Strength and ME Desing 2020

Strength of Material

National Institute of Transport-NIT

Center of Gravity
Delivered by:
and Moment of Inertia
By Mr. Lucas Chacha Mwita
Mechanical and Environmental Engineer
Email: [email protected]
Phone: +255 752 024 320

The Center of Gravity The Centroid

The Center of gravity of a body is a point through which the whole The centroid is the geometry centre of a figure, also called the
weight of the body acts, or s the average location of the weight of central point of a figure.
an object.
It is a point that matches the centre of gravity of a particular shape
Similarly, the center of gravity of a body or system of particles is
the resultant of the weights of the individual particles that make up It is the point which corresponds to the figure mean position of all
the body or system. the points

The centre of gravity locates the resultant weight of a system of In other words, a lamina is a flat object with negligible thickness,
particles. the center of gravity is abbreviated as 𝐶. 𝐺

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Lamina Body A uniform Body

In mechanics, a 2D rigid body is referred to as a lamina. A uniform body is a body whose density is the same throughout the
body.
Lamina is so thin that it can be viewed as 2D dimensional regions.

Lamina has mass and weight even though their thicknesses are If the body has a line of symmetry, the centre of mass will lie on
negligible. this line.

The centroid is the term used for two-dimensional shapes or 2D For example, the centre of mass of circular lamina will be at the
rigid bodies. The centre of mass is the term used for three- centre of the circle, since the centre of mass coincides with the
dimensional shapes or 3D objects geometric centre for the circular shape.

A uniform Body Complex shaped Lamina

A uniform body is a body whose density is the same throughout the
body.
If the body has a line of symmetry, the centre of mass will lie on
this line.
For example, the centre of mass of circular lamina will be at the
centre of the circle, since the centre of mass coincides with the
geometric centre for the circular shape.
For a complex shaped- lamina, the center of mass is obtained by
dividing the complex-shaped lamina into simple shape for which
center of mass are know to us, i.e., circle, rectangular, triangle etc.

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Techniques to be adopted when calculating 𝐶. 𝐺

𝑘

 Replace the uniform lamina by a light lamina for which a single 𝑗

𝑖
particle of mass equal to the mass of the uniform lamina attached
to the light lamina.

Uniform lamina Mass M Light lamina with particles M at

 Reduce the complex shaped lamina into simple shapes for which center of mass for the uniform lamina

the centre of masses is known and determine the centre of mass

for each set of particles positioned on these simpler shapes.

Example:
After reducing the complex shaped lamina into particle of known
For the square lamina missing quadrant, the lamina could be broken mass and spatial separation,
into square shapes as shown

The CG = summing up all the moments for each particles about

The CG of each square is then
any reference of our choice
determined by geometric of
symmetry, and the particles are
replaced by particles of
The moment of the particles of the total mass is equal to the sum of
equivalent mass 𝑀
the moments for all particles.

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For the component particles, the Therefore, equating the two moments equation, we get:
moment about y-axis is,

𝑎 × 𝑀𝑔 + 3𝑎 × 𝑀𝑔 + 3𝑎 × 𝑀𝑔
𝑎 × 𝑀𝑔 + 𝑎 × 𝑀𝑔 + 3𝑎 × 𝑀𝑔

5𝑎 × 𝑀𝑔 5𝑎
Must be equivalent to the total moment 𝑥= =
for the total mass particle. 3𝑀𝑔 3

3𝑀𝑔 × 𝑥 Whereas, 𝑥 is the distance of the centre of mass from the y-axis

Similarly, the moment about x-axis for the component particle is, Generally, we have,
𝑎 × 𝑀𝑔 + 3𝑎 × 𝑀𝑔 + 3𝑎 × 𝑀𝑔 𝑚1 g + 𝑚2 g + 𝑚3 g … … 𝑚𝑛 g 𝑥 = 𝑚1 g × 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 g × 𝑥2 + ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 g × 𝑥𝑛
Must be equivalent to the total moment for the total mass particle.
𝑚1 g × 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 g × 𝑥2 + 𝑚3 g × 𝑥3 + ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 g × 𝑥𝑛
3𝑀𝑔 × 𝑦 𝑥=
𝑚1 g + 𝑚2 g + 𝑚3 g … … 𝑚𝑛 g
Whereas, 𝑦 is the centre of mass from 𝑥 −axis
𝑚1 × 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 × 𝑥2 + 𝑚3 × 𝑥3 + ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 × 𝑥𝑛
Therefore, equating the two moments equation, we get: 𝑥=
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 … … 𝑚𝑛
3𝑀𝑔 × 𝑦 = 𝑎 × 𝑀𝑔 + 3𝑎 × 𝑀𝑔 + 3𝑎 × 𝑀𝑔
𝑛
7𝑎 × 𝑀𝑔 7𝑎 𝑚1 × 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 × 𝑥2 + 𝑚3 × 𝑥3 + ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 × 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝑦= =
3𝑀𝑔 3 𝑖=1

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𝑛
Depending on the chosen coordinates for the particular shape, the
𝑀 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 … … 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖 particles coordinate may be positive or negative.
𝑖=1

Therefore,
𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑚𝑖 𝑥𝑖 1
𝑥= 𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑚𝑖 𝑀
𝑖=1

and
𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑚𝑖 𝑦𝑖 1 If 𝑂 is taken as the origin, then the coordinate for particle 𝑚1 and 𝑚2
𝑦= 𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖 𝑦𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑚𝑖 𝑀
𝑖=1
are both negative.

When the CG can’t be found using the axes of symmetry, it can then be Example
found using an integral approach.
Find the CG for shown figures

Another useful information,

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜌 × 𝑉 = 𝜌 × 𝐴

For the uniform lamina, i.e., constant density, the volume of the strip is
just its area since it is lamina with negligible thickness. Quarter-circle
Semi-circle

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Example Example

Find the CG for shown figures Find the CG for the lamina shown below line 𝐴𝐵

Isosceles-circle Rectangular shape

Solution We know that,

The complex shaped lamina is reduced to five particles located at the 2

CG for each component part. 𝑂𝑇 = 𝑂𝑃 2 − 𝑃𝑇 2 = 3𝑎 2 − 3𝑎 2 = 18𝑎2 − 9𝑎2 = 3𝑎

Now, the centre mass of 𝑚1 from reference line 𝐴𝐵 is

1 1
= × 𝑂𝑇 = × 3𝑎 = 𝑎
3 3
Similarly, for the semi−circle, centre mass of 𝑚2 from reference
line 𝐴𝐵 is
4𝑟 4 × 3𝑎 4
= = =
3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋

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The total mass for the lamina is,

The total mass for the lamina is,
𝑀 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 + 𝑚4 + 𝑚5
𝑀 = 9𝑎2 × 𝜌 + 4.5𝑎2 𝜋 × 𝜌 + 24𝑎2 × 3 × 𝜌
𝑀 = 𝑎1 × 𝜌 + 𝑎2 × 𝜌 + 𝑎3 × 𝜌 + 𝑎4 × 𝜌 + 𝑎5 × 𝜌
𝑀 = 9𝑎2 𝜌 + 4.5𝑎2𝜋𝜌 + 72𝑎2 𝜌
The area are given by,
1 Thus,
𝑎1 = × 6𝑎 × 3𝑎 = 9𝑎2
2
𝑦 × 𝑀 = 𝑚1 × 𝑦1 + 𝑚2 × 𝑦2 + 𝑚3 × 𝑦3 + 𝑚4 × 𝑦4 + 𝑚5 × 𝑦5
𝜋 2
9𝑎2 𝜋
𝑎2 = × 3𝑎 = = 4.5𝑎2 𝜋
2 2 𝑚1 × 𝑦1 + 𝑚2 × 𝑦2 + 𝑚3 × 𝑦3 + 𝑚4 × 𝑦4 + 𝑚5 × 𝑦5
𝑦=
𝑎3 = 𝑎4 = 𝑎5 = 6𝑎 × 4𝑎 = 24𝑎2 𝑀

