival times, have been
anthracycline, significantly increases hematologic toxicity when compared observed in patients receiving high chemotherapy doses when compared
to EP alone.90 Two phase 3 randomized trials have confirmed the lack of with those given conventional doses of the same agents.105 In general,
improvement in survival with three-drug systemic therapy regimens however, randomized trials comparing conventional chemotherapy doses
compared to platinum plus etoposide in patients with extensive-stage to an incrementally increased dose intensity up to 2 times the conventional
SCLC. One of these studies assessed the combination of ifosfamide, dose have not consistently shown an increase in response rate or
etoposide, and epirubicin versus EP, while the other evaluated carboplatin survival.106-109 In addition, a meta-analysis of trials that compared
plus etoposide with or without palifosfamide.91,92 Similarly, the addition of recommended versus dose-intense variations of the cyclophosphamide,
paclitaxel to either cisplatin or carboplatin plus etoposide yielded doxorubicin, and vincristine (CAV) and EP regimens found that increased
promising results in phase 2 trials, but did not improve survival and was relative dose intensity resulted in only a small, clinically insignificant
associated with unacceptable toxicity in a phase 3 study.93 enhancement of median survival in patients with extensive-stage
disease.110
The use of maintenance or consolidation chemotherapy beyond 4 to 6
cycles of recommended treatment produces a minor prolongation of Currently available cytokines (eg, GM-CSF, G-CSF) can ameliorate
duration of response without improving survival and carries a greater risk chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression and reduce the incidence of
of cumulative toxicity.94 A meta-analysis reported that maintenance febrile neutropenia, but cumulative thrombocytopenia remains
chemotherapy did not prolong overall survival.95 The inability to destroy dose-limiting. Although trials involving patients with SCLC were
residual cells, despite the initial chemosensitivity of SCLC, suggests the instrumental in obtaining FDA approval for the clinical use of cytokines,111
existence of cancer stem cells that are relatively resistant to cytotoxic maintenance of dose intensity with growth factors does not prolong
therapy. To overcome drug resistance, alternating or sequential disease-free or overall survival.112,113 Thus, the routine use of growth
combination therapies have been designed to expose the tumor to as factors at the initiation of systemic therapy is not recommended. Despite
MS-9
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the recent success with atezolizumab, other immunotherapy-based suggests that concurrent chemoradiation yields equivalent median survival
strategies have not been as favorable. A phase 3 randomized trial in older versus younger patients with limited-stage SCLC (29 vs. 30
reported that the addition of ipilimumab to etoposide with either cisplatin or months; P = .38).122 However, myelosuppression, fatigue, and lower organ
carboplatin as first-line therapy did not improve either overall survival or reserves are encountered more frequently in elderly patients; therefore,
PFS in patients with extensive-stage SCLC.114 they must be watched carefully during treatment to avoid excessive risk.122
Greater attention to the needs and support systems of elderly patients is
The benefits of antiangiogenic therapy have also been evaluated in SCLC. recommended to provide optimal care. Overall, elderly patients have a
In patients with limited-stage SCLC, a phase 2 study of irinotecan, similar prognosis as stage-matched younger patients.
