Neet Ug Jee Main Absolute Chemistry Vol 1 1 12883

For all Agricultural, Medical, Pharmacy and Engineering Entrance Examinations held across India.
T
Absolute
N
NEET – UG & JEE (Main)
CHEMISTRY Vol. 1.1
TE
N
Salient Features
• Precise theory for every topic. O
• Exhaustive subtopic wise coverage of MCQs.
C
• 1966 MCQs including questions from various competitive exams.
• Includes MCQs from NEET-UG and JEE (Main) 2016, 17 & 18.
• Relevant Hints provided.
E
• Quick Review and Additional Information to build concepts.

• Topic-wise test at the end of each chapter.
PL
Scan the adjacent Q.R. Code or visit www.targetpublications.org/tp12883

to access solutions/hints to Topic Test.
M
SA
Printed at: Repro India Ltd., Mumbai

© Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
including photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.
P.O. No. 135285
TEID: 12883_JUP
PREFACE
Target’s “Absolute Chemistry Vol - 1.1” is compiled according to the notified Std. XI syllabus for NEET-UG &
JEE (Main). The content of this book is framed after reviewing various state syllabi as well as the ones prepared
by CBSE, NCERT and COBSE.
The sections of Theory, Quick Review, Formulae, MCQs and Topic Test form the backbone of every chapter
T
and ensure adequate revision.
These MCQs are framed considering the importance given to every topic as per the NEET-UG & JEE (Main)
N
exam. They are a healthy mix of theoretical, numerical, multi-step reactions and graphical based questions.
The level of difficulty of these questions is at par with that of various competitive examinations like AIIMS,
CPMT, JEE, NEET-UG, TS-EAMCET (Med. and Engg.), BCECE, Assam CEE, AP EAMCET (Med. and Engg.)
TE
& the likes. Also to keep students updated, questions from most recent examinations such as NEET-UG, MHT
CET, KCET, WB JEE, JEE (Main), of years 2016 to 2018 are exclusively covered.
We are confident that this book will cater to needs of students across a varied background and effectively assist them
to achieve their goal. We welcome readers’ comments and suggestions which will enable us to refine and enrich this
book further.
N
Please write to us at: [email protected]
All the best to all Aspirants!
Yours faithfully,
Authors
Edition: Second
O
C
E
PL
M
SA
Disclaimer
This reference book is transformative work based on textual contents published by Bureau of Textbook. We the publishers are making this reference book which constitutes as fair
use of textual contents which are transformed by adding and elaborating, with a view to simplify the same to enable the students to understand, memorize and reproduce the same
in examinations.
This work is purely inspired upon the course work as prescribed by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT). Every care has been taken in the
publication of this reference book by the Authors while creating the contents, the Authors and the Publishers shall not be responsible for any loss or damages caused to any person
on account of errors or omissions which might have crept in or disagreement of any third party on the point of view expressed in the reference book.
© reserved with the Publisher for all the contents created by our Authors.
No copyright is claimed in the textual contents which are presented as part of fair dealing with a view to provide best supplementary study material for the benefit of students.
T
N
Index
TE
No. Topic Name Page No.
1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1
N
2 Structure of Atom 50
4
O
Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

114
150
C
5 States of Matter: Gases and Liquids 233
6 Thermodynamics 285
E
7 Equilibrium 347
PL
'Chapters 8 to 17 are a part of Absolute Chemistry Vol - 1.2'

M
SA
03
Classification of Elements and
Absolute Chemistry Vol - 1.1 (Med. and Engg.)
=r
Periodicity in Properties
3.0 Introduction 3.3 Periodic trends in properties of elements: Atomic
3.1 Modern periodic law and long form of periodic and ionic radius, ionization enthalpy, electron
T
table gain enthalpy, **electronegativity, valence,
*oxidation states and *chemical reactivity.
3.2 Electronic configuration and types of elements:
s, p, d, f - blocks
N
* marked section is only for JEE (Main) **marked section is for NEET-UG
TE
3.0 Introduction
 Significance of classification:
i. At present, about one hundred and eighteen elements are known and many more are being discovered.
ii. These elements form a large number of compounds.
N
iii. A systematic study of these elements and their compounds is possible only when these elements are
arranged in such a way that similar elements are placed together while dissimilar elements are separated
from one another.

