Gates, Circuits, and Boolean

Algebra
 Computers and Electricity
• A gate is a device that performs a basic
operation on electrical signals
• Gates are combined into circuits to
perform more complicated tasks

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 Constructing Gates
• A transistor is a device that acts, depending on
the voltage level of an input signal, either as a
wire that conducts electricity or as a resistor that
blocks the flow of electricity
– A transistor has no moving parts, yet acts like
a switch
– It is made of a semiconductor material, which is
neither a particularly good conductor of electricity,
such as copper, nor a particularly good insulator,
such as rubber

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 Constructing Gates
• A transistor has three
terminals
– A source
– A base
– An emitter, typically
connected to a ground wire
• If the electrical signal is
grounded, it is allowed to
flow through an alternative
route to the ground (literally)
where it can do no harm
The connections of a transistor

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 Computers and Electricity
• There are three different, but equally
powerful, notational methods
for describing the behavior of gates
and circuits
– Boolean expressions
– logic diagrams
– truth tables

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 Computers and Electricity
• Boolean algebra: expressions in this
algebraic notation are an elegant and
powerful way to demonstrate the activity of
electrical circuits

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 Computers and Electricity
• Logic diagram: a graphical
representation of a circuit
– Each type of gate is represented by a specific
graphical symbol
• Truth table: defines the function of a gate
by listing all possible input combinations
that the gate could encounter, and the
corresponding output

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 Gates
• Let’s examine the processing of the following
six types of gates
– NOT
– AND
– OR
– XOR
– NAND
– NOR
• Typically, logic diagrams are black and white, and
the gates are distinguished only by their shape
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 NOT Gate

• A NOT gate accepts one input value

and produces one output value

Various representations of a NOT gate

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 NOT Gate
• By definition, if the input value for a NOT
gate is 0, the output value is 1, and if the
input value is 1, the output is 0
• A NOT gate is sometimes referred to as
an inverter because it inverts the input
value

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 AND Gate
• An AND gate accepts two input signals
• If the two input values for an AND gate are
both 1, the output is 1; otherwise, the
output is 0

Various representations of an AND gate 11

 OR Gate

• If the two input values are both 0, the

output value is 0; otherwise, the output is 1

Various representations of a OR gate 12

 XOR Gate
• XOR, or exclusive OR, gate
– An XOR gate produces 0 if its two inputs are
the same, and a 1 otherwise
– Note the difference between the XOR gate
and the OR gate; they differ only in one
input situation
– When both input signals are 1, the OR gate
produces a 1 and the XOR produces a 0

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 XOR Gate

Various representations of an XOR gate

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 NAND and NOR Gates
• The NAND and NOR gates are essentially the
opposite of the AND and OR gates, respectively

Various representations of a NAND

gate

Various representations of a NOR

gate
 Gates with More Inputs
• Gates can be designed to accept three or more
input values
• A three-input AND gate, for example, produces
an output of 1 only if all input values are 1

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Various representations of a three-input AND gate
 Constructing Gates
It turns out that, because the way a transistor works,
the easiest gates to create are the NOT, NAND, and
NOR gates. Source is a consistent voltage source.
Vout = Vin’; Vout =(V1V2)’; Vout =(V1+V2)’

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Constructing gates using transistors
 Circuits
• Two general categories
– In a combinational circuit, the input values explicitly
determine the output
– In a sequential circuit, the output is a function of the
input values as well as the existing state of the circuit
• As with gates, we can describe the operations
of entire circuits using three notations
– Boolean expressions
– logic diagrams
– truth tables
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 Combinational Circuits
• Gates are combined into circuits by using the
output of one gate as the input for another

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 Combinational Circuits

• Because there are three inputs to this circuit, eight rows

are required to describe all possible input combinations
• This same circuit using Boolean algebra:

(AB + AC) 20
Now let’s go the other way; let’s take a
Boolean expression and draw
• Consider the following Boolean expression: A(B + C)

• Now compare the final result column in this truth table to

the truth table for the previous example
• They are identical
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Properties of Boolean Algebra

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Adders

• Circuit diagram
representing
a half adder
• Two Boolean
expressions:
sum = A ⊕ B
carry = AB

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 Adders
• A circuit called a full adder takes the
carry-in value into account

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A full adder
 Multiplexers
• Multiplexer is a general circuit that
produces a single output signal
– The output is equal to one of several input
signals to the circuit
– The multiplexer selects which input signal is
used as an output signal based on the value
represented by a few more input signals,
called select signals or select control lines

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 Multiplexers
• The control lines
S0, S1, and S2
determine which
A block diagram of a multiplexer with three select control lines of eight other
input lines
(D0 through D7)
are routed to the
output (F)

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 Circuits as Memory
• Digital circuits can be used to store
information
• These circuits form a sequential circuit,
because the output of the circuit is also
used as input to the circuit

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