carboplatin, and bevacizumab with concurrent radiotherapy followed by
maintenance bevacizumab was terminated early because of an Randomized trials have indicated that less-intensive treatment (eg,
unacceptable incidence of tracheoesophageal fistulae. In extensive-stage single-agent etoposide) is inferior to combination chemotherapy (eg,
SCLC, phase 2 trials of platinum-based chemotherapy plus bevacizumab platinum plus etoposide) in elderly patients with good PS (0–2).125,126 A
have yielded promising response and survival data.115-118 However, at least retrospective analysis in 8637 elderly patients with limited-stage disease
two randomized trials have demonstrated no survival benefit for the reported that chemoradiation increased survival when compared with
addition of bevacizumab to standard chemotherapy.119,120 Currently, the chemotherapy alone.123 Several other strategies have been evaluated in
NCCN SCLC Panel does not recommend use of bevacizumab in patients elderly patients with SCLC.81,127-129 The use of 4 cycles of carboplatin plus
with SCLC. Overall, attempts to improve long-term survival rates in etoposide seems to yield favorable results, because the
patients with SCLC through the addition of more agents or the use of area-under-the-curve (AUC) dosing of carboplatin takes into account the
dose-intense chemotherapy regimens, maintenance therapy, or alternating declining renal function of the aging patient.129 However, targeting
non–cross-resistant chemotherapy regimens have failed to yield significant carboplatin to an AUC of 5, rather than 6, is more reasonable in this
advantages when compared to recommended approaches. population.130 The usefulness of short-course, full-intensity chemotherapy
has also been explored in elderly or infirm patients, and the results with
Elderly Patients only 2 cycles of chemotherapy seem to be acceptable, although this
The incidence of SCLC increases with age. Although the median age at approach has not been directly compared with 4 to 6 cycles of therapy.131
diagnosis is older than 70 years, elderly patients are underrepresented in Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) should be used with caution in elderly
clinical trials.121 While advanced chronologic age does adversely affect patients. Elderly patients (≥60 years) are at increased risk for cognitive
tolerance to treatment, the functional status of an individual patient is decline after PCI; therefore, the risks and benefits of PCI versus close
much more useful than age in guiding clinical decision-making (see the surveillance need to be discussed in detail with elderly patients.132-135 A
NCCN Guidelines for Older Adult Oncology, available at www.NCCN.org). Dutch analysis in more than 5000 patients suggests that median survival
Older patients who are able to perform activities of daily living should be is decreased in older patients treated with PCI when compared with
treated with combination systemic therapy (and radiotherapy, if younger patients regardless of stage.136
indicated).122-124 For example, a subgroup analysis of the CONVERT trial
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Subsequent Systemic Therapy improved symptoms of dyspnea, anorexia, hoarseness, and fatigue. In
Although SCLC is very responsive to initial treatment, most patients another phase 3 trial, oral topotecan improved overall survival when
relapse with relatively resistant disease.137,138 These patients have a compared with best supportive care (26 vs. 14 weeks).146 Single-agent
median survival of only 4 to 5 months when treated with further systemic topotecan is approved by the FDA as subsequent therapy for patients with
therapy. Subsequent systemic therapy provides significant palliation in SCLC who relapse after initial response to systemic therapy. Either oral or
many patients, although the likelihood of response is highly dependent on intravenous topotecan may be used, because efficacy and toxicity seem to
the time from initial therapy to relapse.139 If this interval is less than 3 be similar with either route.146,147 Many practicing oncologists have noted
months (refractory or resistant disease), response to most agents or excessive toxicity when using 1.5 mg/m2 of intravenous topotecan for 5
regimens is poor (≤10%). If more than 3 months have elapsed (sensitive days, and studies suggest that an attenuated dose may be equally
disease), expected response rates are approximately 25%. If patients efficacious with lower toxicity.148 Published studies have yielded conflicting
relapse more than 6 months after first-line treatment, then treatment with data regarding the usefulness of weekly topotecan in patients with
their original regimen is recommended, However, the NCCN SCLC Panel relapsed SCLC.149,150
added a caveat that patients who relapse after 6 months while on
Irinotecan was assessed in a phase 2 study in patients with refractory or
maintenance atezolizumab should receive carboplatin plus etoposide
relapsed SCLC; 47% of patients responded (7/15; [95% CI, 21.4%–
(without atezolizumab).6,139,140 For patients on subsequent systemic
71.9%]); myelosuppression, diarrhea, and pulmonary toxicity were
therapy, response assessment should occur after every 2 to 3 cycles
reported.151 Paclitaxel was assessed in a phase 2 study in patients with
using CT with contrast of the chest/abdomen. Dose reduction or growth
refractory or relapsed SCLC; 24% of patients responded (5/21).152 Grade 3
factor support should be considered for patients with a PS of 2 who are
to 4 toxicity included neutropenia, infection, rash, neuropathy, and
receiving subsequent systemic therapy.
pulmonary toxicity. Another phase 2 study of paclitaxel in patients with
Based on phase 2 trials, recommended subsequent systemic therapy refractory SCLC yielded a response rate of 29% (7/24; 95% CI, 12%–
agents for patients who have relapsed 6 months or less after primary 51%).153 Docetaxel was assessed in a phase 2 trial in patients with
therapy include topotecan, irinotecan, paclitaxel, docetaxel, temozolomide, previously treated SCLC; 25% of patients responded (7/28). Reported
nivolumab with or without ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, vinorelbine, oral toxicities included neutropenia and asthenia.154
etoposide, gemcitabine, CAV, and bendamustine (category 2A for all
Data suggest that temozolomide may be useful for patients with SCLC,
agents except for bendamustine, which is a category 2B recommendation)
especially those with brain metastases and methylated
(see Principles of Systemic Therapy in the algorithm).141-144 A randomized
O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT).142,155,156 A phase 2
phase 3 trial compared single-agent intravenous topotecan with the
study assessed temozolomide in patients with relapsed or refractory
combination regimen CAV.145 Both arms had similar response rates
SCLC. In patients with sensitive SCLC, the overall response rate was 23%
(topotecan: 24.3% [26/107]; CAV: 18.3% [19/104]) and survival (25
(95% CI, 12%–37%). The response rate was improved for patients with
weeks), but intravenous topotecan caused less grade 4 neutropenia
methylated MGMT compared to those with unmethylated MGMT (38% vs.