i. Name of the scientist: William Prout
Proposed theory: “Unitary theory” (1815)
O
Brief history of the development of periodic table:
C
Statement:
It states that, “The values of the atomic masses of all elements were whole numbers or varied only slightly
from the whole numbers, if hydrogen was considered the basis of all atomic masses.”
Eg.
12
a. C = made up of 12 units of hydrogen.
E
40
b. Ca = made up of 40 units of hydrogen.
Limitations:
PL
This theory was ruled out as it was found that Cu has atomic mass 63.5 and Cl has atomic mass 35.5, also
the existence of two isotopes of Cu with atomic mass 63 and 65 and that of Cl with atomic mass 35 and 37
was not known in those days.
ii. Name of the scientist: Dobereiner
Proposed law: “Law of Triads” (1817)
M
Statement:
It states that, “The elements can be arranged in a group of three called ‘triads’ in such a way that the
middle element have an atomic mass almost the average of the other two elements also the properties of
SA
middle element were in between those of other two members.

Eg.
Triad I Triad II Triad III

Element Atomic mass Element Atomic mass Element Atomic mass
Ca 40 Cl 35.5 Li 7
Sr 88 Br 80 Na 23
Ba 137 I 127 K 39
Limitation: The law worked only for few elements.

114
Chapter 03: Classification of Elements and
iii. Name of the scientist: J. P. Cooke.
Proposed theory: Cooke’s Homologous series (1854)
Statement:
It states that, “On the basis of their physical and chemical properties, elements can be classified in several
homologous series in which atomic masses of elements increase in a regular fashion”.
Eg.
T
Element Atomic mass Type of Atomic mass
Nitrogen (14N) 14 a
N
Phosphorous (31P) 14+17 a+b
Arsenic (75As) 14+17+44 a+b+c
Antimony (119Sb) 14+17+88 a + b + 2c
TE
Bismuth (207Bi) 14+17+176 a + b + 4c
Note:
A French geologist, A.E.B. de Chancourtois in 1862 arranged then known elements in increasing order of
their atomic weights and made a cylindrical table of elements to display the periodic recurrence of
properties.
N
iv. Name of the Scientist: John A. R. Newland
Proposed law: “Law of octaves” (1865)
Statement: O
It states that, “When elements are arranged in the increasing order of the atomic masses, every 8th element
has properties similar to the first one.”
C
Eg.
Element Li Be B C N O F
Atomic mass 7 9 11 12 14 16 19
Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
E
Atomic mass 23 24 27 29 31 32 35.5

Element K Ca
Atomic mass 39 40
PL
Limitations:
a. The law of octaves is applicable only up to calcium.
b. The law of octaves failed in the case of elements having higher atomic masses.
c. Moreover, the discovery of inert gases and several other elements were found to be quite different
M
from other known elements and did not obey the law of octaves.
v. Name of the Scientist: Lothar Meyer (1869)

Contribution:
SA
Plotted various physical properties like atomic volume, melting point, boiling point, etc. against atomic
masses of the elements and found these properties varied in periodic fashion.
Note: Meyer is more remembered for his atomic volume curve than for his arrangement of elements.
vi. Name of the Scientist: Dimitri Mendeleev (1869)

Proposed law: “Mendeleev’s periodic law”
Statement:
It states that, “The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic
masses.”
115
Important features of Mendeleev’s periodic table:
a. In the Mendeleev’s periodic table, eight vertical columns are present called as groups designated as
I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII and VIII. VIII group is further divided into three sub-groups.
b. There are six horizontal rows called periods (he called them as series).
They are numbered from 1 to 6.
c. Mendeleev arranged elements in horizontal rows and vertical columns of a table in order of their
T
increasing atomic masses in such a way that the elements with similar properties occupied the same
vertical column or group.
d. He left the gap under aluminium and a gap under silicon, and called these elements as Eka-
N
Aluminium and Eka-Silicon, which were discovered afterwards.
e. The places that were left empty by Mendeleev were for Gallium and Germanium.
Note: Mendeleev’s periodic table (published earlier)
TE
I
H
II III IV V VI VII
1.01
Li Be B C N O F
6.94 9.01 10.8 12 14 16 19
N
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
23 24.3 27 28.1 31 32.1 35.5 VIII
K
39.1
Cu
63.5
Ca
40.1
Zn
65.4
Eka - Al
O
Ti
47.9
Eka - Si
V
50.9
As
74.9
Cr
52
Se
79
Mn
54.9
Br
79.9
Fe
55.9
Co
58.9
Ni
58.7
C
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 92.9 101 103 106
Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
108 112 115 119 122 128 127
E
Ce Ba La Ta W Os Ir Pt
133 137 139 181 184 194 192 195
Au Hg Ti Pb Bi
PL
197 201 204 207 209