𝑚1 × 𝑦1 + 𝑚2 × 𝑦2 + 𝑚3 × 𝑦3 + 𝑚4 × 𝑦4 + 𝑚5 × 𝑦5 Example
=
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 + 𝑚4 + 𝑚5 Find the CG for the lamina shown above line 𝐷𝐶. If the bracket is
suspended from 𝐴 and hang at rest, find the size of angle between 𝐴𝐵
4𝑎
9𝑎2 × 𝜌 × 𝑎 + 4.5𝑎2𝜋 × 𝜌 × − 3 × 24𝑎2 𝜌 × 2 and the vertical
= 𝜋
9𝑎2 𝜌 + 4.5𝑎2 𝜋𝜌 + 72𝑎2 𝜌

9𝑎3 𝜌 + 18𝑎3 𝜌 − 144𝑎3𝜌 −117𝑎3𝜌

= 2 =
9𝑎 𝜌 + 4.5𝑎2 𝜋𝜌 + 72𝑎2 𝜌 81𝑎2 𝜌 + 4.5𝑎2 𝜋𝜌

−117𝑎
𝑦= = −1.2298𝑎
81 + 4.5𝜋

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Solution: Solution:
Section 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is having a hole 𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻 𝑚2 = mass of the cut-out hole 𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻 = 𝐴 × 𝜌

 Determine the main section as a = 4 × 4 × 𝜌 = 16𝜌

complete one, and then subtract the 𝑦2 = distance of the CG of the cut-out hole
area of a cut-out hole 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 from the bottom 𝐷𝐶
𝑚1 = mass of the rectangular 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 𝐴 × 𝜌 𝑦2 = 6 + 3 = 9 𝑐𝑚
= 12 × 12 × 𝜌 = 144𝜌 The moment about 𝑥-axis for the fully square is,

𝑦1 = distance of the CG of the rectangular 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑦 × 𝑀 = 𝑚1 × 𝑦1 − 𝑚2 × 𝑦2

12 𝑚1 × 𝑦1 − 𝑚2 × 𝑦2 𝑚1 × 𝑦1 − 𝑚2 × 𝑦2 144𝜌 × 6 − 16𝜌 × 9 720

𝑦1 = = 6 𝑐𝑚 𝑦=
𝑀
=
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
=
144𝜌 − 16𝜌
=
128
= 5.625 𝑐𝑚
2

Solution: Example
Find the centroid of a triangular lamina shown below
To get a solution, when a bracket is suspended
at the rest from corner 𝐴, draw a line through 𝐴
that passes through the CG,

𝐼𝐺 5.625
tan 𝜃 = =
𝐼𝐴 6.375

41.4237 °

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Solution:
Example
𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴1 𝑥1 + 𝐴2 𝑥2
1 1 2𝑎 𝑏 1 𝑎 2ℎ 1 1 2𝑎 2ℎ + 3𝑎𝑏ℎ + 𝑏 2ℎ Find the centroid of a trapezium lamina shown below
ℎ𝐿𝑥 = 𝑎ℎ × + 𝑎+ × 𝑏ℎ = + 𝑎𝑏ℎ + 𝑏 2ℎ =
2 2 3 3 2 3 2 6 6
2𝑎 2 + 3𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 2𝑎 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 2𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑥𝐿 = = =
3 3 3
𝑎 + 𝑏 2𝑎 + 𝑏 𝐿 2𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑥𝐿 = =
3 3
𝑎+𝐿
The centroidal distance from the left end is, 𝑥=
3
𝑏+𝐿
The centroidal distance from the left end is, 𝑥=
3

Solution:
Centroidal Axes
𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 𝑦2 + 𝐴3 𝑦3

ℎ 1 ℎ ℎ 1 ℎ The centroidal axis is any line that passes through the centroid of
× 𝑎+𝑏 ×𝑦 = × 𝐴𝐸 × ℎ × + 𝑎×ℎ× + × 𝐹𝐵 × ℎ × the cross-section. These axes may include,
2 2 3 2 2 3

ℎ ℎ2 𝑎ℎ2  Major Principal Axis

× 𝑎+𝑏 ×𝑦 = × 𝐴𝐸 + 𝐹𝐵 +
2 6 2
The major principal axis is the centroidal axis having the largest
ℎ 𝐴𝐸 + 𝐹𝐵 + 2𝑎ℎ ℎ 𝑏 − 𝑎 + 3𝑎ℎ ℎ 𝑏 − 𝑎 + 3𝑎 ℎ 2𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑎+𝑏 ×𝑦 = = = = moment of inertia as compared to the other axes (the strongest axis)
3 3 3 3
2𝑎 + 𝑏 ℎ  Minor Principal Axis
Hence, the centroidal distance from 𝐴𝐵 is, 𝑦=
𝑎+𝑏 3
𝑎 + 2𝑏 ℎ
The minor principal axis is the centroidal axis having the smallest
From 𝐷𝐶, the centroidal is, 𝑦= moment of inertia as compared to the other axes.
𝑎+𝑏 3

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 Neutral axis Center of Gravity by Area Method

The neutral axis, is any axis having zero strain under the application
It is similar to the method of finding centroid as it is coincides with
of bending force on a bending element.
center of gravity
If the deformation is within the elastic limit or within a yield limit
𝑎3 𝑎4 𝑎5
and linear in nature, i.e., the stress at any layer is proportional to the 𝑦 𝑎1 𝑎2
distance of the layer from the neutral axis, then the neutral axis will 𝑎6
coincide with a centroidal axis. 𝐺
But if the stresses are more than the yield stresses, then the neutral 𝑥1
axis will not coincide with a centroidal axis 𝑥2
𝑥3 𝑥
The centroidal axis always doesn’t coincide with the neutral axis,
because the centroidal line varies with shapes. 𝑂

Let
𝑎𝑖 = Small area represented by 𝑑𝐴
𝑥 ∗ = Distance of C.G of area 𝑑𝐴 from axis 𝑂𝑌, and
𝑦 ∗ = Distance of C.G of area 𝑑𝐴 from axis 𝑂𝑋, and

𝑥 ∗ 𝑑𝐴
𝑥1 𝑎1 + 𝑥2 𝑎2 + 𝑥3 𝑎3 … … … … … 𝑎𝑖 𝑥 𝑖 𝑥=
𝑥= = 𝑑𝐴
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 … … … … . 𝑎𝑖
𝑦1 𝑎1 + 𝑦2 𝑎2 + 𝑦3 𝑎3 … … … … … 𝑎𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝑦 ∗ 𝑑𝐴
𝑦= = 𝑦=
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 … … … … . 𝑎𝑖 𝑑𝐴

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Center of Gravity of a Line Center of Gravity of a Line

Y
The center of gravity of a straight or curved
line is obtained by dividing the given line Y

into number of small lengths If the lines are straight, then the equation
B
dL
L modified to:
𝑥∗ The C.G is obtained by replacing 𝑑𝐴 with B
L
dL
𝑑𝐿 𝑥∗
𝑦∗ 𝐿1 𝑥1 + 𝐿2 𝑥2 + 𝐿3 𝑥3 … … … … …
𝑥 ∗ 𝑑𝐿 𝑦 ∗ 𝑑𝐿 𝑥=
A 𝑦∗ 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝐿3 … … … … .
O X 𝑥= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 =
𝑑𝐿 𝑑𝐿 A
O X
∗ 𝐿1 𝑦1 + 𝐿2 𝑦2 + 𝐿3 𝑦3 … … … … …
𝑥 = Distance of C.G of length 𝑑𝐿 from y-axis 𝑦=
𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝐿3 … … … … .
𝑦 ∗ = Distance of C.G of length 𝑑𝐿 from x-axis

Centroid using a double integral Example

Sometimes, we find the body centroid using double integration Find the CG of a quarter circle using double integration
Example Solution:
Find the CG of a rectangular area using double integration.
First, find the area of a circle

𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝐴 =
4

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Taking the moment about y-axis, we get, 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

2
𝑢3 𝑟3
𝑟2 −𝑥 2
𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = − 𝑢 . 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − =
𝑟
0 0 3 0
3
𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 0

𝑟3
𝑟 𝑟 𝑥 𝑑𝐴 3 4𝑟 3 4𝑟
𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑟2 −𝑥 2
= 𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥= = 2= =
0 𝑑𝐴 𝜋𝑟 3𝜋𝑟 2 3𝜋
0 0 4
We solve the integral by substitution technique, Similarly, taking a moment area along the x−axis, we get,
Let, 4𝑟
2 2 2 𝑦=
𝑢 =𝑟 −𝑥 , 2𝑢. 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 3𝜋

The double integration to find the first moment may be avoided by

Example defining 𝑑𝐴 as a thin rectangle or strip
Find the CG of triangle using double integration. Example
Find the CG of a rectangular area using a single integral.