(37.8% vs. 51.4%; P < .001). When compared with CAV, topotecan also
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7%; P = .08). A phase 3 trial (JCOG0605) from Japan in patients with Preliminary data show that overall survival was similar between the groups
sensitive relapsed SCLC reported that the combination of cisplatin, (nivolumab: 7.5 months vs. chemotherapy: 8.4 months; HR, 0.86 [95% CI,
etoposide, and irinotecan improved survival when compared with 0.72–1.04]; P = .11). Treatment-related deaths occurred in two patients
topotecan (median survival, 18.2 vs. 12.5 months; HR, 0.67 [90% CI, receiving nivolumab and in three patients receiving chemotherapy. Fewer
0.51–0.88]; P = .0079). However, the toxicity of this approach was grade 3 to 4 adverse events occurred in patients receiving nivolumab
significant and it is not recommended for subsequent therapy.157 compared with chemotherapy (14% vs. 73%, respectively). The NCCN
Amrubicin is an active drug in patients with relapsed or refractory SCLC Panel recommends nivolumab or nivolumab plus ipilimumab (both
SCLC.158-161 However, grade 3 to 4 toxicity, primarily neutropenia, is are category 2A) as subsequent therapy options for patients who have
common.162,163 A phase 3 trial reported that amrubicin did not improve relapsed 6 months or less after primary therapy.166,167,169 However,
overall survival as second-line treatment for SCLC when compared to patients whose disease progresses while on atezolizumab as part of
topotecan, except in a subset of patients with refractory disease.164 first-line therapy should not be treated with other immune checkpoint
inhibitors.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have also been evaluated in patients with
relapsed SCLC.165 A phase 1/2 trial (CheckMate 032) assessed nivolumab A recent combined analysis of two studies, one phase 1b (KEYNOTE-028)
alone or various doses of nivolumab plus ipilimumab for relapsed SCLC.166 and one phase 2 (KEYNOTE-158), evaluated the activity of
Response rates were 10% (10/98) for nivolumab 3 mg/kg, 23% (14/61) for pembrolizumab in 83 evaluable patients with relapsed SCLC.170 This
nivolumab 1 mg/kg plus ipilimumab 3 mg/kg, and 19% (10/54) for analysis reported a response rate of 19.3% and a median overall survival
nivolumab 3 mg/kg plus ipilimumab 1 mg/kg. The responses did not of 7.7 months (95% CI, 5.2–10.1). Both overall survival and response rate
correlate with PD-L1 expression; studies indicate that SCLC has a lower were higher in those who were PD-L1 positive. Grade 3 or 4 adverse
rate of PD-L1 expression than NSCLC.166 Diarrhea was the most common events occurred in 12% of patients and two patients died from
grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse event. The overall frequency of treatment-related adverse events (pneumonitis and encephalitis). For the
grade 3 or 4 adverse events was about 20%, and fewer than 10% of 2019 update, the NCCN SCLC Panel added pembrolizumab as a new
patients discontinued treatment because of treatment-related adverse subsequent therapy option for patients with SCLC regardless of PD-L1
events. Updated preliminary data from an expansion cohort of this trial levels based on phase 1 and 2 data.170,171
reported a 1-year overall survival of 42% in patients receiving
nivolumab/ipilimumab and 30% in those receiving nivolumab alone.167 Immunotherapeutic agents, such as nivolumab, ipilimumab, and
Further data suggest that tumor mutational burden may be a useful pembrolizumab may cause unique immune-mediated adverse events that
biomarker for assessing whether patients will respond to nivolumab with or are not seen with traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy; therefore, health
without ipilimumab.168 care providers should be aware of the spectrum of potential
immune-mediated adverse events, know how to manage these adverse
A recent phase 3 trial (CheckMate 331) assessed nivolumab monotherapy events, and educate their patients about possible side effects.172,173 For
versus topotecan or amrubicin in 569 patients with relapsed SCLC.169 patients with immune-mediated adverse events, high-dose corticosteroids
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are generally recommended based on the severity of the reaction. improvement in 2-year overall survival when compared with chemotherapy
Nivolumab, ipilimumab, or pembrolizumab should be withheld or alone.63,64 However, achieving long-term local control using conventional
discontinued for severe or life-threatening immune-mediated adverse chemoradiotherapy for patients with limited-stage SCLC remains a
events when indicated (see prescribing information). challenge.
