Q. Discuss the meaning and definition of environment.

What are the factors responsible for

environmental pollution? Explain.
Ans. Meaning and Definition: The term environment has been derived from a French word
“Environia” means to surround. It refers to both abiotic (physical or non-living) and biotic
(living) environment. The word environment means surroundings, in which organisms live.
Environment and the organisms are two dynamic and complex component of nature.
Environment regulates the life of the organisms including human beings. Human beings interact
with the environment more vigorously than other living beings. Ordinarily environment refers to
the material, sand forces that surround the living organism.
Environment is the sum total of conditions that surrounds us at a given point of time and space. It
is comprised of the interacting systems of physical, biological and cultural elements which are
interlinked both individually and collectively. Environment is the sum total of conditions in
which an organism has to survive or maintain its life process. It influences the growth and
development of living forms.
In other words environment refers to those surroundings that surrounds living beings from all
sides and affect their lives in toto. It consists of atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and
biosphere. It’s chief components are soil, water, air, organisms and solar energy. It has provided
us all the resources for leading a comfortable life.
1. According to P. Gisbert “Environment is anything immediately surrounding an object and
exerting a direct influence on it.”
2. According to E. J. Ross “Environment is an external force which influences us.”
3. According to Section 2(a) in The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 “environment” includes
water, air and land and the inter-relationship which exists among and between water, air and
land, and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organism and property;”
What is Environmental Pollution?
Environmental pollution is any discharge of material or energy into water, land, or air that causes
or may cause acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) detriment to the Earth's ecological
balance or that lowers the quality of life in the environment.
Types of Pollution:
There are three main classes of the Environmental pollution:

(1) Air pollution :

The condition in which air contains harmful substances (chemicals, particulate matter or
biological), gases, dust, fumes or odour in harmful amounts and causes discomfort to living
beings and environment is called Air pollution.

Factors responsible for air pollution refer to the various activities or sources which are
responsible for the releasing of pollutants into the atmosphere.
These sources can be classified into two major categories which are:

(a). Natural Factors/Sources:

The natural factors responsible for air pollution refer to the various activities or sources which
occur naturally and are responsible for the releasing of pollutants into the atmosphere.

1. Volcanic Eruption:
On global scale most of the Suphurdioxide is produced by Volcanoes which is bout 67%. These
volcanic eruptions are also responsible for Carbon Monoxide emission.

2. Bacterial Action:
Various bacterial actions produce Nitrogen Oxides, of which main is Nitrogen Monoxide.
Anaerobic decomposition of organic matter by bacteria in water sediments and in soils is the
natural source of methane and methane.

3. Trees and Plants:

Large quantities of hydrocarbons are emitted by different trees and plants in the atmosphere.
This methane can remain in atmosphere upto average 3-7 years.

(b). Anthropogenic Factors/sources:

The factors which contribute to air pollution due to human activity are called anthropogenic
sources. Following are some factors:

1. Burning of different kinds of fuels:

Air pollution is cause by the injurious smoke emitted by automobiles, stacks of power plants,
furnaces and incinerators and factories namely sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen
oxides. The emissions from vehicles are estimated to be responsible for approximately 60% of
all air pollution alone The smoke from burning wood, dung and cigarettes is also harmful to the
environment causing a lot of damage to man and the atmosphere.

2. Use of Paints and enamel:

The use of paint, varnish, aerosol sprays and other solvents has been common practice
nowadays. This also causes generation of harmful off-gasing and unwanted fumes from things
such as paint and plastic production which pollute natural air causing irritation.

3. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC):
It is released from refrigerators, air-conditioners, deodorants and insect repellents and cause
severe damage to the Earth’s environment. This gas has slowly damaged the atmosphere and
depleted the ozone layer leading to global warming.
4. Waste deposition in landfills:
This process generates methane. Although methane is not much toxic; however, it is highly
flammable and may form explosive mixtures with air. Methane is also an asphyxiant and may
displace oxygen in an enclosed space which may result in suffocation if the oxygen
concentration is reduced to below 19.5% by displacement.