Th U
232 238
Defects of Mendeleev’s periodic table:

M
a. Position of hydrogen: Hydrogen resembles the elements of group I (alkali metals) as well as
elements of group VII A (halogens). Therefore position of hydrogen in the periodic table is not
correctly defined.
b. Anomalous pairs: In case of certain pairs of elements, since the increasing order of the atomic
SA
masses was not obeyed, Mendeleev placed elements according to similarities in their properties and
not in the increasing order of their atomic masses.
Eg. Ar and K, Co and Ni, Te and I. These positions were not justified.
c. Position of Isotopes: Isotopes are the atoms of same element having different atomic masses but
same atomic number. Therefore according to Mendeleev’s classification, these should have been
placed at different places based on the atomic masses.
d. Cause of periodicity: Mendeleev did not explain the cause of periodicity among the elements.
e. Position of lanthanides and actinides: The lanthanides and actinides have not been given separate
places in Mendeleev’s table.
116
3.1 Modern periodic law and long form of periodic table
 Modern periodic law:

Name of the scientist: Henry Moseley
Proposed law: Modern periodic law
Statement:
T
It states that, “The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic
numbers.”
N
Note:
i. In 1913, the English physicist, Henry Mosley observed regularities in the characteristic X-ray spectra
of the elements.
TE
ii. A plot of  (where,  is the frequency of X-ray emitted) against atomic number (Z) gave a straight
line and not the plot of  against atomic mass.
iii. He thereby showed that the atomic number is a more fundamental property of an element than its
atomic mass.
 The present form of periodic table:
i. Elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic numbers.
N
ii. a. Periods:
In the modern periodic table, there are seven horizontal rows known as periods.
Period
1st Period
Principal energy
level (n)
1 1s
O
Orbitals being
filled
No of elements in period
2 elements 1H and 2He
Nature
Shortest Period
C
2nd Period 2 2s, 2p 8 elements 3Li  10Ne Short Period
3rd Period 3 3s, 3p 8 elements 11Na – 18Ar Short Period
4th Period 4 4s, 3d, 4p 18 elements 19K  36Kr Long Period
5th Period 5 5s, 4d, 5p 18 elements 37Rb  54Xe Long Period
E
6th Period 6 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p 32 elements 55Cs  86Rn Longest Period
7th Period 7 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p 23 elements 87Fr  118Uuo Incomplete Period
Total 118 elements
PL
b. Groups:
1. In the modern periodic table, there are 18 vertical columns known as groups.
2. All the elements in a group in the periodic table have the same number of electrons in the outermost
shell or number of electrons for bonding.
3. According to the old system, these are denoted as IA, II A, III A, IV A, V A, VI A, VII A and VIII A
M
(or zero group) respectively corresponding to general configurations of ns1, ns2, ns2np1, ns2np2,
ns2np3, ns2np4, ns2np5, ns2np6 respectively. According to the recommendations of IUPAC in the year
1984, these groups are numbered as 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 respectively.
4. Between group 2 (II A) and group 13(III A), ten groups are present which are numbered IB, II B, III
SA
B, IV B, V B, VI B, VII B and VIII B according to the old system and numbered from 3 to 12
according to the recommendations of IUPAC.
5. Elements of groups 1, 2 and 13 to 17 = normal or representative elements.
6. Elements from group 3 to 12 = transition elements
7. Halogens are placed in the VII A group of the periodic table because they have seven electrons in the
outermost orbit.
8. Noble gases or inert gas elements = group-18.
9. Two series of fourteen elements each, called lanthanides and actinides are placed at the bottom of
the periodic table.
117
10. Lanthanides are placed in the 3rd group and sixth period.
11. Actinides are placed in the 3rd group but in the seventh period.
12. Lanthanides and actinides are also called as inner transition elements or rare earth elements.
Note:
Elements from 93 onwards are purely synthetic and are called transuranic elements.
T
 Rules for IUPAC nomenclature of elements with Z > 100:
i. The name of element is to be derived from atomic number. The following numerical roots are to be used.
ii. The roots are written together in the order of digits present in the atomic number. They are terminated
N
by the suffix ‘ium’. If ‘enn’ occurs before ‘nil’, the second ‘n’ of ‘enn’ is dropped. Similarly the final
‘i’ of ‘bi’ and ‘tri’ is dropped when they occur before ‘ium’.
TE
iii. The symbol of element is derived by composing the initial letters of the numerical roots
(abbreviations) which constitute the name.
IUPAC Nomenclature system
Digits present in atomic number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Numerical Root nil un bi tri quad pent hex sept oct enn
N
Abbreviation n U b t q p h s o e
Eg. The systematic IUPAC name of the element with Z = 106 is derived as follows:
get unnilhex.
O
The atomic number 106 consists of digit 1, 0 and 6. The numerical roots of these digits are written to
The remaining suffix ‘ium’ is added to this, to get unnilhexium.