The optimal duration of subsequent systemic therapy has not been fully Timing of Radiation with Chemotherapy
explored. For cytotoxic chemotherapy agents, the duration of treatment is The administration of thoracic radiotherapy requires the assessment of
usually short and the cumulative toxicity is frequently limiting even in several factors, including the timing of chemotherapy and radiotherapy
patients who experience response. For these reasons, subsequent (concurrent vs. sequential), timing of radiotherapy (early vs. late), volume
systemic therapy should be continued until 2 cycles beyond best response of the radiation port (original tumor volume vs. shrinking field as the tumor
(for chemotherapy), progression of disease, or development of responds), dose of radiation, and fractionation of radiotherapy. Early
unacceptable toxicity. Additional subsequent systemic therapy (eg, third concurrent chemoradiotherapy is recommended for patients with
line) can be considered if patients are still PS 0 to 2. limited-stage SCLC based on randomized trials. A randomized phase 3
trial by the Japanese Cooperative Oncology Group assessed sequential
Radiotherapy versus concurrent thoracic radiotherapy combined with EP for patients
The Principles of Radiation Therapy section in the algorithm describes the with limited-stage disease. They reported that patients treated with
radiation doses, target volumes, and normal tissue dose-volume concurrent radiotherapy lived longer than those treated with sequential
constraints for limited-stage SCLC, and includes references to support the radiotherapy.76
recommendations; PCI and treatment of brain metastases are also
discussed (see the algorithm). The American College of Radiology (ACR) Another randomized phase 3 trial (by the National Cancer Institute of
Appropriateness Criteria are a useful resource.174 The Principles of Canada) comparing radiotherapy beginning with either cycle 2 or cycle 6
Radiation Therapy section in the NSCLC algorithm may also be useful (eg, of chemotherapy showed that early radiotherapy was associated with
general principles of radiotherapy, palliative radiotherapy) (see the NCCN improved local and systemic control and longer survival.175 Several
Guidelines for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, available at www.NCCN.org). systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the timing of thoracic
This section describes the studies supporting the NCCN RT radiotherapy in limited-stage SCLC have reported that early concurrent
recommendations for SCLC. radiotherapy results in a small, but significant improvement in overall
survival when compared with late concurrent or sequential
Thoracic Radiotherapy radiotherapy.176,177 Another meta-analysis in patients with limited-stage
The addition of thoracic radiotherapy has improved survival for patients SCLC showed that survival was improved with more rapid completion of
with limited-stage SCLC. Meta-analyses that included more than 2000 the chemoradiotherapy regimen (start of any chemotherapy until the end
patients show that thoracic radiation for limited-stage disease yields a 25% of radiotherapy).178 A meta-analysis of individual patient data from 12 trials
to 30% reduction in local failure, and a corresponding 5% to 7% (2668 patients) reported that early concurrent chemoradiotherapy
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increased 5-year overall survival (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.69–0.91), although NCCN SCLC Panel recommends that either 45 Gy with twice-daily
severe acute esophagitis was also increased, when compared with late fractionation or 60 to 70 Gy with once-daily fractionation are acceptable
concurrent therapy.179 options depending on individual patient characteristics. For example,
twice-daily thoracic radiation is technically challenging for patients with
Radiation Fractionation bilateral mediastinal adenopathy, and logistically challenging for many
The ECOG/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group compared once-daily to patients and radiotherapy centers. Overall, patients selected for combined
twice-daily radiotherapy with EP.180 In this trial, 412 patients with modality treatment that incorporates twice-daily radiotherapy must have an
limited-stage SCLC were treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy using excellent PS and good baseline pulmonary function.
