Program : BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.

) MECHANICAL (EM220)

Course : FRACTURE MECHANICS

Code : MEC612

Lecturer : DR ANIZAH KALAM

Group : EMD8M8C2

MINI PROJECT/LAB REPORT

TENSILE TEST

No Name Student ID Signature

1 Muhammad Hariz bin Azaman 2017806728

2 Muhammad Aiman Rafie bin Yaccob 2017806502

3 Muhammad Haziq bin Abd Halim 2017806818

4 Muhammad Akmal bin Ridduan 2017806604

5 Mohd Syafiq bin Wahab 2017806546

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1.0 Table of contents
2.0 List of Figures and Tables ................................................................................................... 3
1.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT ........................................................................................................... 4
2.0 OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................ 4
3.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 5
4.0 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 10
5.0 3.1 Apparatus ...................................................................................................................... 12
6.0 3.2 Experiment procedure ................................................................................................... 12
7.0 3.3 Testing Parameter .......................................................................................................... 12
8.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................... 13
9.0 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... 18
10.0 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 20
11.0 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 21

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2.0 List of Figures and Tables
Figure 1: Tensile Test Machine.......................................................................................................... 6
Figure 2: Standard Specimen Dimension of Tensile Test.................................................................... 6
Figure 3: Stress strain curve ............................................................................................................... 7
Figure 4: Flow chart ........................................................................................................................ 11
Table 1: Testing data ....................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 5: Rectangular Tension Test Specimen ................................................................................. 13
Figure 6: Stress-Strain Curve gained from Tensile Test Data for Group 7......................................... 13
Figure 7: Stress strain curve ............................................................................................................. 14
Figure 8: Result taken from Singh, N. K., Cadoni, E., Singha, M. K., & Gupta, N. K. (2013). Dynamic
Tensile and Compressive Behaviors of Mild Steel at Wide Range of Strain Rates. ............................ 16
Figure 9: Fractographs (500 and 2,500 ×) as different strain rates using SEM .................................. 17
Figure 10: ASTM Standard .............................................................................................................. 18
Figure 11: Mild steel mechanical properties ..................................................................................... 19
Figure 12: Example of specimen fractured ....................................................................................... 19

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1.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT
• To understand and relate the fundamental principles learned in class with real life
occurrences.
• To prepare samples and perform tensile/fracture testing according to the Standard.
• To do analysis and present results in a proper way.

2.0 OBJECTIVES

• Develop awareness of the tensile testing methodology.

• Obtained metallic and polymeric load-displacement curves.

• Calculation of load-displacement curves for the stress-strain curves.

• Determine the sample's tensile properties by evaluating the stress-strain curves.

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3.0 INTRODUCTION
Background
Tensile test is the simplest test that use in mechanical industry all over the world.
Tensile test also is one of the most important tests for mechanical property. Designers and
quality managers can predict how materials and products will comport in their planned
applications. Mechanical properties for the specimen can be obtained from the tensile test
result. Mechanical properties of material that can be obtain from the tensile test is shown as
below.
• Tensile Strength
• Yield Strength
• Modulus of Elasticity
• Toughness
• Resilience

Furthermore, in order to compute the mechanical properties, the stress-strain curve must
be obtained from the measurement. It is important to use Tensile test because it tells the effect
of the load to the specimen and the test will provide the data of the strength of the material.

Type of Tensile Test

• Adhesion/Bond Strength
• Crimp Joint Pull-off Force
• Peel
• Tear Resistance

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Fundamental Theory
Tensile test is a method that study the strength of the material while giving the static
load in unaxial direction. Furthermore, the tested specimen is given a force from two direction
which is in unaxial direction until the specimen will encounter an elongation until it breaks or
fracture. The elongation of the specimen will be observed by increasing the uniaxial forces
continuously to the specimen.

Figure 1: Tensile Test Machine

Figure 2: Standard Specimen Dimension of Tensile Test

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Stress-Strain Curve Graph
Stress strain curve is a deportment of material when it is subjected to load. The diagram
below shows result of these stresses are plotted along the vertical axis. As for the corresponding
strains are plotted along the horizontal axis.

Figure 3: Stress strain curve

From the diagram above, it shows that there is different mark on the curve line. It is
because, when the specimen which is mild steel is attach to the Tensile test, then the specimen
will go through several stages before it cracks or fracture.
These stages are;

1. Proportional Limit
2. Elastic Limit
3. Yield Point
4. Ultimate Stress Point
5. Breaking Point

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Proportional Limit

Proportional limit is defined by the point on the curve up to which the value of stress
and strain stays proportional. From the graph, the proportional limit point or limit of
proportionality is known as point OA. This point also can be known as proportional limit stress.

