Testing of MiCOM P643

Transformer Protection Relay

Engr. Irfanullah Mazari

NG-CSD, KSA
 Contents
Chapter 1 Page:3

• How to Communicate with Relay

Chapter 2 Page:9

• How to Test Differential

Chapter 3 Page:20

• How to Test Restricted Earth fault

Chapter 4 Page:25

• How to Test Backup Protection

2
 Chapter-1
How to Communicate with Relay

1. General Requirements:
 Install MiCOM S1 Agile software
 Serial Cable RS232 required for Connection
 Data Model should be installed.

2. How To install Data Model

 After Instilling of MiCOM S1 Agile software, open Data Model Manager.

 If you have already Data Model File in backup, so simply click on Import
and install all relay models from there.
 If you don’t have backup file, than you have to download it from
Internet.

3
  Select Add, and click on Next.

 Select Internet, and Click on Next.

 Select Relay Model, for example I want to install Micom P546 and P643.

4
 




 Once, Relay Model Successfully download and Install, following message will
appear.

5
3. Communication Steps:
 Open MiCOM S1 Agile software

 Create the new System.

 Right click on New System, Select New Substation.

 Right click on Substation Name, Select Voltage Level
 Right click on Voltage Level, Select Bay Name.
 Right Click on Bay Name, Select New Device.

6
  Or single click on Quick Connection

7
  Click on Front Port

 After Connection Established, than Right click on setting, select Extract

Setting. And right click on PSL, Select Extract.

 Double Click on Setting File “000” and apply setting as per requirement.
 Double Click on PSL, and Configured Binary Input and binary Output as per
requirement.

8
 Chapter -2
How to Test Differential
Generally Differential protection is provided in the electrical power transformer rated more
than 5MVA.
The Differential Protection of Transformer has many advantages over other schemes of
protection.
1. The faults occur in the transformer inside the insulating oil can be detected by Buchholz
relay. But if any fault occurs in the transformer but not in oil then it cannot be detected by
Buchholz relay. Any flash over at the bushings are not adequately covered by Buchholz
relay. Differential relays can detect such type of faults. Moreover Buchholz relay is provided
in transformer for detecting any internal fault in the transformer but Differential Protection
scheme detects the same in faster way.
2. The differential relays normally response to those faults which occur inside the differential
protection zone of transformer.

Differential Protection Scheme in a Power Transformer

Principle of Differential Protection:
Principle of Differential Protection scheme is one simple conceptual technique. The differential
relay actually compares between primary current and secondary current of power
transformer, if any unbalance found in between primary and secondary currents the relay will
actuate and inter trip both the primary and secondary circuit breaker of the transformer.
Suppose you have one transformer which has primary rated current Ip and secondary current
Is. If you install CT of ratio Ip/1A at the primary side and similarly, CT of ratio Is/1A at the
secondary side of the transformer. The secondary of these both CTs are connected together in
such a manner that secondary currents of both CTs will oppose each other.

9
How to Test Differential Protection:

1) Enable the Setting.

2) Apply CT and VT ratio as per requirement.

10
3) Apply the Setting as per Requirement.

4) Adjust PSL, Select DDB 899,900,901 for Phasing from Input single in PSL logic and for
output configure DDB 902 to get Timing.

11
5) Testing Procedure:
Before starting any testing, noted down all the details from the Transformer name plate

Transformer Details: 132/33kV

Connection: YNyn0+d1
Rated Power 100MVA
HV Side CT Ratio 600/1A
LV Side CT Ratio 2000/1A
IHV (Prim)= Sref /√3 x Vnom HV 437.4 A
ILV (Prim)= Sref /√3 x Vnom LV 1749.5 A
IHV (Secondary)= 0.729
ILV (Secondary)= 0.8747
Kam, HV = CT Ratio / Irated HV 1.372
Kam, LV = CT Ratio / Irated LV 1.143
Where,
Kam is Winding amplitude of HV and LV.

6) Relay settings

Item Description Setting

1 IS1 0.35 PU
2 Is2 2 PU
3 K1 30 %
4 K2 80%
5 T 0 sec

7) PICK UP TEST FOR Idiff›:

1. For HV side:

= 0.255A

Because of Zero sequence filter is ON for single phase, we have to multiply it with 1.5 ,
So,
0.255 x 1.5 = 0.3826 A

2. For LV Side:

= 0.306A

Because of Zero sequence filter is ON for single phase, we have to multiply it with 1.5 ,
So,
0.255 x 1.5 = 0.459 A

12
Now, connect the Red phase from HV CT and increase the value gradually until relay pick up.
Record the value. Repeat the same for Yellow and Blue phases also.
Same methods repeat for LV CT also.