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Example Example
Find the CG of a quarter circle using a single integral Find the CG of a triangle using a single integral

The CG of a Composite Geometric Object Example

For a composite geometry, Find the CG of the T-section shown
 Divide the body or composite lamina into simpler shapes
 If the complex lamina has a hole or geometric shape region having no
material, then consider the composite lamina without the hole and find the
hole as addition composite part having a negative value.
 Establish the coordinate axes on the given sketch and determine 𝑥 ∗ , 𝑦 ∗ and 𝑧 ∗
of the centroid of each part
 Appy the centre of gravity equations to determine 𝑥 , 𝑦 and 𝑧 .
 If an object is symmetrical about an axis, then the centre of gravity lies on this
axis

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Example Example
Find the CG of the I-section shown Find the CG of the L-section shown

Example Example
Find the CG of the plane uniform lamina shown Find the CG of the rectangular lamina shown

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Example Example
Find the CG of the lamina shown Determine the coordinate 𝑥𝑐 and 𝑦𝑐 of the centre of a 100 𝑚𝑚
diameter circular hole cut in a thin plate so that the point will be the
centroid of the remaining shaded area,

Example Example
Find the CG of the spandrel area 𝐴𝑂𝐵
Find the CG of the semi-parabolic area shown below

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The CG of a region between the 𝑓 and 𝑔 graph

Example
The figure below shows a region Ω bonded between 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔 𝑥
with an area 𝐴
Find the CG of the parabolic area shown below 𝑑𝑥
Y 𝑓(𝑥) Y 𝑓(𝑥)

Ω 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)

𝐴 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑦∗ = 𝑔(𝑥) + =
2 2
g(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)
X
𝑎 𝑋 𝑎 𝑏
𝑏 𝑥∗ = 𝑥

Consider a height strip 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥) and width 𝑑(𝑥)

The strip area is, 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥) . 𝑑𝑥 Similarly, taking the moment about x−axis, we get,
𝑏 𝑏
Integrating, we have, 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥) . 𝑑𝑥 ∗
𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = . 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑎 2
Taking the moment about y-axis, we get,
𝑏
1
𝑏 𝑦 ∗ 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑥) 2
− 𝑔(𝑥) 2
𝑑𝑥
∗
𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑥. 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥) . 𝑑𝑥 2 0
𝑎

𝑏
𝑏 𝑏
𝑥. 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥) . 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 ∗ 𝑑𝐴 0.5 0
𝑓(𝑥) 2
− 𝑔(𝑥) 2
𝑑𝑥
∗
𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑥. 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥) . 𝑑𝑥 𝑥= 𝑎 𝑦= = 𝑏
𝑏 𝑑𝐴 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥) . 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥) . 𝑑𝑥 𝑎

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Example Example
𝑥2
Find the CG of the shaded area between the parabola 𝑦 = and the Determine the C.G of gravity of quadrant 𝐴𝐵 of the arc of a circle of
4
straight line 𝑦 = 𝑥 radius 𝑅 as shown below

Example Example
Find the CG of the area of the circular sector 𝐴𝑂𝐵 of radius 𝑅 Find the CG of a circular arc segment 𝐴𝑂𝐵 of radius 𝑅

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Example Example
Find the CG of the elliptical area shown below
Find the CG coordinates between the curve shown below

Example The CG of Volume

Find the CG of the triangle along ℎ from its base The centroid of the volume is geometrically the centre of a body or
simply the point at which the total volume of the body is assumed
to concentrate
𝑍 𝑑𝑉 𝑉
The body volume is expressed in 3-
𝐶. 𝐺
dimensions, volume, length and
thickness
𝑧∗ 𝑧
𝑂 𝑌
𝑥∗
𝑦∗ 𝑥
𝑋 𝑦

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For the volume, the CG is given as a ratio of integral over the

volume of the whole body, In the same way, we can find the CG of the solid part by taking the
volume in place of areas, suitably for the part made of the same
𝑥 ∗ 𝑑𝑉 𝑦 ∗ 𝑑𝑉 𝑦 ∗ 𝑑𝑉 material
𝑥= , 𝑦= , 𝑥=
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉

For plane figure, the CG is determined by area method, 𝑥1 𝑉1 + 𝑥2 𝑉2 + 𝑥3 𝑉3 … … … … …

𝑥=
𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 … … … … .
𝑥1 𝐴1 + 𝑥2 𝐴2 + 𝑥3 𝐴3 … … … … …
𝑥=
𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 … … … … .
𝑦1 𝑉1 + 𝑦2 𝑉2 + 𝑦3 𝑉3 … … … … …
𝑦1 𝐴1 + 𝑦2 𝐴2 + 𝑦3 𝐴3 … … … … … 𝑦=
𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 … … … … .
𝑦=
𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 … … … … .

In terms of cartesian coordinates, the integral is given as:

If the body is consisting of two different materials with two 𝑧2 𝑦2 𝑥2
different shapes, we should consider the weights in place of 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
volumes 𝑧1 𝑦1 𝑥1

In terms of cylindrical coordinate, the integral is given as:

𝑥1 𝑊1 + 𝑥2 𝑊2 + 𝑥3 𝑊3 … … … … … 𝑧2 𝜃2 𝑟2
𝑥= 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧
𝑊1 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊3 … … … … .
𝑧1 𝜃1 𝑟1

Similarly, in spherical coordinates, the integral is given as:

𝑦1 𝑊1 + 𝑦2 𝑊2 + 𝑦3 𝑊3 … … … … …
𝑦= 𝜙2 𝜃2 𝑟2
𝑊1 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊3 … … … … . 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑟 2 sin 𝜙 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
𝜙1 𝜃1 𝑟1

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Strength and ME Desing 2020

Example Example
Find the CG of the volume of the cone having radius 𝑅 at the base and Find the CG of the volume of hemisphere having radius 𝑅 and placed
height ℎ as shown, along z-axis as shown below.

Example Example
Find the CG of the volume of the paraboloid shown below, the axis of Find the CG of the volume of the pyramid shown below, the axis of
symmetry is along x-axis. symmetry is along x-axis.

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Example
Find the CG of the volume of the semi-ellipsoid, the axis of symmetry Pappus’s and Guldinus Centroid theorem
is along the x-axis.
In mathematics, Pappus’s centroid theorem also known as the
Guldinus theorem is the method used to calculate surface areas
generated by revolving a plane curve about a non-intersecting axis
in the plane of the curve.

The theory is also used to calculate volume generated by revolving

an area about a non-intersecting axis in the plane of the area

𝑌 Pappus’s Centroid Theorem

Pappus’s Centroid Theorem
𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑦 × 𝑑𝐿
The First theorem of Pappus’s – Guldinus The total area,

Surface area of revolution is generated by rotating a plane curve about

𝑦
𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑦 × 𝑑𝐿 = 2𝜋 𝑦 𝑑𝐿
a fixed axis. 𝑦

The area of surface of revolution is equal to the length of the generating 𝑋

curve times the distance travelled by the centroid through the rotation 𝐴 = 2𝜋 𝑦 𝑑𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑦𝐿

𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑦𝐿
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑦𝐿

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ℎ 𝑟 ℎ 2𝑟
𝑟
2 2𝑟
𝜋
𝑟

Cone Cylinder Sphere

Sphere Cone Torus

In summary, the surface areas calculated using Pappus’s centroid Pappus’s Centroid Theorem
theorem are shown in the table below.
The Second Theorem of Pappus’s – Guldinus

Generated Lamina Length (L) Centroid (𝑦) Surface Area (𝐴)

The body of revolution is generated by rotating a plane area about a
Cone ℎ2 + 𝑟 2 𝑟 2 𝜋𝑟 ℎ2 + 𝑟 2 fixed axis.

