MODULE D1

STRAIN MEASUREMENT IN BENDING SYSTEM

I. DATA COMPUTATIONS
A. Data Results

Table 1. Data Experiment. (Source: Pracitcan Experiment Conduction)

Beam Dimension d
Young’s Modulus for the Beam d
Second Moment of Area d
Bridge Connection Full
Load Position 420 mm
Load (gram) Strain Reading ( με ) Output Voltage ( μV )
0 0 0
50 25 134
100 54 276
150 81 414
200 108 552
250 136 691
300 162 829
350 190 970
400 216 1104
450 245 1244
500 272 1387
B. Data Calculations
Finding the Value of Force
a. Turn the unit of weight from gram to kilogram
b. According to the equation, force is equal to mass time gravity which
has the value of 9.8 m/s2.
F=m× g

Example, for 50 grams of load:

1
50 grams× kg=0.05 kg
1000
And then times by gravity of 9.8 m/s2.
m
F=0.05 kg × 9.8 =0.49 N
s2

Calculating the Second Moment of Area

b =
h =
1 1
Io= b h3= ()()3=cm 4 =m 4
12 12

Calculating the Bending Moment

l=420 mm=0.42 m

M =F ×(l− x)
x=15 mm=0.015 m
M =F × 0.305
 Calculating the Calculated Stress
My
σ=
lo
y=0.5 cm× 0.5 cm=0.25 cm 2=0.0025 m 2
Io=¿
M ×0.0025
σ= =N /m2
×❑❑

Calculating the Calculated Strain

σ
ε=
E
E=207 GPa=207× 109 N /m2
σ
ε = = ❑ ❑ =×10❑
E × 10

Table 2. Value of Calculations for The Bending System. (Source: Practican Calculation)

Load Strain Bending

Output Calcualted Calculated
(gram Force (N) Reading Moment
Voltage ( μV ) Stress (MN.m2) Strain (x 10-5) m
) ( με ) (Nm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
50 0.49 25 134 0.19845 2480625 1.19837
100 0.98 54 276 0.3969 4961250 2.39674
150 1.47 81 414 0.59535 7441875 3.59511
200 1.96 108 552 0.7938 9922500 4.79348
250 2.45 136 691 0.99225 12403125 5.99185
300 2.94 162 829 1.1907 14883750 7.19022
350 3.43 190 970 1.38915 17364375 8.38859
400 3.92 216 1104 1.5876 19845000 9.58696
450 4.41 245 1244 1.78605 22325625 10.7853
500 4.9 272 1387 1.9845 24806250 11.9837
 Graph of Stress vs Strain
30000000

25000000
f(x) = 207000000000 x − 0
R² = 1
20000000

15000000

10000000

5000000

0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Figure 1. Graph of Stress vs Strain. (Source: Practican Data Processing)

The value of gradient that is obtained in this graph, which is the Modulus
Young is:
y = 2E+11x + 5E-09
Resulting:
m = 2E+11
= 2 ×1011
= 200 GPa

Relative Error of E
E literature−E practicum
ℜ= ×100 %
Eliterature
( 207 ×109 ) −( 200 ×109 )
ℜ= ×100 %=3.38 %
( 207 ×10 9 )

Relative Error in each Loading

E theoretically −E practicum
ℜ= ×100 %
Etheoretically
 Table 3. Relative Error Results for each Loadings

Strain Calculated Relativ

Reading ( Strain (x 10-5) e Error
με ¿ (m) (%)
0 0 0.00
25 1.19837 52.07
54 2.39674 55.62
81 3.59511 55.62
108 4.79348 55.62
136 5.99185 55.94
162 7.19022 55.62
190 8.38859 55.85
216 9.58696 55.62
245 10.7853 55.98
272 11.9837 55.94
Average 50.35

II. ANALYSIS
A. Experimental Analysis
In this strain measurement in bending system experiment, the
apparatus needed are the strain gauge trainer SM1009, cables, and loads to
obtain various results of strain reading and output voltage. The strain gauge
kit has 3 purposes and one of them is to measure the bending system of a
horizontal block. The first step is to prepare the kit by connecting the cables
into to right input and output. The cable with only one input will be
connected to the socket output voltage of the bending system. This will make
the reading in the digital display for only the bending system. For the output
of the cable, which has four output for input sockets, will be connected to the
digital strain display. With an arrangement of red gauge and blue gauge
connected to the opposite sockets and the yellow gauge and green gauge
being the opposite. This arrangement allows the practican to connect the
strain gauges on the structures as full-bridge networks. Configuration on the
strain gauge trainer display is changed to be in position 4. This allow for the
four output cables to flow readings on the wheatstone bridge set. A hanger
 beam was slide on beam until in the position is on 420 mm where there is a
measurement of length on it. The hanger beam is put on 420 mm so it would
have a fixed variable for calculation. The equipment is then ensured again if
its stable and the tare key on the strain reading display is pressed so the
machine will measure from the initial value of 0 (zero). Small loads will be
installed on the hanger. For the first weight, 40 grams loads are added on the
hanger because the hanger itself weighs 10 grams. The change of results of
stress displayed are recorded, that are the Strain Reading (με ¿ and Output
Voltage (μV ¿ .Afterwards, 50 grams of loads are then added. The results are
then recorded again. The process is repeated to obtain various results as the
weight on the beam increases 50 grams.

B. Data and Results Analysis

C. Error Analysis

III. SUMMARY

IV. APPLICATIONS

V. REFERENCES