Measured Value
Phase Input Set Value Calculated value
Pick up Drop out
HV 0.382
R 0.35
LV 0.459
HV 0.382
Y 0.35
LV 0.459
HV 0.382
B 0.35
LV 0.459
HV 0.255
RYB 0.35
LV 0.306

8) TIMING TEST FOR Idiff›:

Configure one output as explained above, inject twice time of the Idff setting and
record the values.

Set Id> Injected Measured Time Delay ( ms )

Side (A) Current
(A) R Y B

HV Side 0.35
2* Idiff>
LV Side 0.35

9) DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERISTIC TEST:

The tripping characteristic of the differential protection device P643 has two knees.
The first knee is dependent on the settings of Is1 and K1.
The second knee of the tripping characteristic is defined by the setting Is2.

The lower slope provides sensitivity for internal faults. The higher slope provides stability
under through fault conditions, since transient differential currents may be present due to
current transformer saturation.
The characteristic equations for the three different ranges are given below.

13
I. TESTING OF SLOPE-1 K1:

Select any two points, where you want to test. Calculate the HV and LV pickup current.

For example, we want to test IBias at point 1.5,

So,
Y= m x
= 0.3 x 1.5 = 0.45, where “m” is the slope value as per setting and “x” is the IBias
point.

and IDiff = I1 - 12
So,
I1 + 12 =3 ----- eq-1
I1 – I2 = 0.45 ------ eq-2
2I1 = 3.45, I1 = 3.45/2 = 1.725
Put this I1 value in equation 1, to get the value for I2.

I2 = 1.275
Now,

Pickup value for HV side = 1.725/Kam HV side = 1.725/1.372 = 1.257 A

For single phase injection, we have to multiply it with 1.5 = 1.257 x 1.5 = 1.885 A

Pickup Value for LV side = 1.275/Kam LV side = 1.275/1.143 = 1.115 A

For single phase injection, we have to multiply it with 1.5 = 1.115 x 1.5 = 1.672A

 Now assign one output contact and LED as explained above.

 Inject HV and LV values as calculated with phase shift 180o, then gradually increase HV
or LV values until relay pickup.
 Select any other point for Ibias, repeat the same calculation. Once record the both
points values, calculate the ∆Idiff and ∆Ibias , and then divide ∆Idiff by ∆Ibias to get
the slop value.

14
 H.V L.V I diff.
I bias Relay Slope % Slope %
Phase injected Injected Relay Meas ∆Idiff ∆Ibias
meas (A) Setting Meas.
Value(A) value (A) (A)

L1

L2 30

L3

II. TESTING OF SLOPE-2 K2:

The second knee of the tripping characteristic is defined by the setting Is2. So, first we will
calculate Ibias at Is2.
As per our setting Is2 = 2 A

So,
Y1= m x1
= 0.3 x 2 = 0.6, where “m” is the slope value as per setting and “x” is the Is2 IBias
point.

Y-Y1 = m( x – x1)
Y – 0.6 = 0.8 ( x – 2)
Y – 0.6 = 0.8x – 1.6
Y = 0.8x – 1

Now, take any tow points more than Is2 setting to get the second slope setting.
For example, we want to test Ibias at point 2.5.

So, Y = 0.8 ( 2.5) – 1

Y = 1A

and IDiff = I1 - 12
So,
I1 + I2 =5 ----- eq-1
I1 – I2 = 1 ------ eq-2
2I1 = 6,
I1 = 6/2 = 3
Put this I1 value in equation 1, to get the value for I2.

I2 = 2
Now,

Pickup value for HV side = 3/Kam HV side = 3/1.372 = 2.186 A

For single phase injection, we have to multiply it with 1.5 = 2.18 x 1.5 = 3.279 A

Pickup Value for LV side = 1.275/Kam LV side = 2/1.143 = 1.749 A

For single phase injection, we have to multiply it with 1.5 = 1.115 x 1.5 = 2.624 A

 Now assign one output contact and LED as explained above.

15
  Inject HV and LV values as calculated with phase shift 180o, then gradually increase HV
or LV values until relay pickup.
 Select any other point for Ibias, repeat the same calculation. Once record the both
points values, calculate the ∆Idiff and ∆Ibias , and then divide ∆Idiff by ∆Ibias to get
the slop value.

H.V L.V I diff.