a total dose of 45 Gy delivered either twice daily over 3 weeks or once
daily over 5 weeks. The twice-daily schedule produced a survival Radiation for Limited-Stage SCLC
advantage, but a higher incidence of grade 3 to 4 esophagitis was seen
External-Beam RT
when compared with the once-daily regimen. Median overall survivals
For limited-stage IIB to IIIC disease (T3–4,N0,M0; T1–4,N1–3,M0), the
were 23 versus 19 months (P = .04), and 5-year survival rates were 26%
NCCN Guidelines recommend that radiotherapy should be used
versus 16% in the twice-daily and once-daily radiotherapy arms,
concurrently with chemotherapy and that radiotherapy should start with the
respectively.180 A significant criticism of this trial is that the doses of
first or second cycle (category 1). The optimal dose and schedule of
radiation in the 2 arms were not biologically equivalent, with the 45 Gy
radiotherapy have not been established. For twice-daily radiotherapy, the
once-daily regimen providing suboptimal therapy.
recommended schedule is 1.5 Gy twice daily to a total dose of 45 Gy in 3
Another randomized phase 3 trial showed no survival difference between weeks. For once-daily radiotherapy, the recommended schedule is 2.0 Gy
once-daily thoracic radiotherapy to 50.4 Gy with concurrent EP and a split once daily to a total dose of 60 to 70 Gy (see Principles of Radiation
course of twice-daily thoracic radiotherapy to 48 Gy with concurrent EP.181 Therapy in the algorithm).182-184
However, split-course radiotherapy may be less efficacious because of
The minimum technical requirement for thoracic irradiation is CT-planned
interval tumor regrowth between courses. The CONVERT randomized
3-D conformal radiotherapy. For concurrent chemoradiation,
phase 3 trial assessed 45 Gy twice daily compared with 66 Gy once daily
intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is preferred over
in 547 patients with limited-stage SCLC.73 Median overall survival was
3D-conformal external-beam RT because IMRT is less toxic (see
similar between the 2 arms (30 vs. 25 months; HR for death in the
Principles of Radiation Therapy in the algorithm and the NCCN Guidelines
once-daily group, 1.18 [95% CI, 0.95–1.45]; P = .14]). Although toxicity
for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, available at www.NCCN.org).185-190 More
was generally similar between the arms, patients receiving 45 Gy twice
advanced technologies may also be used when needed (eg, 4D-CT) (see
daily had more grade 4 neutropenia when compared with those receiving
Principles of Radiation Therapy in the algorithm). The radiation target
66 Gy once daily (49% vs. 38%; P = .05).
volumes can be defined on the PET/CT scan obtained at the time of
Based on the data from these randomized trials, the optimal dose and radiotherapy planning using definitions in reports 50 and 62 from the
fractionation of thoracic radiotherapy for SCLC remain unresolved. The International Commission on Radiation Units & Measurements
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(ICRU).191,192 However, the pre-chemotherapy PET/CT scan should be may be useful for SCLC (see Principles of Radiation Therapy in the NCCN
reviewed to include the originally involved lymph node regions in the Guidelines for NSCLC, available at www.NCCN.org).
treatment fields.184,193
Thoracic Radiation for Extensive-Stage SCLC
The normal tissue constraints used for NSCLC are appropriate for SCLC The addition of sequential (consolidative) thoracic radiotherapy may be
when using similar radiotherapy doses (see the NCCN Guidelines for considered in select patients with low-bulk metastatic extensive-stage
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, available at www.NCCN.org). When using disease who have a complete or near complete response after initial
accelerated schedules (eg, 3–5 weeks), the spinal cord constraints from systemic therapy. This recommendation was initially based on the results
the CALCB 30610/RTOG 0538 protocol can be used as a guide (see of a randomized trial by Jeremic et al,203 in which patients experiencing a
Principles of Radiation Therapy in the algorithm).194-196 complete response at distant metastatic sites after 3 cycles of EP were
randomized to receive either 1) further EP; or 2) accelerated
SABR hyperfractionated radiotherapy (ie, 54 Gy in 36 fractions over 18 treatment
Emerging data suggest that SABR (also known as stereotactic body days) in combination with carboplatin plus etoposide.203 The investigators
radiation therapy [SBRT]) may be useful for patients with clinical stage I to found that the addition of radiotherapy resulted in improved median overall
IIA (T1–2,N0) SCLC who are medically inoperable or refuse survival (17 vs. 11 months). Another phase 3 randomized trial in patients
surgery.11,197-201 One study of 43 patients with clinical stage I SCLC who with extensive-stage SCLC (Dutch CREST trial) reported that the addition
received SABR found that 31 patients were stage IA and 79% were of consolidative thoracic radiotherapy (30 Gy in 10 fractions) did not
medically inoperable.11 Patients typically received 48 to 50 Gy (4–5 improve the primary endpoint of 1-year overall survival (33% vs. 28%, P =
