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Chapter Two

This document provides an overview of engineering mechanics concepts related to force vectors. It covers scalar and vector quantities, vector operations including addition and subtraction, adding coplanar force systems, and resolving forces into Cartesian components. Key topics include the parallelogram law for vector addition, using sine and cosine laws to find force magnitudes and directions, and representing forces as the sum of their rectangular x, y, and z components using unit vectors. Figures and examples are provided to illustrate vector concepts and operations.

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40 views

Chapter Two

This document provides an overview of engineering mechanics concepts related to force vectors. It covers scalar and vector quantities, vector operations including addition and subtraction, adding coplanar force systems, and resolving forces into Cartesian components. Key topics include the parallelogram law for vector addition, using sine and cosine laws to find force magnitudes and directions, and representing forces as the sum of their rectangular x, y, and z components using unit vectors. Figures and examples are provided to illustrate vector concepts and operations.

Uploaded by

abdulqadir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering Mechanics

Lecturer:
Nzar Shakr Piro
Chapter 2

Force Vectors
Contents:
2.1- Scalar and Vectors
2.2- Vector Operation
2.3- Vector addition of Forces
2.4- Addition of a System of Coplanar Forces
2.5- Cartesian Vector
2.1- Scalars and Vectors

Scalar: A scalar is any positive or negative physical quantity that


can be completely specified by its magnitude. Examples of scalar
quantities include length. mass. and time.

Vector: A vector is any physical quantity that requires both a


magnitude and a direction for its complete description. Examples
of vectors encountered in statics arc force. position. and moment.
2.2- Vector Operation

Multiplication and Division of a Vector by a Scalar: if a vector is


multiplied by a positive scalar. its magnitude is increased by that amount. When
multiplied by a negative scalar it will also change the directional sense of the vector.
Vector Addition: All vector quantities obey the parallelogram law of addition. To
illustrate, the two component of vectors A and B in Fig. 2-3a are added to form a
“resultant” vector R = A + B using the following procedure.
• First join the tails of the components at a point so that it makes them concurrent, Fig. 2-
3b.
• From the head of B, draw a line parallel to A. Draw another line from the head of A that
is parallel to B. These two lines intersect at point P to form the adjacent sides of a
parallelogram.
• The diagonal of this parallelogram that extends to P forms R, which then represents the
resultant vector R = A + B. Fig. 2-3c.
Vector Subtraction: The resultant of the difference between two vectors A
and B of the same type may be expressed as

R’= A-B= A+(-B)

2.3- Vector Addition of Forces:


Finding a Resultant Force: The two component forces F1 and F2 acting
on the pin in Fig. 2-7a can be added together to form the resultant force FR= F1
+ F2, as shown in Fig. 2-7b. From this construction. or using the triangle rule.
Fig. 2-7c. we can apply the law of cosines or the law of sines to the triangle in
order to obtain the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction.

Finding the Component of the Force:


Cosine and Sine Laws
Fig. 2.11
Fig. 2.12
2.4- Addition of a System of Coplanar Forces
Cartesian Vector Notation: It is also possible to represent the x and y
components of a force in terms of Cartesian unit vectors i and j Fig 2-16.

F=Fi+Fj
Fig. 2-18a
2.5- Cartesian Vector
Right-Handed Coordinate system.

A rectangular coordinate system is said to be right-handed if the thumb of


the right hand points in the direction of the positive z axis when the
right-hand fingers are curled about this axis and directed from the positive x
towards the positive y axis. fig. 2-21.

Rectangular Components of a Vector:

when A is directed within an octant of the x,y and z


Frame fig. 2-22. then by two successive applications
of the parallelogram law, we may resolve the vector
into components A = A' + Az: and
then A' = Ax + Ay. Combining these equations.
to eliminate A' and A is represented by the vector
sum of its rectangular components.
A=Ax+Ay+Az
Cartesian Unit Vectors: In three dimensions, the set of Cartesian unit vectors, i, j, k
is used to designate the directions of the x, y, z axis respectively as shown in fig.2-23.
Fx Fy Fz
cos x  , cos y  , cos z 
F F F
Tutorials

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