I bias Relay Slope % Slope %
Phase injected Injected Relay Meas ∆Idiff ∆Ibias
meas (A) Setting Meas.
Value(A) value (A) (A)

L1

80
L2

L3

10) Testing of Harmonics:

During Energizing of any Transformer, there is a inrush current, which is giving differential
trip, so to avoid this mal operation, MiCOM P643 has a function called 2nd harmonics
blocked and 5th harmonics, if this function is enable and there is inrush current, so it will
block the differential tripping depends on harmonics setting.
Noted that, there will be no blocking if the differential current exceeds the Is-HS1 and Is-
HS2 setting.
i. Testing of 2nd Harmonics:

 Enable the setting and apply the setting as per requirement.














16
  Adjust PSL, Select DDB 552,553,554 for Phasing from Input single in PSL logic and
configure one LED to Test it.













 Testing procedure:
 First go to page 6/7 of freja and make frequency free
 On page 1/7 , we will set IL1 on freja frequency by 60 HZ and IL2 frequency by
120 HZ .
 Now, connect Ph- A from HV side(or L.V) at IL1 at freja and make jumper
between IL1 and IL2 at Freja.
 Set IL1=1 A ,IL2=0.15(setting is 15%) and start injection, Harmonics Block LED
should appear.
 Decrease IL2 gradually until relay trip .take value for blocking, value for trip
from IL2

ii. Testing of 5th Harmonics:

 Enable the setting and apply the setting as per requirement.

17
  Adjust PSL, Select DDB 555,556,557 for Phasing from Input single in PSL logic and
configure one LED to Test it.

 Testing procedure is the same as explained in 2nd harmonics, the only difference is
setting of 5th harmonics.

11) Testing of High set Differential:

 Enable the setting

18
  Adjust PSL, Select DDB 903,904,905 for Is-HS1 and DDB 906,907,908 for Is-HS2
from Input single in PSL logic and configure one LED and assign LED to Test it.

 Testing procedure is same as explained in IDIFF>.

19
 Chapter -3
How to Test Restricted Earth fault (HV and LV)

Restricted Earth Fault Protection of Transformer:

Restricted Earth Fault (REF) protection is basically a Differential Protection. The only difference
in between the Differential Protection and REF Protection is that, latter protection is more
sensitive as compared to the former protection scheme.
For the sake of understanding REF Protection, we take a Transformer of configuration DYn i.e.
HV side of Transformer is Delta connected while the LV side is Start connected and neutral is
grounded solidly.

As shown in figure above, there are a total of four Current Transformers (CTs), three CTs
connected in each phase i.e. R, Y and B and one CT connected in neutral. The secondary of
these four CTs are connected in parallel. The parallel connected CT secondary are then
connected to REF Relay Coil. Basically REF protection Relay element is an over current
element.
Under balanced condition i.e. under normal operation the sum of currents through the
secondary of CTs will be zero and current in neutral CT will also be zero. But as soon as a fault
takes place in the secondary winding of Transformer, the current in R, Y and B phase will no
longer be balanced. Also under earth fault a current will flow through the neutral CT. Because
of this unbalance, the summation of current will not be zero but it will have some finite value
and hence the relay will pick up. It shall be noted that for a fault outside the Transformer i.e.
for through fault Restricted Earth Fault Protection will not operate as in this case of through
fault, the vector sum of currents in CT secondary will be zero. This is the reason; such kind of
protection scheme is for restricted zone and hence called Restricted Earth Fault Protection.

Now, it is normal to ask that Differential Protection is also a zone protection and it shall
operate for any internal fault in Transformer, then why do we need extra Restricted Earth
Fault Protection?

20
This is really a very smart question. See, what happens is, the setting of differential protection
is normally kept at 20%. So, differential relay shall pick if the differential current exceeds 0.2 A.
Now let us consider a case where earth fault occurs just near the neutral point as shown in
figure below.

Since the location of fault is very near to the neutral point, the voltage driving the fault current
will be very less and hence the reflection of such a low current in primary side of transformer
will also will be low. Thus in such case, Transformer differential protection may not operate as
its setting is quite high at 20%. Therefore for protection of Transformer from such a fault we
need more sensitive protection scheme which is implemented by using Restricted Earth Fault
Protection. The sensitivity of REF protection is superior as compared to Differential Protection.
Normally the setting of REF protection is kept as low as 5%. Basically the sensitivity of REF
protection increases as we are using CT in neutral of transformer and whenever an earth fault
takes place it is damn sure that current will complete its path through the neutral and hence
increasing the sensitivity of REF protection.