5. Military/DefenceMilitary Practices:
Various military weapons and instruments like nuclear weapons, missiles, rockets, toxic gases,
germ warfare etc used for defence and strategic purpose have also contributed to air pollution.

Noise Pollution and Pollutants

Noise pollution is a form of air pollution related specifically to the types of sound present in the
atmosphere. The Environmental Protection Agency defines a noise pollutant as any sound that
interferes with normal activities or disrupts or diminishes one's quality of life. Different types of
noise pollutants may include sounds generated by aircraft, trains, boats, automobile traffic,
construction, industrial manufacturing, vehicle alarms or even loud music.

(2) Water pollution:

Water pollution could be in the form of any change in the physical, chemical and biological
properties of water which has a harmful effect on living things. It could take place in various
water sources, like ponds, lakes, rivers, seas and oceans.

The factors that cause water pollution are as follows:

1. Industrial Waste Effluents:

Many of the chemical related and manufacturing industries like leather tanneries, fertilizers, oil
refineries, petrochemical, textile, paper pulp, rubber products and agrochemicals are always
generating by-products and waste effluents along with their desired products. The waste product
may be in the form of waste heat, smoke, solid or waste water effluents. These may contain
organic chemicals including highly toxic synthetic organic compounds and heavy metals i.e. Pb,
Cd, Cr, Hg, As, Sb etc, oils, greases, mineral acids. These may result in contamination of both
surface and ground water. Unfortunately, many industries release their waste products directly
into rivers or let them leak into the groundwater and increasing water pollution. These chemicals
are poisonous or toxic to plants, animals and people.

2. Pesticides:
Pesticides are organic and inorganic chemicals originally invented and used effectively for
controlling undesirable insects and forms of life such as bacteria, pests, and foraging insects.
Their effectiveness, however, has caused considerable pollution. The persistent or hard
pesticides, which are relatively inert and non-degradable by chemical or biologic activity, are
also bio-accumulative; that is why they are retained within the body of the consuming organism.
The drainage water from the agricultural land (where pesticides are being used) mostly contains
pesticides and pollutes water system not only at surface level but also at ground level due to
leaching of pesticide.

3. Insecticides:
Insecticides are chemicals that are sprayed onto crops to kill the insects that eat crops. One of the
more poisonous insecticides are DDT and organo-phosphates. Some specialists believe that these
insecticides have caused even greater environmental damage and that they are more toxic.
Insecticides are easily washed by the excess water and rain into streams and groundwater where
they poison fish and domestic animals and also pollute food chain.

4. Fungicides:
Copper and mercury are two heavy metals, which are found in fungicides. Fungicides are also
sprayed on crops and easily washed into rivers. These heavy metals are toxic to biological life
including the people who may have to drink from the polluted water bodies.

5. Heavy Metals:
Heavy metals such as nickel, molybdenum, zinc, cadmium and lead are mined and processed by
the mining and ore-smelting industries. These metals are easily washed into streams and
groundwater and increase pollution. The crops that have been irrigated with polluted water can
also be dangerous.
In the past, toxic waste products were dumped into the rivers or into landfill sites close to where
people lived causing health problems and even death. Today all South Africans have a
constitutional right to a clean and safe environment. Make sure that you remain informed and
observant so that you can prevent toxic chemicals from being used in your environment. If you
suspect water pollution in your area then contact your local council.

6. Oil Spills and transport:

Petroleum products are used as fuel, lubricants, for manufacturing petrochemicals, plastics,
electrical appliances, synthetic rubbers and detergents. Sea water gets polluted by accidental oil
spills and leakage from cargo oil tankers in sea, tanker trucks, pipelines leakage during offshore
exploration and leakage of underground storage tanks. The spilled oil also damages marine life
often causing their death.

7. Chlorine and Detergents:

Paper and pulp mills and textile factories are amongst the worst water polluters. Paper and pulp
mills use up large amounts of water and produce a lot of polluted wastewater. The wastewater
contains strong chemicals such as chlorine, which is used to make paper white and soft. Textile
factories also release strong chemicals like caustic soda, acids, dyes and detergents into water.