C
This is the systematic IUPAC name of the element having Z = 106.
As per rule (iii), its symbol would be ‘Unh’.
iv. The systematic IUPAC official names of some elements having Z > 100 are given below:
Atomic Number Name Symbol IUPAC official Name IUPAC symbol
E
101 Unnilunium Unu Mendelevium Md

102 Unnilbium Unb Nobelium No
103 Unniltrium Unt Lawrencium Lr
PL
104 Unnilquadium Unq Rutherfordium Rf

105 Unnilpentium Unp Dubnium Db
106 Unnilhexium Unh Seaborgium Sg
107 Unnilseptium Uns Bohrium Bh
108 Unniloctium Uno Hassnium Hs
M
109 Unnilennium Une Meitnerium Mt

110 Ununnilium Uun Darmstadium Ds
111 Unununium Uuu Rontgenium Rg
SA
112 Ununbium Uub Copernicium Cn

113 Ununtrium Uut - -
114 Ununquadium Uuq Flerovium Fl
115 Ununpentium Uup - -
116 Ununhexium Uuh Livermorium Lv
117 Ununseptium Uus - -
118 Ununoctium Uuo - -
- Elements yet to be discovered
118
3.2 Electronic configuration and types of elements: s, p, d, f-blocks
Quantum No. Values possible Represents Example

Principal quantum 1,2,3……… Shell (size of an orbital)
When n = 1, K shell
number (n) n = 2, L shell
T
n = 3, M shell.
Azimuthal/Subsidiary 0,1,2,3……..(n - 1) Subshell (shape of an When l = 0, s orbital
quantum number (l) (for the nth shell) orbital) l = 1, p orbital
N
l = 2, d orbital,
l = 3, f orbital
TE
Magnetic quantum l, l 1, l 2……… Spatial orientation of the For l = 1,
number (m) 0,  1,  2 …….l orbitals m =  l, 0, + l
th
(for l subshell)
Spin quantum number + 1/2 or 1/2 Spin of an electron 
(s)
N
We can calculate the number of electrons in various shells as given below.
(n = 1) (l = 0) (m = 0) 2 electrons
K-shell
(n = 2)
L-shell
1s-subshell
(l = 0)
2s-subshell
O one orbital
(m = 0)
One orbital
2 electrons
C
(l = 1) (m =  1, 0, + 1) 6 electrons
2p-subshell Three orbitals
4 orbitals 8 electrons
E
(n = 3) (l = 0) (m = 0) 2 electrons
M-shell 3s-subshell One orbital
(l = 1) (m = 1, 0, + 1) 6 electrons
PL

(l = 2) (m = 2, 1, 0, + 1, + 2) 10 electrons
3d-subshell Five orbitals
M
(n = 4) (l = 0) (m = 0) 2 electrons
N-shell 4s-subshell one orbital
(l = 1) (m = 1, 0, + 1) 6 electrons
SA