Elastic Limit
Elastic limit is the limiting value of stress up to which the material is perfectly elastic.
From the graph, the elastic limit point is at point A. The specimen will return back to initial
shape if the load is unloaded before its cross-point A.

Yield Stress Point

Yield stress is defined as the stress after which material extension takes place more
quickly with no or little increase in load. On the graph stress-strain curve, Point B is the yield
point and stress that associated with this point is known as yield stress.

Ultimate Stress Point

Ultimate stress point is the maximum strength that material have to bear stress before
breaking. It can also be defined as the ultimate stress corresponding to the peak point on the
stress strain graph. Ultimate stress point occurs at point D on the graph. Material that cross
after point D have zero strength to undergo further stress.

Breaking Stress (Point of Rupture)

Breaking point or breaking stress is point where strength of material breaks. The stress
that associates with this point is known as breaking strength or rupture strength. Point E is the
breaking stress point.

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 Mechanical Properties
1. Yield Strength
- Definition state that, stress of material due to elastic limit. Maximum load obtained
by material between elastic deformation and plastic deformation
2. Tensile Strength
- Definition state that, maximum load can be hold by the specimen before
experienced necking phenomenon. Necking happen when the gage of the specimen
is starting to decrease. Tensile strength happens in plastic region.
3. Modulus od Elasticity
- Definition state that, measurement of the material's resistant due to elastic
deformation and it reveals material's rigidity.
4. Toughness
- Definition state that, measure the energy for the material needed to fracture.
5. Resilience
- Definition state that, properties which display maximum energy that the material can
absorb before the elastic limit is reached. It is in the region beneath the elastic stress-
strain curve deformation.

Benefits of Tensile Testing

By using Tensile test, it provides data on the integrity and safety of materials,
components and products. This will help all manufacturers in industry to ensure that their final
products are fit-for-purpose and manufactured to the highest quality.

The data produced in a tensile test can be used in many ways including:

• To determine batch quality.

• To determine consistency in manufacture.
• To aid in the design process.
• To reduce material costs and achieve lean manufacturing goals.

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4.0 METHODOLOGY

This project is an experiment-based project where the proper procedure of experiment

will determine the accurate and precise result. As for this project, the project methodology
which is tensile test will be used for the experiment. The standard parameter we are used
to conduct the experiment. The graph and diagrams are illustrated as an aid and guidelines
to compile and analyses all of the data comprised from the observation, information
gathering, data analysis and conclusion. In order to gain more knowledge related to the
project study of literature review from journals and articles were done. Tensile test was
done in controlled condition under supervision of lab technician at respective laboratories.
The entire test had done at the Strength Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering.
The result obtained from the tests will be discussed thoroughly. Finally, a brief conclusion
on the findings from the experiment will be made.

Universal testing machine is used in this study to test the tensile test specimen with a
computer control. With modern computer control, it is possible to conduct tests based on
the control of calculating variables such as true stress or strain intensity factor. Specimens
will be mounted in the machine between two parallel moveable grips. There are two main
hand wheel controls, one for applying the load and the other for releasing the load. After
starting the test, a recorder will plot the data on the computer program during the test itself.
The laboratory must follow recorded procedures to ensure that specimens conforming to
the appropriate tolerances are produced by machining or other preparations.

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 START

PROBLEM STATEMENT AND

OBJECTIVE

LITERATURE REVIEW

SELECT MATERIAL

SANPLE PREPARATION

CONDUCT EXPERIMENT

TENSILE TEST

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

END

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5.0 3.1 Apparatus
Based from the literature review the apparatus used in experiment of tensile test are:
-tensile machine
-Vernier caliper
-Stopwatch
-Specimen (mild steel)

6.0 3.2 Experiment procedure

i. Prepare specimen for tensile examination.
ii. Prepare the standard dimension of specimen
iii. Prepare tensile test machine
iv. Record the testing parameter
v. Set up the specimen into the tensile machine
vi. Run the machine
vii. Observe the time specimen to break
viii. Measure the final diameter of specimen

7.0 3.3 Testing Parameter

Specimen
Width 12.55mm
thickness 12mm
Length 74mm
Load speed 10mm
Support speed 100mm
Table 1: Testing data