Cylinder ℎ 𝑟 2𝜋𝑟ℎ Volume of a body of revolution is equal to the generating area times the
distance traveled by the centroid through the rotation.
Sphere 𝜋𝑟 2𝑟 𝜋 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝑉 = 2𝜋𝑦𝐴

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Pappus’s Centroid Theorem

𝑌 𝑑𝑉 = 2𝜋𝑦 × 𝑑𝐴
𝐴 The total volume,
𝑑𝐴 𝐶

𝑦
𝑑𝑉 = 2𝜋𝑦 × 𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋 𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝑦

𝑋
𝑉 = 2𝜋 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑦𝐴

Sphere Cone Torus

𝑉 = 2𝜋𝑦𝐴

In summary, the surface volume calculated using Pappus’s centroid

theorem are shown in the table below.
𝑟

ℎ ℎ 2𝑟
𝑟 Area Centroid (𝑦) Surface Volume (𝑉)
𝑟 3 Cone (Right triangle) ℎ𝑟 2 𝑟 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 3
𝑟 4𝑟
𝑟 3𝜋
2
Cylinder (Rectangle) ℎ𝑟 𝑟 2 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
Cone Cylinder Sphere
Sphere (Semicircle) 𝜋𝑟 2 2 4𝑟 3𝜋 4𝜋𝑟 3 3

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Example
Example
Find the surface area of the cone, and find the amount of paint required
paint the cone, i.e., inside and outside the cone if one gallon of paint Find the volume of the Cone
covers 150 𝑐𝑚2
1 1 1 1
𝑦 = 𝑟 = × 3 = 1.5 𝑐𝑚 𝑦 = 𝑟 = × 9 = 3 𝑐𝑚
2 2 3 3
2 2 2
10 𝑐𝑚 𝐿 = ℎ + 𝑟 = ℎ2 + 𝑟 2 = 102 + 32 = 109, 𝑐𝑚 16 𝑐𝑚 1 1
𝐴 = ℎ𝑟 = × 16 × 9 = 72 𝑐𝑚2
2 2
𝑟

𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑦 𝐿 = 2𝜋 × 1.5 × 109 = 98.3976 𝑐𝑚2

2

𝑟 3
The total area of the paint = 2 × 98.3976 = 196.7951 𝑐𝑚2 𝑉 = 2𝜋𝑦𝐴 = 2𝜋 × 3 × 72 = 1,357.168 𝑐𝑚3
3 𝑐𝑚 9 𝑐𝑚
196.7951
Total number of gallons = = 0.7872 ≅ 1 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛
250

Example Example
𝑦 𝑦
Find the area of the half-torus 2 𝑐𝑚 Find the volume of the half-torus 2 𝑐𝑚

𝑦 = 10 𝑐𝑚 𝑦 = 10 𝑐𝑚
10 𝑐𝑚 10 𝑐𝑚
𝜋𝑑 2𝜋𝑟 𝜋𝑟 2 1
𝐿= = = 𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋 𝐴= = × 𝜋 × 22 = 2𝜋 𝑐𝑚2
2 2 𝑥 2 2 𝑥

𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑦𝐿 = 2𝜋 × 10 × 2𝜋 = 40 𝜋 2 𝑐𝑚2 𝑧 𝑉 = 2𝜋𝑦𝐴 = 2𝜋 × 10 × 2𝜋 = 40 𝜋 2 𝑐𝑚3 𝑧

𝐴 = 40 𝜋 2 𝑐𝑚2 𝑉 = 40 𝜋 2 𝑐𝑚3

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Solution
Example The axis of symmetry is along y-axis, the area of concern is trapezoidal
Find the volume of frustrum shown 3 𝑐𝑚 Using similarities of triangle,
𝐴 𝐵
𝑦 𝐷𝐶 𝐴𝐵
3 𝑐𝑚 =
10 𝑐𝑚 𝐷𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝑑 𝐴𝐵 3
𝐷 𝐶 𝐷𝐶 = 𝑑 = × 𝐷𝐸 = × 6 = 1.125 𝑐𝑚
10 𝑐𝑚 𝐴𝐸 16
6 𝑐𝑚
6 𝑐𝑚

𝑥 𝐸
𝑂

The area of a rectangle 𝐴𝐹𝐶𝐷 is,

We can divide the trapezoidal into rectangular 𝐴𝐹𝐶𝐷 and triangular 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 1.125 × 10 = 11.25 𝑐𝑚2
3 𝑐𝑚
1.125 𝑐𝑚 1.8750 𝑐𝑚 The centroid of rectangle 𝐴𝐹𝐶𝐷
𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
𝐴 𝐹 1
𝑥= × 1.125 = 0.5625 𝑐𝑚
10 𝑐𝑚 2
10 𝑐𝑚
1.125 𝑐𝑚 For the triangle 𝐹𝐵𝐶 the area is
𝐷
𝑑 𝐷
𝐶 𝐶 1
= × 1.8750 × 10 = 9.3750 𝑐𝑚2
6 𝑐𝑚 6 𝑐𝑚 2
and the corresponding centroid is
𝐸 𝐸 1
𝑥 = 1.125 + × 1.8750 = 1.75 𝑐𝑚
3

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Example
Now, the total volume is given by,
Find the amount of paint required to paint the steps for the concrete for
the concrete dam shown below
𝑉𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 𝑉𝐴𝐹𝐶𝐷 + 𝑉𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 2𝜋 × 𝑥𝐴𝐹𝐶𝐷 × 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝐶𝐷 + 2𝜋 × 𝑥𝐹𝐵𝐶 × 𝐴𝐹𝐵𝐶

𝑉𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 2𝜋 𝑥𝐴𝐹𝐶𝐷 × 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝐶𝐷 + 𝑥𝐹𝐵𝐶 × 𝐴𝐹𝐵𝐶

= 2𝜋 × 0.5625 × 11.25 + 1.75 × 9.3750 = 142.8443 𝑐𝑚3

Example Example
Find the total number of cubic meters required to construct the steps Determine the steel V-belt pulley mass shown below
required of the dam shown below,

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solution
Example
Region Length, 𝑚𝑚 Centroid (𝑚𝑚), 𝑦 𝑦𝑖 𝐿𝑖 , 𝑚𝑚2
A pharmaceutical firm plans to place a 0.01 𝑚𝑚 thick coating on the 1.5
Line, 𝐿1 = 0.75 3.5 2.6250
outside pills as shown. Determine the amount of material required for 2
coating Line, 𝐿2 3.5181 1.7478 6.1489
Σ 8.7739

Now, the area of the solid is given by,

𝐴=2𝜋 𝑦𝑖 𝐿𝑖 = 2𝜋 × 8.7739 = 55.1283 𝑚𝑚 2

𝑖

The total area = 110.2565 𝑚𝑚 2 , and the total surface of coating will be,

= 110.2565 𝑚 2 × 0.01 𝑚𝑚 = 1.1026 𝑚𝑚 3

Example solution
Region Area, 𝑚𝑚2 Centroid (𝑚𝑚), 𝑥 𝑥𝑖 𝐴𝑖 , 𝑚𝑚3
Identify the funnel volume as shown below, Rectangle, 𝐴1
2.5 × 70 = 175 2.5 218.75
= 1.25
2
1 2.5 291.6667
Triangle, 𝐴2 × 2.5 × 70 = 87.5 2.5 + = 3.3333
2 3
5 750
Rectangle, 𝐴3 5 × 60 = 300 = 2.5
2
1 5 1,000
Triangle, 𝐴4 × 5 × 60 = 150 5 + = 6.6667
2 3
Σ 712.5 2,260.4167