(l = 2) (m = 2,  1, 0, +1, +2) 10 electrons
4d-subshell Five orbitals
(l = 3) (m =  3,  2, 1, 0, + 1, +2, +3) 14 electrons
4f-subshell Seven orbitals
119
 Division of elements in s, p, d and f block:
The periodic table has been divided into 4 blocks based on the electronic configuration of the atoms.
(max. = maximum, n = outermost energy shell)
Block Last electron enters General formula Elements consisted
‘s’ s-orbital (max. electrons = 2) ns and ns2
1
Group 1 (alkali metals)
(n = 1 to 7) Group 2 (alkaline earth metals)
T
‘p’ p-orbital (max. electrons = 6) ns2 np1-6 Group 13 to
(n = 2 to 6 ) Group 18 elements (except He)
‘d’ d-orbital (max. electrons = 10) (n  1)d1-10 Group 3 to
N
ns1 or 2 Group 12 elements
(n = 4 to 7)
‘f’ f-orbital (max. electrons =14) (n  2)f1-14 Lanthanides and Actinides series
TE
(n  1)d0 or 1 ns2
(n = 6 and 7)
i. s-Block elements:
a. The last electron enters s-orbital of the valence shell.
b. They have electronic configuration ns1 and ns2. They belong to group-1 and group-2 respectively.
N
c. Group 1 elements are called alkali metals and group 2 elements are called alkaline earth metals.
d. They are placed on the extreme left of the periodic table.
e. They are never found in free state as they are highly reactive.
ii. p-Block elements:
a.
b.
c.
O
The last electron enters p-orbital of the valence shell.
They have electronic configuration ns2np1 to ns2np6. They belong to groups 13 to 18 (except He).
They are placed on extreme right of periodic table.
C
d. Group 16 is called chalcogens and group 17 is called halogens.
iii. d-Block elements:
a. The last electron enters d-orbital of penultimate shell, i.e., (n  1) d-orbital.
b. They have electronic configuration (n  1) d1ns1  2 to (n  1) d10ns12. They belong to groups 3 to 12.
E
c. They are placed in the middle portion of the periodic table.

d. There are four d series elements (3d, 4d, 5d and 6d series).
e. They are also called transition elements.
PL
iv. f-Block elements:

a. The last electron enters into f-orbital of pre-penultimate shell, i.e., (n  2) f-orbital.
b. They have electronic configuration (n  2) f1 (n  1) d01 ns2 to (n  2) f14 (n  1) d01 ns2.
c. They are placed at the bottom of the periodic table.
d. This block consists of series of lanthanides and actinides.
e. They are also called inner transition elements.
M
f. Elements after uranium are called transuranic elements.

 Classification of elements based on their properties:
Elements
SA
Metals Metalloids Non-metals

 They appear on the left side of  They are placed diagonally  They appear on the right side
periodic table. across the periodic table of the periodic table.
 Solids at room temperature between metals and non-  Solids or gases at room
(except Hg). metals. temperature. (except bromine).
 They have high melting and  They show characteristics of  Low melting and boiling
boiling points (except Ga, Cs). both metals and non-metals. points (except C and B).
120
Modern Periodic Table
KEY p-block
Atomic number (Z)
18
1
s-block H Symbol 2
1.1 He
1 13 14 15 16 17
T
2 Atomic mass (A) 4.0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be d-block B C N O F Ne
N
6.9 9.0 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.9 20.2
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 35.5
TE
23.0 24.3 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 39.9
19 20 21 22 24 25 26 23 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti Cr Mn Fe V Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.1 40.1 45.0 47.8 52.0 54.9 55.8 50.9 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
p block
37 38 39 40 42 43 44 41 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Mo Tc Ru Nb Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
N
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 95.9 98 101 92.9 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57-71 72 74 75 76 73 77 78 79 80 82 81 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La-Lu * Hf W Re Os Ta Ir Pt Au Hg Pb Tl Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 178.5 183.9 186 190 181.0 192 195 197 201 207 204 209 210 (210) (222)
87 88 89-103 104 105 106 107 108
Fr Ra Ac-Lr * Rf Db
(223) (226) * (261) (262)
Sg Bh
(263)
d block
(264)
Hs
(265)
O 109
Mt
110
Ds
111
Rg
112 113
Cn Uut Uuq
114
(268) (271) (272) (285) (284) (289)