A low impedance restricted earth fault protection function per transformer winding is available
for up to three ends. The low impedance REF uses a triple slope biased characteristic, the
same as the differential current function. Low impedance REF is based on comparing the
vector sum of the phase currents of the transformer winding to the neutral point current. The
differential and bias currents are calculated from the current variables after scaling the neutral
current.

21
1. How To test REF Protection

 Enable the setting.

22
 Apply the setting as per requirement, as our transformer is star-star, so we have HV
REF and LV REF.

 Adjust PSL, Select DDB 950 for HV REF from Input single in PSL logic and DDB 951 for
LV REF, configure LED for HV REF and LV REF and assign any output for Timing Test.

23
2. Testing Procedure of REF Protection.

 REF Low set region testing.

As per setting Is1 HV is 90mA, In PSL logic configure one LED and one output contact as
explained above. Increase current gradually until the relay pickup. Then inject twice
time of Iset value to get the operating time. Record the value.

Operating
PHASE I (set) PU DO
Timing
L1 0.09

 REF CHARACTERISTIC testing.

In REF Protection also has two slopes, slope K1 and Slope K2. It is recommend that, the
value of K1 0% and the value of K2 150%.
As per our setting K1= 0% and K2= 150%, so our calculation will be only for slope-2.
Slope calculation and Testing procedure is same as explained in Differential
characteristic testing.
Select any two points. And caluate the values as explained in differential. Start
injection and record the both points values, calculate the ∆Idiff and ∆Ibias , and then
divide ∆Idiff by ∆Ibias to get the slop value.

NEUTRAL
H.V Injected I diff. I bias Slope % Slope %
Injected ∆Idiff ∆Ibias
current (A) (kA) (kA) Setting Meas.
current (A)

150

Repeat the Same procedure for LV REF also.

24
 Chapter -4
How to Test Backup Protection

Backup Protection of Transformer:

Backup protection of electrical transformer is simple Over Current and Earth Fault
protection applied against external short circuit and excessive over loads. These over current
and earth Fault relays may be of Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) or Definite Time type
relays. Generally IDMT relays are connected to the in-feed side of the transformer. The over
current relays cannot distinguish between external short circuit, over load and internal faults
of the transformer. For any of the above fault, backup protection i.e. over current and earth
fault protection connected to in-feed side of the transformer will operate.
Backup protection is although generally installed at in feed side of the transformer, but it
should trip both the primary and secondary circuit breakers of the transformer.

Backup protection of transformer has four elements, three over current relays connected each
in each phase and one earth fault relay connected to the common point of three over current
relays as shown in the figure. The normal ranges of current settings available on IDMT over
current relays is 50 % to 200 % and on earth fault relay 20 to 80 %.

25
The over current protection included in the P64x relays provides four-stage non-directional/
three-phase over current protection with independent time delay characteristics for up to
three transformer windings. The over current element operating quantity is the vectorial
inputs associated to a particular winding.

In a P643 relay, the HV Winding I>x Current Set settings are relative to T1 CT. If the HV the
CT Terminals setting is 011, then T1 CT and T2 CT are assigned to the HV winding. If T1 CT
setting changes, I>x Current Set is affected accordingly. However, if the T2 CT setting changes,
I>x Current Set settings are not affected. LV Winding I>x Current Set settings are relative to T3
CT. TV Winding I>x Current Set settings are relative to T2 CT.

All over current and directional settings apply to all three phases but are independent for each
of the four stages. The over current element may be set as directional only if the three phase
VT input is available. The VT may be assigned to the HV, LV or TV winding. Therefore, over
current directional elements are available to the winding which has the VT input assigned.

The first two stages of over current protection have time-delayed characteristics which are
selectable between inverse definite minimum time (IDMT), or definite time (DT). The third
and fourth stages have definite time characteristics only.

26
1. How To test Over Current:
Its depends upon the requirement, we can enable HV Over current and LV Over Current at
same time. As two separate CT form HV and LV are connected to the relay. For example
we want to enable both HV and LV over current protection.
 Enable the setting

 Apply the setting as per requirement. As we have both HV over current and LV over
current, so we will apply setting for both. Usually we are applying non directional over
current with IEC Normal Inverse curve.

27
  Adjust PSL, For HV over current Select DDB 961,962,963 from Input single in PSL logic
and assign LED for it for phase segregation, and assign one output contact with DDB
960 for timing test.
 For LV over current Select DDB 977,978,979 from Input single in PSL logic and assign
LED for it for phase segregation, and assign one output contact with DDB 976 for
timing test.