Now, the volume of the solid is given by,

𝑉 = 2𝜋 𝑥𝑖 𝐴𝑖 = 2𝜋 × 2,260.4167 = 14,202.6170 𝑚𝑚 3
𝑖

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solution
Example
Region Area, 𝑚𝑚2 Centroid (𝑚𝑚), 𝑥 𝑥𝑖 𝐴𝑖 , 𝑚𝑚3
Determine how much coffee, the coffee mug is carrying when it is full Rectangle, 𝐴1 90 × 25 = 2,250 25 28,125
= 12.5
2
to the brim 15
Rectangle, 𝐴2 15 × 75 = 1,125 25 + = 32.5 36,562.5
2
Quarter Circle, 𝐴3 𝜋 × 152 4 × 15 5,542.8647
= 56.25𝜋 25 + = 31.3662
4 3×𝜋
Rectangle, 𝐴4 15 × 15 = 225 15 10,687.5
40 + = 47.5
2
Quarter Circle, 𝐴5 𝜋 × 152 4 × 15 −8,193.5835
= −56.25𝜋 40 + = 46.3662
4 3×𝜋
Σ 3,401.7146 72,724.2808

Now, the volume of the solid is given by,

𝑛

𝑉 = 2𝜋 𝑥𝑖 𝐴𝑖 = 2𝜋 × 72,724.2808 = 456,940.1328 𝑚𝑚 3
𝑖

solution
Example
Region Area, 𝑚𝑚2 Centroid (𝑚𝑚), 𝑥 𝑥𝑖 𝐴𝑖 , 𝑚𝑚3
Determine the capacity of the small bottle of lotion if the bottle is filled Rectangle, 𝐴1 2.5 × 9.6825 = 24.2063 9.6825 117.1873
= 4.8412
halfway up to the neck 2

Triangle, 𝐴2 1 9.6825 273.4375

× 9.6825 × 17.5 = 84.7215 = 3.2275
2 3

Triangle, 𝐴4 1 13.2288 437.5001

× 13.2288 × 15 = 99.2157
2 3
Area of the sector, 1 109.6354° × 𝜋 11.3903 4,359.0644
𝐴3 × 202 ×
2 180°
Σ 615.0492 5,187.1893

Now, the volume of the solid is given by,

𝑛

𝑉 = 2𝜋 𝑥𝑖 𝐴𝑖 = 2𝜋 × 5,187.1893 = 32,592,0716 𝑚𝑚 3
𝑖

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Solution
Example
Region Area, 𝑚𝑚2 Centroid (𝑚𝑚), 𝑦 𝑦𝑖 𝐴𝑖 , 𝑚𝑚3
Pulley’s outer diameter is 0.8 𝑚, and its cross-sectional as shown. Rectangle, 𝐴1 100 × 50 = 5,000 50 1,875,000
350 + = 375
Knowing the pulley is made of steel, 𝜌 = 7,850 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 . Find the mass 2

and weight of the rim Rectangle, 𝐴2 60 × 30 = 1,800 30 −657,000

350 + = −365
2
Σ 6,800 1,218,000

Now, the volume of the solid is given by,

𝑛

𝑉 = 2𝜋 𝑦𝑖 𝐴𝑖 = 2𝜋 × 1,218,000 = 7,652,919.704 𝑚𝑚 3 ≅ 0.0077 𝑚 3

𝑖

Mass of the rim 𝑚 = 𝑉 × 𝜌 = 0.0077 × 7,850 = 60.0754 𝑘𝑔

Weight of the rim, 𝑊 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 60.0754 × 9.81 = 589.3399 𝑁

Solution:
Example
For the 𝑥 we have:
Locate the steel machine element’s CG, each hole is 25 𝑚𝑚 Region Volume, 𝑚𝑚3 𝑥 (𝑚𝑚) 𝑥𝑖 𝑉𝑖 , 𝑚𝑚3

Rectangle, 𝐴1 12.5 × 112.5 × 50 12.5 439,453.125

= 6.25
2

Circle, 𝐴2 𝜋 × 12.52 × 12.5 12.5 −38,349.5197

= 6.25
2

Circle, 𝐴3 𝜋 × 252 × 12.5 12.5 −38,349.5197

= 6.25
2

𝜋 4 × 50
Area of a quarter circle, 𝐴4 × 502 × 12.5 = 7,812.5 𝜋 12.5 + = 33.7207 827,629.4909
4 3𝜋

Σ 82,584.3463 1,190,383.576

𝑥𝑖 𝑉𝑖 1,190,383.576
𝑥= = = 14.4142 𝑚𝑚
𝑉 82,584.3463

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For the 𝑦 we have: For the 𝑧 we have:

Region Volume, 𝑚𝑚3 𝑦 (𝑚𝑚) 𝑦𝑖 𝑉𝑖 , 𝑚𝑚3
Region Volume, 𝑚𝑚3 𝑧 (𝑚𝑚) 𝑧𝑖 𝑉𝑖 , 𝑚𝑚3
Rectangle, 𝐴1 12.5 × 112.5 × 50 = 70,312.5 50 −1,757,812.5
= −25 112.5
2 Rectangle, 𝐴1 12.5 × 112.5 × 50 = 70,312.5 = 56.25 3,955,078.125
2
Circle, 𝐴2 𝜋 × 12.52 × 12.5 = −1,953.125 𝜋 50 153,398.0788
= −25 Circle, 𝐴2 𝜋 × 12.52 × 12.5 = −1,953.125 𝜋 12.5 + 25 + 50 = 87.5 −536,893.2758
2
50 Circle, 𝐴3 𝜋 × 252 × 12.5 = −1,953.125 𝜋 12.5 + 25 = 37.5 −230,097.1182
Circle, 𝐴3 𝜋 × 252 × 12.5 = −1,953.125 𝜋 = −25 153,398.0788
2 Area of a quarter 𝜋 12.5
𝜋 × 502 × 12.5 = 7,812.5 𝜋 = 6.25 153,398.0788
Area of a quarter 4 × 50 −520,833.3333 circle, 𝐴4 4 2
circle, 𝐴4 × 502 × 12.5 = 7,812.5 𝜋 = −21.2207
4 3𝜋
Σ 82,584.3463 3,341,485.809
Σ 82,584.3463 −1,971,849.675

𝑦𝑖 𝑉𝑖 −1,971,8490.675 𝑧𝑖 𝑉𝑖 3,341,485.809
𝑦= = = −23.8768 𝑚𝑚 𝑧= = = 40.4615 𝑚𝑚
𝑉 82,584.3463 𝑉 82,584.3463

The Area Moment of Inertia (MOI) The first moment area is used to determine the area’s center of gravity.
For the lamina of area 𝐴, the moment of inertia about 𝑂𝑌is
If the first moment area is again multiplied by the perpendicular
= Area × Perpendicular distance of 𝐶𝐺 of the area from axis 𝑂𝑌 distance between the area’s C.G and the 𝑂𝑌 axis, then we get,

𝑌 Lamina of area = 𝐴𝑥 . 𝑥 = 𝐴. 𝑥 2
𝐶. 𝐺 𝐴. 𝑥 2 is known as the moment of the moment area or the second
moment of area or area moment of inertia.
𝑦
The second moment of area measures body resistance to bending or
𝑂 𝑌 deflection and forms a basis for the strength of the material (statics)
𝑥

= 𝐴. 𝑥 The second moment of area its also used to determine the shear stress
𝐴. 𝑥 = is defined as the first moment of the area along 𝑂𝑌 due to shear, moment, and torsional on a given section

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Similarly, the first moment of area about 𝑂𝑋 is = 𝐴. 𝑦

The mass moment of inertia measures the résistance of the physical
And the equivalent second moment of area about 𝑂𝑋 = 𝐴. 𝑦 2 object:

If the area is replaced by the mass, the second moment of area is known  To any change in state of motion or velocity, i.e., resistance to
as the second moment of mass or mass moment of inertia. angular acceleration or resistance of the angular acceleration to the
For the 𝑂𝑋 axis, the mass moment of inertia = 𝑚. 𝑦 2 , whereas for the applied torque (dynamic)
𝑂𝑌 = 𝑚. 𝑥 2
 Measures resistance to rotation, and forms the basis of dynamic of
Definition: the rigid bodies.
The product of the area or mass and the square distance of the C.G of
The moment of inertia is represented by the letter 𝐼. For the 𝑂𝑋 the
the area or mass from an axis is known as the moment of inertia of the
moment of inertia is replaced by 𝐼𝑦𝑦 , while for the 𝑂𝑌 is 𝐼𝑥𝑥
area or mass about the axis.