115 116
Uup Uuh
(288) (292)
117 118
Uus Uuo
- -
C
f-block
57 58 5961 62 60
63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
* Lanthanide La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Series 138.9 140.1 140.9 144.2 145 150.4 152.0 157.3 159.0 163.0 165.0 167.3 169.0 173.0 175.0
E
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

* Actinide Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
* Series (227) 232.0 231.0 238.0 237.0 244 243 247 247 251 252 257 258 259 262
PL
Groups (American tradition)

IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA
Group (IUPAC)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
M
s-Block p-Block Elements

(Nonmetals)
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
d-Block Elements
13 14
Pnictogen
Alkaline earth Metals
Noble Gases
(Transition Metals)
Chalcogens
Alkali Metals
SA
21 22 30 31 32
Coinage Metals
Halogens
39 40 48 49 50
55 57 * 72 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
87 88 89 ** 104 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Lanthanides * 58 71
Actinides ** 90 103
Reactive f-Block Elements(Inner-Transition Metals)
Metals
Periodic table: Some individual groups of elements with specific names
121
3.3 Periodic trends in properties of elements

 Periodicity:
“The periodic recurrence of elements having similar properties after regular intervals is called
periodicity”.
 Trends in physical properties:
T
i. Atomic radius:
“Atomic radius (atomic size) of an atom may be regarded as the distance from the centre of the nucleus of
N
an atom to the outermost shell (valence shell) of electrons”.
Name Definition Example
Covalent radius  Half the distance between the radii  Cl2 molecule
TE
of two similar atoms covalently Bond distance between
bonded to each other by single Cl-Cl = 198 pm
bond Half of this distance = 99 pm
= covalent radius of Cl
Metallic radius  Half the distance between the  Copper molecule distance between
N
centres of nucleus of two adjacent 2 adjacent atoms = 256 pm
atoms of a metallic crystal Half of this distance = 128 pm = metallic
radius of Cu
Van der Waals
radius
O
 Half the internuclear distance 
between two adjacent atoms
belonging to two neighbouring
Internuclear distance between two
adjacent H-atoms of two neighbouring
molecules in solid state = 240 pm
C
molecules of the same substance Half of this distance = 120 pm
in solid state its van der Waals radius
Factors affecting atomic radius

E
PL
Shielding effect
Number of shells Nuclear charge or
Screening effect
Atomic size increases with
increase in number of shells With increase in nuclear charge, The inner shell electrons prevent
and hence atomic radius also Nucleus attracts electrons strongly (shield) the outermost electrons
M
increases. and so atomic radius decreases. from the attractive influence of

Atomic radius  Number of Atomic radius  nucleus which is called shielding
shells effect. Atomic radius increases
with increase in shielding effect.
SA
Atomic radius  Shielding effect

Trends in atomic radius:
a. In a period:
Atomic radius decreases across the period from left to right.
Reason:
1. Across the period, number of shells in atoms remains constant or electrons are added in the
same last shell, hence nuclear charge increases.
2. Therefore, outermost electron is attracted more strongly towards nucleus and hence atomic
radius decreases.
122
Irregularities:-
1. d-block elements exhibit little variation in their atomic radii due to increase in shielding effect
of inner electrons, the effective nuclear charge on outer electron decreases.
2. f-block elements also exhibit little variation in atomic radius, due to lanthanide and actinide
contraction.
b. In a group:
T
While moving from top to bottom, the atomic radius increases.
Reason:
In a group as we go down, the atomic number of elements increases and so number of shells also
N
increases.
Note:
TE
Atomic radii (non-bonded radii) of noble gases are very large because they are monoatomic. Their atomic
radii (non-bonded radii) should not be compared with covalent but with the van der Waals radii of other
elements.
ii. Ionic radius:
Trends in ionic radii:
N
a. In a period: Ionic radius decreases with increase in atomic number from left to right.
b. In a group: Ionic radius increases down the group with increase in atomic number.
Note: O
The variation of ionic radii follows the same trend as that of atomic radii in a group as well as a period for
the same reasons.
C
Variation of size (radius) in isoelectronic species:
“Isoelectronic species are atoms or ions having same number of electrons but differ in magnitude of
nuclear charge or ionic radii.”
Ions Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Si4+

E
Number of electrons 10 10 10 10
Nuclear charge (At. number) 11 12 13 14
PL
Ionic radii (pm) 95 72 53.5 40
As we move from one ion to another, nuclear charge increases and hence the atomic size decreases.
Cationic and anionic radius:
a. The atoms of metals lose electrons to form cation.
M  Mn+ + e
M
The atoms of non-metal accept electrons to form anions.

