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Active Filter-1 PDF

This document describes different types of active filters and their circuit designs. It discusses how combining a basic RC filter circuit with an operational amplifier creates an active filter with amplification. It then provides examples of non-inverting low-pass active filter circuits, including designing one with specific gain, cutoff frequency, and input impedance parameters. Finally, it describes the Sallen-Key configuration for a second-order active filter and provides an example of designing a high-pass filter with given cutoff frequency and Q-factor.

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278 views7 pages

Active Filter-1 PDF

This document describes different types of active filters and their circuit designs. It discusses how combining a basic RC filter circuit with an operational amplifier creates an active filter with amplification. It then provides examples of non-inverting low-pass active filter circuits, including designing one with specific gain, cutoff frequency, and input impedance parameters. Finally, it describes the Sallen-Key configuration for a second-order active filter and provides an example of designing a high-pass filter with given cutoff frequency and Q-factor.

Uploaded by

ammer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Active Filter

By combining a basic RC Filter circuit with an operational


amplifier we can create an Active Filter circuit complete with
amplification.

The main disadvantages of passive filters :

1- that the amplitude of the output signal is less than that of the input
signal, ie, the gain is never greater than unity
2- The load impedance affects the filters characteristics.

Active low-pass filter

Fig.1 low pass filter with buffering output

The buffer non-inverting amplifier that is shown in Fig.1, represent the


isolation unit between stages. The buffer amplifier has high input
impedance and low output impedance and these characteristics produce
that the output signal from the filter do not affect by the load.
Fig.2 low pass filter with buffering output

The frequency response of the circuit will be the same as that for
the passive RC filter, except that the amplitude of the output is increased
by the pass band gain, AF of the amplifier

Amplifier gain= Av = 1+R2 / R1


Av
Then Voltage gain Vout / Vin

Av = the pass band gain of the filter, (1+R2 / R1)


ƒ = the frequency of the input signal in Hertz, (Hz)
ƒc = the cut-off frequency in Hertz, (Hz)

1. At very low frequencies, ƒ < ƒc Vout / Vin = Av


2. At the cut-off frequency, ƒ = ƒc Vout / Vin = 0.707 Av
3. At very high frequencies, ƒ > ƒc Vout / Vin < Av

6
3
3
Example: Design a non-inverting active low pass filter circuit that
has a gain of (Av =10), a frequency cut-off of 160Hz and an input
impedance of 10KΩ.
R=10K

Amplifier gain= Av = 1+R2 / R1 = 10

R2 = R1* (10-1) = 1k * 9 = 9kΩ

fc = 1/ 2πRC , fc = 160 Hz, Then c= 1 / 2π*160*10

C= 100 nF

Gain in dB = 20 log Av

= 20 log 10 = 20dB
Second-order Active Low Pass Filter Circuit

Sallen Key low pass filter circuit:

RA RB

Fig.3 Sallen Key low pass filter circuit

fc = 1/ 2πRC at RA=RB and C1 = C2

The Sallen-Key is one of the most common configurations for a


second-order (two-pole) filter is shown in Figure 3. A unique feature of
the Sallen-Key low-pass filter is the capacitor that provides feedback for
shaping the response near the edge of the passband and obtain -
40dB/decade after the cutoff frequency.

(a) Representation of an op-amp with three internal stages.

(b) Individual responses. (c) Composite response.

Fig.4 Response of multi-stage of low pass filter


40dB/dacade

Q = √ for R1=R2 (A=1)

Q = for R1 ≠ R2 and C1=C2, RA=RB

The main advantages of the Sallen-key filter

1- Simplicity of basic design.


2- high input impedance.
3- low output impedance.
4- good stability.
5- The Q- factor can be controlled by r1, r2, c1, and c2.
Sallen Key high pass filter circuit

Example:
Design a second-order high-pass Sallen-Key Filter circuit with the
following characteristics: ƒC = 200Hz, and Q = 3 (let C1=C2 and
RA=RB) choose C1=C2=100nf .

RA

C1 C2

AV

RB

R1
R2

Sol:

At RA= RB and C1=C2 then fc = 1/ 2πRC

R = 1/ 2π fc C R=1/ (2*π*200* 100*10-9)

R= 8KΩ = RA = RB
Q= , 3= then A=2.667

A=1+

2.667= 1+ let R1=10KΩ

2.667= 1 +

then R2= 6KΩ

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