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    Midterm Review PDF

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    1) The document reviews concepts from Newton's theory of gravity including Kepler's laws of planetary motion, universal gravitation, and orbital energies. 2) It also summarizes topics related to fluid mechanics, waves, and simple harmonic motion including Bernoulli's equation, standing waves, and wave interference conditions. 3) Key equations are presented for fluid statics, the continuity equation, Hooke's law, and the Doppler effect.

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    Midterm Review PDF

    Uploaded by

    Mt Rush
    74 views16 pages
    1) The document reviews concepts from Newton's theory of gravity including Kepler's laws of planetary motion, universal gravitation, and orbital energies. 2) It also summarizes topics related to fluid mechanics, waves, and simple harmonic motion including Bernoulli's equation, standing waves, and wave interference conditions. 3) Key equations are presented for fluid statics, the continuity equation, Hooke's law, and the Doppler effect.

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    1) The document reviews concepts from Newton's theory of gravity including Kepler's laws of planetary motion, universal gravitation, and orbital energies. 2) It also summarizes topics related to fluid mechanics, waves, and simple harmonic motion including Bernoulli's equation, standing waves, and wave interference conditions. 3) Key equations are presented for fluid statics, the continuity equation, Hooke's law, and the Doppler effect.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    74 views16 pages

    Midterm Review PDF

    Uploaded by

    Mt Rush
    1) The document reviews concepts from Newton's theory of gravity including Kepler's laws of planetary motion, universal gravitation, and orbital energies. 2) It also summarizes topics related to fluid mechanics, waves, and simple harmonic motion including Bernoulli's equation, standing waves, and wave interference conditions. 3) Key equations are presented for fluid statics, the continuity equation, Hooke's law, and the Doppler effect.

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    of 16

    Physics 40B

    Midterm Exam Review


    Spring 2013
    Chapter 13 : Newton’s Theory of Gravity

    Universal Law Mm
    Fg = G 2
    of Gravitation r

    Gravitational Constant G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2

    Mm
    Attractive force Fg = - G 2 r̂Mm
    r

    Gravitational an inertial masses are the same


    è can also apply Newton’s Laws of motion
    Kepler’s Laws (Planetary/Satellite Orbits)
    i.) Orbits are ellipses with the Sun (or planet) at one focus.
    ii.) A line between the Sun and the planet sweeps out equal areas
    during equal amounts of time (angular momentum is conserved).
    iii.) The square of the planet’s period, T is proportional to the cube
    of the orbit’s semi-major axis.

    Circular Orbits:

    Gm ⎛ 4π 2
    ⎞ 3
    v = T =⎜
    2
    ⎟ r
    r ⎝ GM ⎠
    E = K + Ug

    Orbital Energies
    Mm
    Ug = − G K = − 1 Ug
    r 2

    Satellites
    1
    2GM ⎛ GM 2 ⎞ 3
    vescape = rgeo =⎜ 2T ⎟
    R ⎝ 4π ⎠

    (r = R + h)
    Chapter 15 : Fluid Statics & Dynamics

    F M
    P = ρ=
    A V

    Fluid Statics

    Hydrostatic Pressure P = Ptop + ρ gd

    Gauge Pressure Pgauge = P − 1 atm

    Archimedes
    FB = ρ fluidVdisplaced g
    Principle
    Fluid Dynamics

    Continuity Eqn A1v1 = A2 v2 Mass Conservation

    Bernoulli’s Eqn

    P1 + ρ gy1 + 1 ρv12 = P1 + ρ gy1 + 1 ρv12


    2 2

    Energy Conservation
    Chapter 14 : Waves 1 - Simple Harmonic Motion

    Hooke’s Law

    (F ) net x
    = - kx Horizontal spring

    (F ) net y
    = - ky Vertical spring

    k m
    ω = T = 2π
    m k
    ⎛ mg ⎞
    (F )
    net T
    = - ⎜
    ⎝ L ⎠⎟ s
    Simple
    Pendulum
    g L
    ω = T = 2π
    L g

    Energies
    E = K + US E = 1 kA2
    (no friction) 2

    t
    Energies -
    (with friction) E = E0 e t

    E0 = energy at time t = 0 s
    τ = time constant
    Simple Harmonic Motion

    1 2π
    f =
    T
    ω = 2π f =
    T
    ()
    x t (
    = A Cos ω t + φ0 )
    ϕ0 = phase constant = phase at t = 0

    ()
    vx t (
    = - ω A Sin ω t + φ0 ) vmax = ω A amax = - ω 2 x

    Resonance
    System driven by a periodic external force è large
    amplitude oscillations when fext ≈ f0
    Damping bt

    () ( )
    -
    D = - bv → x t = Ae 2m
    Cos ω t + φ0

    b = damping constant τ = m/b = energy loss time constant


    Chapter 20 : Waves 2 - Traveling Waves

    Snapshot Graph:
    D(x) at fixed t

    History Graph:
    D(t) at fixed x

    General Case: D = D(x, t)


    Traveling Wave

    ( )
    D x, t (
    = A Sin kx  ω t + φ0 ) -  moving in +x dir.
    + moving in -x dir.

    wave 2π angular 2π phase of


    k = ω = source at φ0
    number λ frequency T
    t=0s

    Transverse Wave Tstring m


    on String vstring = µ =
    µ L
    Longitudinal
    vsound = 343 m/s for air at 20oC
    Sound Wave

    Transverse
    vlight = c/n n = refractive index
    e-m Wave
    wave Power
    I =
    intensity A

    ⎛ 1 ⎞
    sound intensity
    level
    (
    β = 10 dB log10 ⎜)
    ⎝ 1.0 x 10-12 Wm 2 ⎟⎠

    Doppler Effect
    f observed = f0
    (v ± vD)
    (v ± v )
    S

    vD = speed of detector Choose the signs so that when the


    vS = speed of source source to detector distance decreases
    the frequency increases
    Chapter 21 : Waves 3 - Standing Waves

    Two traveling waves can interfere to produce a standing wave

    ( )
    Dnet x, t () ( )
    = A x Cos ω t A(x) = 2a Sin(kx)
    Boundary conditions restrict
    allowed f and λ

    2π
    kxm = xm = mπ m integer
    λ
    Interference Conditions
    Δr
    Constructive Δφ = 2π + Δφ0 = 2π m
    λ

    Destructive Δφ = 2π
    Δr
    λ
    + Δφ0 = 2π m + 1
    2 ( )
    Beats result of interference of two waves of
    slightly different frequency

    fbeat = f1 - f2
    Waves in open-open
    or
    closed-close pipes 2L v
    λm = fm = m = mf1
    m 2L
    Displacement:
    o-o antinode at both ends m = 1, 2, 3, ….
    c-c node at both ends

    Waves in open-closed 4L v
    pipes λm = fm = m = mf1
    m 4L

    Node at closed end m = 1, 3, 5, ….


    Antinode at open end

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