The product of area or mass and the square distance of the CG of the Mathematically,
area or mass perpendicular to the plane of the area is known as the
polar moment of inertia or the second polar moment of inertia. 𝐽 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦𝑦

 It is represented by the letter 𝐽 𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑝

Definition
The polar moment of inertia measures resistance to twisting in a beam
or the measure of the body resistance to shear and forms a basis of The polar moment of inertia is the distance that the material is off that
shear strength or rigidity of the material. axis or the measure of the shaft to the twisting.

The polar moment of inertia is the moment of inertia in the third axis, The polar moment of inertia is required to calculate the twist of the
i.e., z-axis. shaft when subjected to the torque or twisting moment.

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𝑟 = distance off z-axis of 𝑑𝐴

For the beam of length 𝐿, 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 are the beam axes 𝑟2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
𝑏
𝑦 Multiplying 𝑑𝐴 on both sides, we have,
ℎ 𝑦
𝑟 𝑥 ℎ
𝑟 𝑟 2 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
𝑦
𝐿 𝑥 𝑑𝐴

𝑏 𝑥 𝐽 = 𝐼𝑦𝑦 + 𝐼𝑥𝑥
𝑧
The polar moment of inertia 𝐽 is defined as,
The moment of inertia along x-axis and y-axis represents the bending
moment, and the moment about z-axis represents the polar moment of 𝐽= 𝑟 2 𝑑𝐴
inertia, 𝐽

The Radius of Gyration

The polar moment of inertia is used only on a circular body to
determine the angular body displacement
Mass, 𝑀
𝑜 Mass, 𝑚 𝑜
𝑘
 Not appropriate for the study of non-circular cross-sections shafts
and beams (𝑎) (𝑏)

For the figure (a), the mass moment of inertia is = 𝑚𝑟 2

This is because when the torque is applied to it, the body with non-
circular cross-sections tends to wrap, and it also leads out of plane For the same axis of rotation in figure (b), the same is concentrated at
the same point but away from the axis of rotation, and this time the
deformation.
moment of inertia is = 𝑀𝑘 2

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If the two values of the moment of inertia is the same, then 𝑘 is referred The radius of gyration describes an average distance travelled by
to as the radius of gyration, denoted by a letter 𝑘 particles.

𝑀𝑘 2 = 𝑚𝑟 2 = 𝐼 Suppose one body consists of 𝑛 particles of mass 𝑚 each, and let 𝑟1 , 𝑟2 ,

𝑟3 ,….𝑟𝑛 be their perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation

𝐼 𝐼 = 𝑚1 𝑟12 + 𝑚2 𝑟22 + 𝑚3 𝑟32 + ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 𝑟𝑛2

𝑘=
𝑀
For the same masses, the moment of inertia reduces to,
The radius of gyration is the distance from the axis of rotation where a
𝐼 = 𝑚 𝑟12 + 𝑟22 + 𝑟32 + ⋯ 𝑟𝑛2
body’s total mass is believed to be concentrated and at which the
moment of inertia is equal to the body’s actual moment of inertia. The total mass of the body, 𝑀 = 𝑛. 𝑚

The mass of a particles, 𝑚 =

𝑀
2
𝑟12 + 𝑟22 + 𝑟32 + ⋯ 𝑟𝑛2
𝑛 𝑘 =
𝑛
Then, the moment of inertia reduces further to,
𝑟12 + 𝑟22 + 𝑟32 + ⋯ 𝑟𝑛2
𝑀 2 𝑘=
𝐼= 𝑟 + 𝑟22 + 𝑟32 + ⋯ 𝑟𝑛2 𝑛
𝑛 1

When the same mass is concentrated on the same point, 𝐼 = 𝑀𝑘 2 Whereas 𝑘 represents, the radius of gyration.

The radius of gyration may also be defined as the root mean square
Equating the two values of the moment of inertia, we get,
distance from the axis of rotation between the various body particles,
𝑀 2 and often regarded as a measure of how the mass of rotating rigid body
𝑀𝑘 2 = 𝑟 + 𝑟22 + 𝑟32 + ⋯ 𝑟𝑛2
𝑛 1 is distributed along its axis of rotational axis.

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The gyration radius is also used in structural engineering to defined the The Theorem of Perpendicular Axis.
distribution of cross-sectional areas in a column along its centroidal
axis with the body mass. In the plane object, the moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular
to the plane,

𝐼
𝑘= 𝐼𝑧 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦
𝐴

The theory is a valuable tool in building or constructing the moment of

The gyration radius is useful in estimating the column stiffness inertia of three-dimensional objects such as cylinders.

For the plane section shown below, The Parallel axes Theorem
∆𝐼𝑥 = ∆𝑚𝑦 2 ∆𝐼𝑦 = ∆𝑚𝑥 2
∆𝐼𝑧 = ∆𝑚𝑟 2
𝑍 𝑌
The parallel axis theorem states that the moment of a body’s inertia
2 2
Then, ∆𝐼𝑦 + ∆𝐼𝑥 = ∆𝑚 𝑥 + 𝑦 around an axis parallel to an axis passing through the centre of the mass
∆𝑚 is equal to the sum of the moment of body’s inertia around an axis
But since, 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥
𝑟 𝑦 𝑋 passing through the centre of mass and the product of mass and the
An it follows that, 𝑂 square of the distance between the two axes
∆𝐼𝑦 + ∆𝐼𝑥 = ∆𝑚𝑟 2 = ∆𝐼𝑧 The parallel axis theorem is very useful when identifying the moment of
inertia of composite areas.
Since this applies to any mass element, then,
Mathematically,
The moment of inertia along z-axis, 𝐼𝑧𝑧 is called
𝐼𝑧 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦 = 𝐽 𝐼𝐴𝐴 = 𝐼𝐺𝐺 + 𝐴𝑑2
the polar moment of inertia, 𝐽

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Parallel axis theorem The moment of the entire area about the axis 𝐴𝐴 is
Plane area 𝐴

𝑑𝐴
𝐼𝐴𝐴 = 𝑑 + 𝑦 2 . 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑2 + 2. 𝑑. 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 . 𝑑𝐴
𝑋 𝐺 𝑦 𝑋

= 𝑦 2 . 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑑2 . 𝑑𝐴 + 2. 𝑑. 𝑦. 𝑑𝐴
𝑑

𝐴 𝐴
= 𝐼𝐺𝐺 + 𝑑2 𝑑𝐴 + 2. 𝑑 𝑦. 𝑑𝐴

Upon substitution, we get,

𝑦. 𝑑𝐴 represents the moment of the strip about the 𝑋𝑋, and
𝐼𝐴𝐴 = 𝐼𝐺𝐺 + 𝐴𝑑2
𝑦. 𝑑𝐴 represents the moments of the total area about the 𝑋𝑋 axis.
Whereas,
The moment of the total area about 𝑋𝑋 axis is equal to the product of
the total area, 𝐴 and the distance of the center of gravity of the total 𝐴 = the total area of the section
area from the 𝑋𝑋 axis of the total area. 𝐼𝑋𝑋 = 𝐼𝐺𝐺 = the moment of inertia of the total area about the 𝑋 − 𝑋
axis.
As the center of gravity of the total area from the 𝑋𝑋 axis is zero, hence
𝐼𝐴𝐴 = the moment of inertia of the total area about 𝐴𝐴
𝑦. 𝑑𝐴 = 0, i.e., 𝑦 measured from the centroidal axis is always zero.
𝑑 = perpendicular distance between the 𝑋𝑋 and 𝐴𝐴 axes.