8. Detergents:
Detergents are excessively used in industries and household as cleaning agents. The amount of
disposed detergents in waste water is increasing day by day. This waste water when discharged
in rivers or sea greatly affects aquatic life. The detergent contents of waste water mobilize the
bound toxic ions of heavy metals like Pb, Cd and Hg from sedimentary rock into water.

9. Fertilisers and Sewage:

Some chemicals like fertilisers are made up of substances that do occur naturally in the
environment, but only in small amounts. When too much fertiliser is washed from farmlands into
a river then that water will also become polluted. Human sewage or cattle excrement that is
untreated also causes water pollution in the same way as fertilisers do.

(3) Soil Pollution:

Soil pollution or soil contamination, is a condition that occurs when soil loses its structure,
biological and chemical properties due to the use of various synthetic chemicals and other natural
changes in the soil environment. Factors often believed to contribute to soil pollution include the
use of chemicals such as acid rain, fertilizers, the salinity of the soil and environmental changes.
Some of the most common factors causing soil pollution are elucidated and discussed at length
below:

1. Oil Spills:
The accidental oil spills and leakage from cargo oil tankers, tanker trucks and pipelines pollute
soil in the sense that the fertility status of the land becomes greatly compromised after an oil
spill.

2. Use of salty water:

The use of water with a high salinity i.e. water that contains higher amounts of salts such as
sodium chloride [NaCl], adversely affects the soil as well as the crop growth. The salts present in
the water accumulate in the top layer of the soil, resulting in decreased growth of crops and
decreased yields, and ultimately making the soil and the land unfit for crop yielding and other
agricultural practices.

3. Heavy Metal
Soil pollution by heavy metals is most often the result of mining, manufacturing and improper
disposal of man-made products, including paint, batteries and pesticides. Exposure is most often
chronic, occurring over an extended period of time. Nickel, copper, chromium and manganese
are also widespread contaminants, each with its own list of health effects. Additionally, most
heavy metals have carcinogenic effects.

4. Polychlorinated Biphenyls:
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are completely man-made products common in manufacturing
processes and equipment, including coolants, transformers, capacitors and motors. In the 1970s
Congress banned them as a persistent organic pollutant, the cause of numerous environmental
contamination sites now considered unlivable, including Superfund sites in Massachusetts, New
York, Indiana and the Great Lakes.
5. Poor agricultural practices:
Soil erosion--a result of poor agricultural practices--removes rich humus topsoil developed over
many years through vegetative decay and microbial degradation and thus strips the land of
valuable nutrients for crop growth.

6. Use of chemicals on soil and agricultural crops:

Excessive use of chemicals such as pesticides, insecticides and fertilizers is one of the prime
factors causing soil pollution. These chemicals adversely affect the soil by increasing its salinity
and making it imperfect for crop bearing. It also affects the microorganisms present in the soil,
causing the soil to lose its fertility and resulting in the loss of minerals present in the soil, thus
causing soil pollution.

7. Mineral exploitation:
Environmentally unfriendly mineral exploitation practices and srip mining for minerals, gas and
coal reserves lays waste thousands of acres of land each year, denuding the Earth and subjecting
the mined area to widespread erosion problems. Soil erosion not only despoils the Earth for
farming and other uses, but also increases the suspended-solids load of the waterway. This
increase interferes with the ecological habitat and poses silting problems in navigation channels,
inhibiting the commercial use of these waters.

8. Solid waste:
Among the most significant environmental problems, one is the enormous volume of solid waste
which is being produced every day but not be disposed properly. The mismanagement of the
solid waste, particularly the polythene shopping bag has caused serious threat to the soil. The
most common and convenient method of disposing of municipal solid wastes is in the sanitary
landfill present greater environmental hazards. In the landfills, non-biodegradable materials like
plastic bottles, Styrofoam and cans can remain buried and intact for thousands of years, leaching
chemicals into the ground over the years. Groundwater infiltration and contamination of soil with
toxic chemicals is the result.

9. Urbanization and Industrialization:

The increase in urbanization due to population pressure presents additional soil-erosion
problems. The industrial runoff has also contributed a lot in polluting topsoil and regular disposal
of waste effluent leaches to soil and degrades it not only making land barren but also pollutes
groundwater.