fractions), and only 8 patients received chemotherapy and PCI. The 2-year .066), but a secondary analysis did find improvement in 2-year overall
overall survival was 72.3% and 2-year PFS was 44.6%. Distant metastasis survival (13% vs. 3%, P = .004) and 6-month PFS when compared with
occurred in 47% of patients. A multicenter analysis of 74 patients patients who did not receive consolidative thoracic radiotherapy.204 A trial
suggested that the addition of chemotherapy typically after SABR involving 32 patients who received consolidative thoracic RT reported that
improves survival for patients with clinical limited-stage SCLC.12,202 Most of only 16% (5/32) of patients had symptomatic chest recurrences.205
these patients had PET staging, although they did not have pathologic Consolidative thoracic RT appears to mainly benefit patients with residual
nodal staging. Patients who received chemotherapy after SABR had a thoracic disease after systemic therapy, but with low-bulk extrathoracic
median overall survival of 31.4 months versus 14.3 months for those metastatic disease that has responded to systemic therapy.206
receiving SABR alone (P = .02). For the 2019 update, the NCCN SCLC
Panel now recommends (category 2A) SABR followed by systemic Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation
therapy as an option for select patients with clinical stage I to IIA (T1–2, Intracranial metastases occur in more than 50% of patients with SCLC.
N0) who are medically inoperable or decline surgery The NCCN Randomized studies have shown that PCI is effective in decreasing the
Guidelines for NSCLC provide detailed recommendations for SABR that incidence of cerebral metastases, but most individual studies did not have
sufficient power to show a meaningful survival advantage.207 A
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meta-analysis of all randomized PCI trials (using data from individual symptomatic brain metastases (14.6% vs. 40.4%) and increased the
patients) reported a nearly 50% reduction in the 3-year incidence of brain 1-year survival rate (27.1% vs. 13.3%) compared with controls.213
metastases, from 58.6% in the control group to 33.3% in the PCI-treated However, the study did not require brain imaging prior to PCI and did not
group.208 Thus, PCI seems to prevent (and not simply delay) the standardize the PCI dose or fractionation. Conflicting data come from a
emergence of brain metastases. This meta-analysis also reported a 5.4% randomized phase 3 trial from Japan, which found that median overall
increase in 3-year overall survival in patients treated with PCI, from 15.3% survival was not improved in patients receiving PCI when compared with
in the control group to 20.7% in the PCI group.208 Although the number of observation (11.6 months [95% CI, 9.5–13.3] versus 13.7 months [95% CI,
patients with extensive-stage disease was small in this meta-analysis, the 10.2–16.4]) (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.96–1.68; P = .094).214 In this trial,
observed benefit was similar in patients with both limited-stage and patients were required to have an MRI to confirm that they did not have
extensive-stage disease. A retrospective study of patients with brain metastases prior to PCI, and the PCI regimen was standardized at
limited-stage disease also found that PCI increased survival at 2, 5, and 25 Gy in 10 fractions. In addition, the study required close MRI
10 years compared with those who did not receive PCI.209 A study in 184 surveillance imaging in patients to allow for the early treatment of brain
patients with limited-stage SCLC assessed PCI versus no PCI in patients metastases.
who responded to chemoradiotherapy and had no brain metastases on
brain MRI imaging before and after primary treatment.210 In patients Based on the conflicting trial results from Japan and the EORTC, the
receiving PCI, median overall survival was 26 months (range, 19.4–32.6 NCCN SCLC Panel recently softened the recommendation for PCI in
months) versus 14 months (range, 11.4–16.6 months; P < .0001) for those patients with extensive-stage disease to consider either PCI or close
without PCI. surveillance brain imaging. The NCCN SCLC Panel also added detailed
imaging recommendations for patients regardless of PCI (see Surveillance
For patients (4257) with extensive-stage SCLC, but without brain in this Discussion). Therefore, depending on individual patient factors,
metastases, a large retrospective analysis of 4257 patients showed that either PCI or close brain surveillance imaging (MRI preferred or CT with
PCI improved median overall survival compared with no PCI (13.9 vs. 11.1 contrast) appear to be reasonable options for patients with
months; P < .0001).211 Another analysis of patients with extensive-stage extensive-stage SCLC and good response to initial systemic therapy. For
SCLC (n = 397) reported that PCI improved overall survival compared with the 2019 update, the NCCN SCLC Panel added a caveat that the risks
no PCI (13.5 vs. 8.5 months, respectively; HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.39–0.77; and benefits of PCI versus brain surveillance imaging should be discussed
P= .0005); however, these patients did not receive routine surveillance with patients.