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8.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

Figure 5: Rectangular Tension Test Specimen

Stress-Strain Curve
500

450

400

350
Stress (MPa)

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Strain (%)

Figure 6: Stress-Strain Curve gained from Tensile Test Data for Group 7

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Calculation of mechanical properties

Figure 7: Stress strain curve

i. Yield strength
𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴

𝝈 = 𝟐𝟖𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂

ii. Tensile strength

𝛿
𝜀=
𝐿

𝜺 = 𝟒𝟑𝟓. 𝟎𝟓𝟔𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂

iii. Modulus of elasticity

• Small triangle
1
𝐸= [(236.5 − 137.5) × 1]
2

𝑬 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂

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iv. Modulus of resilience
• Big Triangle
1
𝒰𝑟 = (277.4932 − 3.4999)
2

𝓤𝒓 = 𝟒𝟖𝟓. 𝟔𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂

v. Modulus of Toughness
• Big Triangle
𝓤𝒓 = 𝟒𝟖𝟓. 𝟔𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂

• Rectangular
Χ = 282.63485 × (5.614718 − 3.439189)

𝚾 = 𝟔𝟏𝟒. 𝟖𝟖𝟎𝟑 𝑴𝑷𝒂

• Square
Y = 358.8458 × (42.01205 − 5.614718)

𝐘 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Modulus of toughness, 𝒰𝑡 = 485.61 + 614.880 + 13061.0297

𝓤𝒕 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟔 𝑮𝑷𝒂

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Observation on fracture surface with graph

Figure 8: Result taken from Singh, N. K., Cadoni, E., Singha, M. K., & Gupta, N. K.
(2013). Dynamic Tensile and Compressive Behaviors of Mild Steel at Wide Range of Strain
Rates.

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Figure 9: Fractographs (500 and 2,500 ×) as different strain rates using SEM

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9.0 DISCUSSION
Tensile test is a method that have been used worldwide and is one of the common
procedures that need to be done. The reasons are to be able to observe the properties of the
material to decide whether it is appropriate and follow the standard. The mechanical properties
of the material that the tensile test will obtain are as follows:

• Tensile strength
• Yield strength
• Modulus of elasticity
• Toughness
• Resilience

The tensile test was done by the parameter that have been set beforehand using mild steel
as the material specimen that have been shaped into a dog bone shape. The parameter is being
controlled to be able to get the accurate final reading that will be compared to the engineering
or theory result. The dimension of the specimen is done by following the range recommend by
the ASTM standard. The experiment is done using tensile test machine, the result is recorded
and calculated.

Figure 10: ASTM Standard

From the test we got the yield strength of the mild steel we got are 281.24 MPa, tensile
strength is 435.06 MPa, modulus of elasticity is 49.5 MPa, modulus of resilience is 485.61
MPa, and modulus of toughness is 14.16 GPa. Even though the data is slightly different then
engineering data the result is still acceptable and in range of the standard.

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 Figure 11: Mild steel mechanical properties
The stress and strain curve that we plot also follow the standard which show the elastic
limit point, upper yield stress point, lower yield stress point, ultimate stress point, and breaking
or rupture point. In the result section the picture of the specimen that have been taken have
been included and have been labeled with the stress and strain curve point. The fracture of the
specimen also have been observed and have shown the desired crack.

Figure 12: Example of specimen fractured

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10.0 CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, from this experiment the mechanical properties of the specimen can be
obtained. This is because when the specimen is being stretched, it will undergo the plastic and
elastic deformation. This is the phenomenon that we called strain hardening, which is when the
material is stretched until it goes to fracture.
For this experiment, the mechanical properties for the specimen is good. It can be seen
in the value of yield strength, tensile strength, modulus of elastic, modulus of resilience and
modulus of toughness is acceptable.
The value obtained from the experiment is not accurate. This is because of the not
approximate plot from the raw data produced by the computer.

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11.0 REFERENCES
• WEBSITE
1. Tension Testing / Tensile Testing. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.admet.com/testing-applications/test-types/tension-testing/
2. Tension Testing / Tensile Testing. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.admet.com/testing-applications/test-types/tension-testing/

• BOOK
1. Anderson, T. L. (1991). Fracture mechanics-fundamentals and applications. NASA STI/Recon
Technical Report A, 92.
2. Moore, D. R., Williams, J. G., & Pavan, A. (2001). Fracture mechanics testing methods for
polymers, adhesives and composites. Elsevier.

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