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Example Example
Find the moment of inertia of a rectangles shown below. Find the moment of inertia of a rectangle section about its base 𝐷𝐶 axis
and verify your answer using the parallel axis theorem

Example Example
Find the moment of inertia of a hollow rectangular section Find the moment of inertia of a circle

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Example Example
Find the moment of inertia of a triangle
Find the moment of inertia of a parabolic area

Example Example
Find the moment of inertia of 𝑇- section shown
Find the moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod

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Example Example
Find the moment of inertia of 𝐼- section shown Find the moment of inertia of 𝐼- section shown

Example Example
Find the moment of inertia of 𝐿- section shown below Find the moment of inertia of the shaded area about edge 𝐴𝐵

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Example The Mass Moment of Inertia

Find the moment of inertia of the shaded area about its centroid, and
the polar moment of inertia. The moment mass of inertia is the measure of a moving body’s
resistance to a change in motion.

The moment of mass about 𝑂𝑌 = 𝑥. 𝑀

The second moment of mass about
𝑂𝑌 = 𝑥 2 . 𝑀
The moment of mass about 𝑂𝑋 = 𝑦. 𝑀
The second moment of mass about
𝑂𝑋 = 𝑦 2 . 𝑀

The mass moment of inertia is represented by 𝐼𝑚 . For the 𝑂𝑋 and 𝑂𝑌 𝐼𝑚 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 + ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 𝑅2

axes, the mass moment of inertia will be 𝐼𝑚 𝑥𝑥 and 𝐼𝑚 𝑦𝑦 𝑛

𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 + ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖 = 𝑀
The mass moment of inertia of the particles with masses 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , 𝑚3 ,
𝑖
and 𝑚𝑛 , rotating a fixed point, i.e., 𝑂 with distances 𝑑1, 𝑑2, 𝑑3, and 𝑑𝑛

The mass moment of inertia 𝐼

𝑅=
𝐼𝑚 = 𝑚1 𝑑12 + 𝑚2 𝑑22 + 𝑚3 𝑑32 + ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 𝑑𝑛2 𝑀

If masses are positioned in the same 𝑅 = is called the radius of gyration

point of rotation, i.e., 𝑑1 = 𝑑1 = 𝑑𝑛 = 𝑅 The radius of gyration describes an average distance traveled by
particles.
In integral form, the mass moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑚 = 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑚

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𝐼𝑚 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 + ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 𝑅2 Example
𝑛 Find the moment of inertia and the radius of gyration with respect to the origin, (0,0) of a
system which has masses at the points given:
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 + ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖 = 𝑀
Mass 6 5 9 2
𝑖
Points −3, 0 −2, 0 1, 0 8, 0
Solution:
𝐼
𝑅= The moment of inertia is given by:
𝑀 2 2 2 2
𝐼𝑚 = 6 × −3 + 5 × −2 +9× 1 +2× 8 = 211
𝑅 = is called the radius of gyration The radius of gyration
The radius of gyration describes an average distance traveled by
particles. 𝐼 𝐼 211
𝑅= = = = 3.0969
𝑀 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 + ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 6+5+9+2
In integral form, the mass moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑚 = 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑚

Example Example
Find the mass moment of inertia of a rectangular plate shown below Find the mass moment of inertia of a rectangular plate about its base
𝐷𝐶 axis.

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Example Example
Find the mass moment of inertia of a circular plate. Find the mass moment of inertia of a hollow shaft

Example Example
Find the mass moment of inertia of a solid cone
Find the mass moment of inertia of a triangle

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The Product of Inertia 𝑌 𝐴

The integral 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴 is called product moment of inertia of area 𝐴 with 𝑑𝐴
respect to 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes. 𝑥

𝐼𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝑦

𝑂 𝑋
The product moment of inertia is the summation of all areas multiplied
by their 𝑥 and 𝑦 coordiantes. The product moment of inertia can be positive or negative, and have
𝑛 the same unit as compared to the moment of inertia.
𝐼𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝐴𝑖 = 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝐴1 + 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝐴2 + 𝑥3 𝑦3 𝐴3 When a body is rotated a bout its fixed axis, its second moment of
𝑖 inertia shifts also shifts to a new position.

For the upper part, the product-moment of

inertia is,
We can’t use the integral method to locate a newly rotated second
moment of inertia after a body have been rotated.
𝐼𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴

The product moment of inertia, is therefore useful method to determine And for the lower part, the product-
the second moment of inertia a newly rotated body axes.
moment of inertia is,

When 𝑥 or 𝑦 or both axes are an axis of symmetry, then the product 𝐼𝑥𝑦 ′ = − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴′
moment of inertia is zero.
Then, the summation will be zero, i.e., 𝐼𝑥𝑦 + 𝐼𝑥𝑦 ′ = 0

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The parallel axis theory for the product of inertia Example

Find the product moment of inertia of a rectangular section about its
centroid axis.

The parallel axis theorem for the product of inertia is

𝐼𝑋𝑌 = 𝐼𝐺 + 𝑥 𝑦 𝐴

Example Example
Find the product moment of inertia of a right triangle with respect to
Find the product moment of inertia of a given area shown below the 𝑥 and 𝑦, and with respect to the centroidal axes.

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Principal Axes
The principal axes are the axes about which the product of inertia is
zero.

𝐼𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴

And the moment of inertia of the plane area 𝐴 about 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes is,
Rotates the axes 𝐶𝐶𝑊 about 90° (shown in (b)), maintaining the total
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 and 𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴
area in the same position.
The product moment of inertia may be positive if both 𝑥 and 𝑦 are
positive, or negative if one of the coordinates is positive and the other Let 𝑥1 and 𝑦1 be newly rotated axes, and 𝑥 ′ and 𝑦 ′ be the newly
is negative. rotated coordinate of the small area 𝑑𝐴 corresponding to the new axes.

The Principal Moment of Inertia

For an old axes, the product moment of inertia 𝐼𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴

For a newly axes, the product moment of inertia 𝐼𝑥1𝑦1 = 𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝐴

The axes for the new coordinates, 𝑥 = −𝑦 ′ or 𝑦 ′ = −𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 ′

From the newly axes after rotation, we have,

𝐼𝑥1𝑦1 = 𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝐴 = −𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = −𝐼𝑥𝑦

The product of inertia become negative when axes have been rotated
about 90° 𝐶𝐶𝑊, i.e., the product of inertia has changed the signs

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Equation for the newly axes, after axes have been rotated at an angle 𝜃 The directional of the principal axes
Now, the two-principal moments of inertia are,
𝐼𝑥𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦𝑦 𝐼𝑥𝑥 − 𝐼𝑦𝑦
𝐼𝑥1 𝑥1 = + cos 2𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 . 𝐼𝑥𝑦
2 2 2
𝐼𝑥𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦𝑦 𝐼𝑥𝑥 − 𝐼𝑦𝑦 2
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ± + 𝐼𝑥𝑦
𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 2
𝐼𝑥𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦𝑦 𝐼𝑥𝑥 − 𝐼𝑦𝑦
𝐼𝑦1𝑦1 = − cos 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 . 𝐼𝑥𝑦
2 2
The directions of the principal axes are,

𝐼𝑥𝑥 − 𝐼𝑦𝑦 2𝐼𝑥𝑦

𝐼𝑥1𝑦1 = . sin 2𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 . 𝐼𝑥𝑦 tan 2𝜃 =
2 𝐼𝑦𝑦 − 𝐼𝑥𝑥

Example Solution

Find the moment of inertia about is centroidal axis, the moment of Region Area, 𝑐𝑚2 𝑦 (𝑐𝑚) 𝑥 (𝑐𝑚) 𝑦𝑖 𝐴𝑖 , 𝑐𝑚3 𝑥𝑖 𝐴𝑖 , 𝑐𝑚3
inertia about the new axes which is turned to an angle of 30° 𝐶𝐶𝑊 to Rectangle, 𝐴1 300 40 +
30
= 55
10
=5 16,500 1,500
2 2
the old axes, the principal moments of inertia about its centroid. Rectangle, 𝐴2 600 10 60 21,000 18,000
30 + = 35 = 30
2 2
Rectangle, 𝐴3 300 30 10 4,500 16,500
= 15 50 + = 55
2 2
Σ 1,200 42,000 36,000