brain imaging.212
Late neurologic sequelae have been attributed to PCI, particularly in
In light of the paucity of data on the benefits of PCI in patients with studies using fractions greater than 3 Gy and/or administering PCI
extensive-stage SCLC, the EORTC performed a randomized trial that concurrently with chemotherapy.133,215,216 Thus, PCI is not recommended
assessed PCI versus no PCI in 286 patients with extensive-stage SCLC for patients with poor PS (3–4) or impaired neurocognitive function.217,218
whose disease had responded to initial chemotherapy; PCI decreased Older age (>60 years) has also been associated with chronic
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neurotoxicity.132,134 When given after the completion of chemotherapy and is recommended using either MRI (preferred) or CT with contrast. Detailed
at a low dose per fraction, PCI may cause less neurologic toxicity. brain imaging recommendations are provided in the algorithm.214
Memantine is a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that
may delay cognitive dysfunction in patients receiving whole-brain RT.219 Palliative Radiotherapy
Patients receiving memantine had a longer time before cognitive decline For patients with localized symptomatic sites of disease (ie, painful bony
(HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.62–0.99, P = .01). The NCCN SCLC Panel lesions, spinal cord compression, obstructive atelectasis) or with brain
recommends that memantine be considered for patients receiving PCI or metastases, radiotherapy can provide excellent palliation (see the
therapeutic whole-brain irradiation. For the 2019 update, the panel added algorithm and the NCCN Guidelines for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer,
memantine dosing to the algorithm based on clinical trial data (RTOG available at www.NCCN.org).224-226 Orthopedic stabilization may be useful
0614).219 in patients at high risk for fracture because of osseous structural
impairment. Because patients with SCLC often have a short life span,
Before the decision is made to administer PCI, a balanced discussion surgery is not usually recommended for spinal cord compression.
between the patient and physician is necessary.133,220 The NCCN SCLC Whole-brain radiotherapy is recommended for brain metastases in
Panel recommends PCI (category 1) for patients with limited-stage patients with SCLC due to the frequent occurrence of multiple metastases
disease who attain a complete or partial response; PCI can be considered (see Principles of Radiation Therapy in the algorithm and the NCCN
(category 2A) for patients with extensive-stage disease.213,217 For the 2019 Guidelines for Central Nervous System Cancers, available at
update, the NCCN SCLC Panel added a caveat that it is not clear whether www.NCCN.org).227 Although late complications, such as neurocognitive
patients who have had surgical resection for stage I to IIA SCLC will impairment, may occur with whole-brain radiotherapy, this is less of an
benefit from PCI because these patients have a lower risk of developing issue in patients with SCLC because long-term survival is rare.133 The
brain metastases.202,221,222 The preferred dose for PCI is 25 Gy in 10 daily recommended dose for whole-brain radiotherapy is 30 Gy in 10 daily
fractions (2.5 Gy/fraction) (see Principles of Radiation Therapy in the fractions.227 In patients who develop brain metastases after PCI,
algorithm).208,213,223 The NCCN SCLC Panel feels that a shorter course of stereotactic radiosurgery (preferred) or whole-brain radiotherapy may be
PCI may be appropriate (eg, 20 Gy in 5 fractions) for selected patients considered.228,229
with extensive-stage disease.213 Higher doses (eg, 36 Gy) increased
mortality and toxicity when compared with lower doses (25 Gy).132,223 PCI Surgical Resection of Stage I to IIA SCLC
should not be given concurrently with chemotherapy, and high total The Principles of Surgical Resection for SCLC are described in the NCCN
radiotherapy dose (>30 Gy) should be avoided because of the increased algorithm; studies supporting these recommendations are described in this
risk of neurotoxicity.132 Fatigue, headache, and nausea/vomiting are the section. Briefly, the NCCN Guidelines state that surgery is only
most common acute toxic effects after PCI.218,223 After the acute toxicities recommended for patients with stage I to IIA (T1–2,N0) SCLC in whom
of initial systemic therapy have resolved, PCI can be administered. For mediastinal staging has confirmed that mediastinal lymph nodes are not
patients not receiving PCI, surveillance for metastases with brain imaging involved.10,230 Data show that patients with nodal disease (ie, T1–3,N1–3,
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M0–1) do not benefit from surgery.231 Note that fewer than 5% of patients those who did not undergo surgery is inherently flawed by selection bias.