 Testing Procedure :
 For pick up test, select function DT with 0sec, configure one LED’s for phasing as
explained above. Inject from Freja first page and increase current gradually until
relay pickup. Record the value.

Measured Current ( A )
Set Current
Red phase Yellow phase Blue phase
(A)
Pick up Drop off Pick up Drop off Pick up Drop off

 For timing test, First calculate operating time as per above mentioned equation,
then configure one output contact as explained above. Give this output contact to
the Freja input. Inject from Freja second page and Record the values.
Set Injected Operating Time ( S )
Calculated Limit ( As Per
Curve Current Current
Time R Y B Curve )
(A) (A)
2 Times 10.03+/-5%
SI
2 Times 13.5+/-5%
VI
0.25
2 Times 26.67+/-5%
EI
2 Times 120+/-5%
LTI

Repeat the Same procedure for LV Over current also.

28
2. How To test Earth Fault:

It’s also depends upon the requirement, we can enable HV Earth Fault, LV Earth Fault and
SBEF at same time. We used three different CT’s, T1, T3 and TN3. CT T1 used for HV earth
Fault, CT T3 used for LV Earth Fault and CT TN3 having two stages one used for SBEF and
other used for Neutral current Alarm.
 Enable the setting.

 Apply the setting as per requirement. As we have three CT’s T1, T3 and, so we will
apply setting for all three CT’s. Usually we are applying non directional Earth Fault with
IEC Normal Inverse curve for both HV Earth Fault and LV Earth Fault, and for SBEF we
are applying Long time Inverse Curve.

29
 Apply the setting for SBEF and Neutral current alarm.

 Adjust PSL, For HV Earth Fault Select DDB 1044 from Input single in PSL logic and assign
LED for it, assign one output contact and connect it same DDB 960 for timing test.
 For LV Earth Fault select DDB 1048 from Input single in PSL logic and assign LED for it,
and assign one output contact and connect with same DDB 1048 for timing test.
 For SBEF, select DDB 1052 from input single in PSL logic and assign LED for it, assign
one output contact and connect it with same DDB 1052 for timing test. For Neutral
alarm select DDB 1053, assign LED for it. As we are not using this function for tripping,
so only configure LED, but for timing purpose connect on output temporally.

30
  Testing Procedure :
 For pick up test, select function DT with 0sec, configure one LED as explained above.
Inject from Freja first page and increase current gradually until relay pickup. Record
the value

I (set) I (PU) I (DO)

PHASE
(A) (A) (A)
N 0.1

 For timing test, First calculate operating time as per above mentioned equation,
then configure one output contact as explained above. Give this output contact to
the Freja input. Inject two times current from Freja second page and Record the
values.

Set
Injected Current Limit ( As Per
Curve Current Calculated Time Operated Time
(A) Curve )
(A)
2 Times 10.03+/-5%
SI
2 Times 13.5+/-5%
VI
0.25
2 Times 26.67+/-5%
EI
2 Times 120+/-5%
LTI

Repeat the same procedure to test the LV Earth Fault, SBEF and for Neutral current alarm.

3. How to Test CBF:

 CBF protection can be enabling for both HV and LV side. Enable the setting from
configuration.

31
  Apply the setting as per requirement.

 Adjust PSL, For HV CBF external Initiation, assign one Binary input and connect this
binary input to the OPTO signal DDB 1257 in PSL logic. And For HV CBF Select DDB
1529 from Input single in PSL logic and assign LED for it, assign one output contact and
connect it with same DDB 1529 for timing test.
 For LV CBF external Initiation, assign one Binary input and connect this binary input to
the OPTO signal DDB 1259 in PSL logic. For LV CBF select DDB 1533 from Input single in
PSL logic and assign LED for it, and assign one output contact and connect with same
DDB 1533 for timing test.
 As mentioned below fig, External initiation will start external CB trip but it there is no
external initiation it will block the CBF, It means that, it will block the internal
initiation.

32
  Testing Procedure :
 For pick up test, First put timing 0 for testing purpose only, then configure one LED as
explained above. Give CBF external initiation then Inject from Freja first page and
increase current gradually until relay pickup. Record the value

PICK-UP CURRENT DROP-OFF CURRENT

Set value PHASE(A) PHASE(A)
I<(Amp)
R Y B R Y B
0.1

 For timing test, configure one output contact as explained above. Give this output
contact to the Freja input. Give CBF external initiation then inject current more
than the setting value from Freja second page. Record the values.

Phase Injected current Measured Time

R
Y
B

Repeat the same procedure to test the LV CBF.

33