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    How To Conduct Research

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    Asif Khan Shinwari
    The document provides guidelines for conducting research, including framing a research question, developing a statement of assumption, determining the research approach (qualitative or quantitative), writing an introduction, conducting a literature review, outlining a methodology, collecting and analyzing findings, discussing results, and concluding. It emphasizes using empirical evidence and citations, and provides tips for taking notes, summarizing sources, generating references and bibliographies, and avoiding plagiarism.

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    How To Conduct Research

    Uploaded by

    Asif Khan Shinwari
    29 views11 pages
    The document provides guidelines for conducting research, including framing a research question, developing a statement of assumption, determining the research approach (qualitative or quantitative), writing an introduction, conducting a literature review, outlining a methodology, collecting and analyzing findings, discussing results, and concluding. It emphasizes using empirical evidence and citations, and provides tips for taking notes, summarizing sources, generating references and bibliographies, and avoiding plagiarism.

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    How to conduct research

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    The document provides guidelines for conducting research, including framing a research question, developing a statement of assumption, determining the research approach (qualitative or quantitative), writing an introduction, conducting a literature review, outlining a methodology, collecting and analyzing findings, discussing results, and concluding. It emphasizes using empirical evidence and citations, and provides tips for taking notes, summarizing sources, generating references and bibliographies, and avoiding plagiarism.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views11 pages

    How To Conduct Research

    Uploaded by

    Asif Khan Shinwari
    The document provides guidelines for conducting research, including framing a research question, developing a statement of assumption, determining the research approach (qualitative or quantitative), writing an introduction, conducting a literature review, outlining a methodology, collecting and analyzing findings, discussing results, and concluding. It emphasizes using empirical evidence and citations, and provides tips for taking notes, summarizing sources, generating references and bibliographies, and avoiding plagiarism.

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    How to Conduct

    Research ?

    Mukhtar Paras Shah


    Research Guidelines
    • Research is to use Empirical Evidence and Concrete Facts to know
    more accurately about the issues
    • Research provides base for decisions, reforms and innovations
    • Participants to indicate their topic in which they are passionate to
    write
    • Start reading extensively on the topic that will help you to generate
    ‘Literature Review’
    • Frame a research question on an issue where you see a ‘gap’.
    Develop a line of inquiry and rationale for the study
    • Make a statement of assumption for this research
    • Assumption should not influence research as it will be the data that
    will ultimately prove whether the assumption was right or wrong
    • Make up your mind about the nature of your research; whether it is
    going to be qualitative or quantitative
    Introduction
    • Write a brief Introduction highlighting nature and direction
    of the query that will provide a basis for your research
    • Statement of Problem: State clearly the problem that you
    want to address followed by the hypothesis that will help
    explain the problem. Your research will mainly focus on the
    Statement of the Problem
    • A good Research Question should be specific, narrow,
    empirical and answerable
    • Hypothesis is expectation of the researcher on the
    question
    • Literature Review to know what has been researched
    earlier and where is the Gap
    • Methodology to define how would you collect and analyze
    the data
    Research Writing
    • How to collect Findings?
    • Make a Preliminary Outline and all sections should be
    logically related to each other
    • Keep a note book / cards handy in your pocket for any
    ideas or notes or references
    • Take notes using short phrases in your own words with
    accurate citations
    • Divide the notebook into various sections relevant to
    your research and collect ideas during your studying
    materials
    • Research is impersonal; nothing from your own can be
    added and only facts can be reported
    Main Body
    • Discussion: Describe your statistical results or patterns
    or processes that you discovered
    • You should know how to skim and paraphrase the
    original material
    • A Good Summary :
    – Focuses on aspects of the source that are relevant to your
    goal
    – Presents the original material accurately
    – Is written in your own words and sentences
    • Logical Sequencing
    – One idea in one paragraph
    – Main idea in the topic sentence
    References
    • You need to find reliable sources and references that can
    be quoted to support ideas
    • Research downloaded from internet is not reliable but still
    it can be used if relevant reference details are available
    • There is a particular style of quoting references from books,
    magazines, articles and material downloaded from internet
    • You need to follow a particular style to quote references
    and conduct research and at STI you would follow Turabian
    Style
    • A reference list, generally, contains only sources you have
    cited in-text in your assignment. A bibliography, generally,
    is a list of all the sources you used to generate your ideas
    about the topic.
    Sources
    • Primary Sources • Secondary Sources
    • (Original / Direct) • (Material produced
    – Documents after the event)
    – Questionnaires – Interpretations
    – Structured & – Statements
    Unstructured Interviews – Newspapers
    – Observations – Biographies
    – Sampling – Books
    – Journals
    How to Cite Sources using Computer?
    • Go to References and click ‘Insert Footnotes’ for
    footnotes and ‘Insert Citation’ for citing sources
    • Click ‘add new source’ and write all the details
    • These sources will automatically appear if they are
    repeated in the research
    • Pick Style for your research and stick to it
    • Click ‘Bibliography’ to generate the list at the end of
    the research
    Example:
    • Ali, Mohammad, Abdul Hamid. National Integration in
    Pakistan. Karachi: Publishing House, 2003
    Further Guidelines & Steps
    • Start writing Introduction with all its components
    • The arguments must come through clearly
    • Ensure that all ideas borrowed are properly cited in the
    footnotes. Footnotes are integral part of the research
    • Conclusion & Recommendations must grow out of the
    discussion. They are required for policy implications
    • Revise the Introduction and finalize it at the end, even after
    writing the Conclusion
    • Ensure that the paper has conceptual clarity, coherence,
    objective empirical evidence and logical flow of information
    • Add comprehensive Bibliography. Nothing comes after
    bibliography
    The Final Product
    • Introduction
    – Statement of Problem & Gap
    – Research Question & Hypothesis
    – Literature Review
    – Methodology
    • Findings
    • Discussion
    • Conclusion
    • References
    Plagiarism
    • The most devastating crime confronting
    intellectual integrity
    • Unauthorized use of language / thoughts of
    another author
    • Penalties and Disciplinary action will be
    initiated if proven guilty of plagiarism

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