with SCLC have true stage I to IIA disease.232 Ultimately, the role of surgery in SCLC will not be fully defined until trials
are done to compare surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy to concurrent
For the 2019 update, the NCCN SCLC Panel expanded the indication for chemoradiotherapy in patients who are rigorously staged.
surgery to include patients with clinical stage IIA SCLC based on the
change in staging criteria such that tumors up to 5 cm in diameter (T2b) In patients with clinical stage I to IIA (T1–2,N0) SCLC who are being
without lymph node involvement (N0) are now classified as IIA. The Lung considered for surgical resection, occult nodal disease should be ruled out
Cancer Study Group conducted the only prospective randomized trial through mediastinal staging before resection.240 If resection is performed,
evaluating the role of surgery in SCLC.231 Patients with limited-stage the NCCN SCLC Panel recommends lobectomy with mediastinal lymph
disease, excluding those with solitary peripheral nodules, received 5 node dissection as the preferred operation and does not feel that
cycles of chemotherapy with CAV; those showing a response to segmental or wedge resections are appropriate for patients with SCLC.
chemotherapy were randomly assigned to undergo resection plus thoracic After complete resection, adjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiation is
radiotherapy or thoracic radiotherapy alone. The overall survival rates of recommended.217,235,241,242 Adjuvant chemotherapy alone is recommended
patients on the two arms were equivalent, suggesting no benefit to surgery for patients without nodal metastases, whereas concurrent chemotherapy
in this setting. However, only 19% of enrolled patients had clinical stage I and postoperative mediastinal radiotherapy are recommended for patients
(T1–2,N0,M0) disease. with nodal metastases (see Adjuvant Treatment in the algorithm).
Although panel members agree that postoperative mediastinal
Most of the data regarding the role of surgery in SCLC are from radiotherapy is recommended in this setting, it should be based on the
retrospective reviews.230,233-237 These studies report favorable 5-year extent of nodal sampling/dissection and extent of nodal positivity;
survival rates of 40% to 60% in patients with stage I disease. In most however, there are no data to support this recommendation. The role of
series, survival rates decline significantly in patients with more advanced PCI is unclear in surgically resected early-stage patients, because they
disease with lymph node involvement, leading to the general appear to have a lower incidence of brain metastases (see Prophylactic
recommendation that surgery should only be considered in those with Cranial Irradiation in this Discussion and Adjuvant Treatment in the
stage I to IIA disease (T1–2,N0,M0). Interpretation of these results is algorithm).208 The NCCN SCLC Panel recommends new baseline disease
limited by the selection bias inherent in retrospective reviews and by the assessment after adjuvant therapy.
variable use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. A meta-analysis
describes the evidence from currently available randomized trials in Surveillance
greater detail.238 The surveillance recommendations for patients with SCLC are outlined in
the algorithm. The frequency of surveillance decreases during subsequent
Analyses of the SEER database also suggest that surgery may be
years because of the declining risk of recurrence.243 If a new pulmonary
appropriate for some patients with localized disease.13,239 However, these
nodule develops, it should prompt evaluation for a new primary lung
studies are limited by the lack of information on chemotherapy use in the
cancer, because second primary tumors are a frequent occurrence in
database. In addition, comparison of the survival of surgical patients to all
MS-18
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Summary
SCLC is a poorly differentiated high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma.21
Most cases of SCLC are caused by cigarette smoking.4 Management of
SCLC is described in the NCCN Guidelines for SCLC, which include the
algorithm and this supporting Discussion text. Revisions for the 2019
update of the NCCN Guidelines for SCLC are described in this Discussion
and outlined in the algorithm (see Summary of the Guidelines Updates in
the algorithm). For the 2019 update (Version 1), the NCCN SCLC Panel
now recommends atezolizumab/carboplatin/etoposide as a preferred
first-line systemic therapy option (category 1) for extensive-stage SCLC
based on clinical trial data and the FDA approval.65 The panel also added
pembrolizumab as a new subsequent therapy option for patients with
SCLC regardless of PD-L1 levels based on phase 1 and 2 data.170,171 In
addition, the panel added a new recommendation for SABR followed by
systemic therapy for select patients with clinical stage I to IIA SCLC (T1–2,
N0,M0) who are medically inoperable or decline surgery.11,12,197,202
MS-19
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