𝑥𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝐴𝑖 36,000
For 𝑥 , we have, 𝑥 = = = = 30 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑖 𝐴 1,200

𝑦𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝐴𝑖 42,000
For 𝑦, we have, 𝑦 = = = = 35 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑖 𝐴 1,200
All dimension in 𝑐𝑚

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The moment of inertia about new axes which is turned through 30° 𝐶𝐶𝑊 Example
Find the moment of inertia about is centroidal axis, the moment of
Area, 𝑐𝑚2 𝑦1 = 𝑦 − 𝑦, (𝑐𝑚) 𝑥1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥, (𝑐𝑚) 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝐴𝑖 , 𝑐𝑚4
Region
inertia about the new axes which is turned to an angle of 30° 𝐶𝐶𝑊 to
Rectangle, 𝐴1 300 55 − 35 = 20 5 − 30 = −25 −150,000
the old axes, the principal moments of inertia about its centroid.
Rectangle, 𝐴2 600 35 − 35 = 0 30 − 30 = 0 0
Rectangle, 𝐴3 300 15 − 35 = −20 55 − 30 = 25 −150,000
All dimension in 𝑐𝑚
Σ 1,200 −300,000

Now, the product of inertia of the whole body is,

𝐼𝑥𝑦 = −300,000 𝑐𝑚 4

Solution The moment of inertia about new axes which is turned through 30° 𝐶𝐶𝑊
Region Area, 𝑐𝑚2 𝑦 (𝑐𝑚) 𝑥 (𝑐𝑚) 𝑦𝑖 𝐴𝑖 , 𝑐𝑚3 𝑥𝑖 𝐴𝑖 , 𝑐𝑚3

Rectangle, 𝐴1 1.5 0.5 3 5.625 2.25 Region Area, 𝑐𝑚2 𝑦1 = 𝑦 − 𝑦, (𝑐𝑚) 𝑥1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥, (𝑐𝑚) 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝐴𝑖 , 𝑐𝑚4
3.5 + = 3.75 = 1.5
2 2
Rectangle, 𝐴1 1.5 3.75 − 2 = 1.75 1.5 − 2.75 = −1.25 −3.2813
Rectangle, 𝐴2 1.5 3 0.5 3 4.125
0.5 + =2 2.5 + = 2.75 Rectangle, 𝐴2 1.5 2−2= 0 2.75 − 2.75 = 0 0
2 2
0.5 3 Rectangle, 𝐴3 1.5 0.25 − 2 = −1.75 4 − 2.75 = 1.25 −3.2813
Rectangle, 𝐴3 1.5 = 0.25 2.5 + =4 0.3750 6
2 2 Σ 4.5 −6.5625
Σ 4.5 9 12.375

𝑥𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝐴𝑖 12.375
For 𝑥 , we have, 𝑥 = = = = 2.75 𝑐𝑚 Now, the product of inertia of the whole body is,
𝐴𝑖 𝐴 4.5

For 𝑦, we have, 𝑦 =
𝑦𝑖 𝐴𝑖
=
𝑦𝑖 𝐴𝑖
=
9.0
= 2 𝑐𝑚 𝐼𝑥𝑦 = −6.5625 𝑐𝑚 4
𝐴𝑖 𝐴 4.5

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Example Solution
Find the moment of inertia about is centroidal axis, the moment of Region Area, 𝑚𝑚2 𝑦 (𝑚𝑚) 𝑥 (𝑚𝑚) 𝑦𝑖 𝐴𝑖 , 𝑚𝑚3 𝑥𝑖 𝐴𝑖 , 𝑚𝑚3
inertia about the new axes which is turned to an angle of 30° 𝐶𝐶𝑊 to 139.3
Rectangle, 𝐴1 1,769.11 12.7 + 12.7 145,686.2085 11,233.8485
the old axes, the principal moments of inertia about its centroid. Draw 2 = 6.35
= 82.35 2
the Mohr Circle
Rectangle, 𝐴2 1,295.4 12.7 102 8,225.79 66,065.4
= 6.35 = 51
2 2
Σ 3,064.51 153,911.9985 77,299.2485
All dimension in 𝑐𝑚
𝑥𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝐴𝑖 77,299.2485
For 𝑥 , we have, 𝑥 = = = = 25.2240 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑖 𝐴 3,064.51

𝑦𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝐴𝑖 153,911.9985
For 𝑦, we have, 𝑦 = = = = 50.2240 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑖 𝐴 3,064.51

The moment of inertia about new axes which is turned through 60° 𝐶𝐶𝑊
𝐼𝑥𝑦 , 106 , 𝑚𝑚 4 MOHR CIRCLE

Region Area, 𝑚𝑚2 𝑦1 = 𝑦 − 𝑦 , (𝑚𝑚) 𝑥1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥, (𝑚𝑚) 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝐴𝑖 , 𝑚𝑚4

𝑌 2.638,2.538
82.35 − 50.224 6.35 − 25.224
Rectangle, 𝐴1 1,769.11 −1,072,692.991
= 32.126 = −18.874 2𝜃𝑚 + 180°
Rectangle, 𝐴2 1,295.4
6.35 − 50.224 51 − 25.224
−1,464,962.968 𝐹 𝐷 𝐸
= −43.874 = 25.7760 𝐴 𝐵
Σ 3,064.51 −2,537,655.959 𝐶 2𝜃𝑚 𝐼𝑥𝑥 , 𝐼𝑦𝑦 106 , 𝑚𝑚 4

𝐼𝑥𝑦 = −2.538
Now, the product of inertia of the whole body is, 𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 2.638

𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 7.198 𝑋 7.198, −2.538

𝐼𝑥𝑦 = −2,537,655.959 𝑐𝑚 4

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𝐼𝑥𝑦 , 106 , 𝑚𝑚 4 𝑋′ MOHR CIRCLE Example

𝑌 2.638,2.538 Find the product moment of inertia of a right triangle

𝐹 𝐻 𝐷 𝐸
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐺 𝐼𝑥𝑥 , 𝐼𝑦𝑦 106 , 𝑚𝑚 4
2𝜃𝑚
𝐼𝑥𝑦 = −2.538
𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 2.638

𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 7.198 𝑋 7.198, −2.538

𝑌′

Example Example
For the triangle shown, find moment of inertia about 𝑥, 𝑦 and its Assume 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is an isosceles triangle, find the moment along 𝑥, 𝑦 axes,
centroidal axes, find the radius of gyration about 𝑥, 𝑦 and its centroidal the radius of gyration, and the moment of inertia along its CG.
axes

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Example Example
Find the mass moment of inertia of a solid sphere Find the mass moment of inertia of a hollow sphere

Example Example
Find the mass moment of inertia of a hollow cone Find the center mass or centroidal of a hollow cone about its axis

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Example Example
Find the mass moment of inertia of a ring about its axis. Find the mass moment of inertia of a disk (no thickness)

Example Example
Find the mass moment of inertia of a solid cylinder about its axis. Find the mass moment of inertia of a hollow cylinder about its axis.

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Example Example
For a composite pendulum shown in made of a uniform slender rod The figure shows a uniform semicircular rod of weight 𝑊 and radius 𝑟
(12 𝑘𝑔) and a uniform disk (8 kg), determine the mass moment of attached to a pin and rest against a frictionless surface 𝐵. Find the
inertia about 𝑥 axis passing through its center of gravity, as well as the reaction at 𝐴 and 𝐵
radius of gyration about the 𝑥 axis.

Example Example
The figure shows the plate having a density of 7,850 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 and a Find the section modulus of the figure shown below
thickness of 0.3 𝑚. Find the plate CG, and the reactions at 𝐴 and 𝐵.

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Strength and ME Desing 2020

Example Example
Find the section modulus of the figure shown below Find the section modulus of 𝐼 section

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