A + ne  An (where, n = number of electrons transferred)
b. A cation is smaller than its parent atom because it has fewer electrons while the nuclear charge
SA
remains the same.

c. The size of anion will be larger than that of the parent atom because the addition of one or more
electrons would result in increased repulsion among the electrons and decrease in the effective
nuclear charge.
Eg.
The ionic radius of fluoride ion (F) is 136 pm, whereas atomic radius of fluorine atom is only 64 pm.
On the other hand, the atomic radius of sodium atom is 186 pm compared to the ionic radius of 95 pm
for Na+.
123
iii. Ionization enthalpy or ionization energy (IE) or ionization potential (IP):
“It is defined as, the minimum amount of energy required to remove electron from an isolated gaseous atom
of an element in its ground state”.
1st IE (IE1): Energy required to remove 1st electron
2nd IE (IE2): Energy required to remove 2nd electron
T
IE1< IE2 < IE3
Factors affecting ionization enthalpy (IE)
N
Shielding effect
TE
Size (radius) of atom Nuclear charge
or
Screening effect
IE increases with decrease IE increases with increase IE decreases with increase in
in size of atom. in nuclear charge. shielding effect or screening
 1  effect.
IE   IE  Nuclear charge

N
 1 
 Sizeof atom  IE   
 Shielding effect 
Trends in ionisation enthalpy (IE): O
a. In a period:
From left to right IE increases.
Reason: In a period, from left to right the nuclear charge increases and atomic size decreases.
C
(e added in the same valence shell).
Exception:
1. IE values of transition metals do not show large variations.
2. Be > B; N > O; Mg > Al
E
b. In a group:
From top to bottom, IE decreases.
Reason: In a group, from top to bottom, the shielding effect, atomic size increases and nuclear charge
PL
decreases. (e added into the new shell).

Note:
The second ionisation potential of an element M is the energy required to remove one mole of
electron from one mole of monovalent gaseous cation of the element. Second ionisation enthalpy is
always higher than first ionisation enthalpy.
M
iv. Electron gain enthalpy (egH):

“When an electron is added to a neutral gaseous atom (X) to convert it into negative ion, the enthalpy
change accompanying the process is defined as the Electron gain enthalpy (eg H)”.
SA
It provides a measure of ease, with which an atom adds an electron to form an anion.

X(g) + e–  X (g) …….. (egH)
Trends in electron gain enthalpy:
a. In a period:
From left to right, electron gain enthalpy becomes more negative.
Reason: From left to right, as the nuclear charge increases atomic size decreases, the attraction
between added electron and nucleus increases and hence large amount of energy is released.
Exception: For Noble gases, electron gain enthalpy is positive.
124
b. In a group:
From top to bottom, electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative.
Reason: From top to bottom, as the atomic size increases, the distance between added electron and
nucleus increases and hence force of attraction between them decreases. So, less energy is given out.
Exception: (egH)Cl > (egH)F
T
Note:
1. Group 17 elements have very high negative electron gain enthalpies while group 18 elements have large
positive electron gain enthalpies.
N
2. The negative of the electron gain enthalpy is called as the electron affinity (EA).
3. If energy is released when an electron is added to an atom, then EA is positive.
If energy needs to be supplied to add an electron to an atom, then EA is negative.
TE
v. Electronegativity:
“The qualitative measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract shared pair of
electrons towards itself is called electronegativity”.
a. A number of numerical scales of electronegativity of elements viz, Pauling scale, Mulliken-Jaffe
scale, Allred-Rochow scale have been developed.
N
b. Pauling scale is most widely used.
c. Linus Pauling, an American scientist in 1922 assigned arbitrarily a value of 4.0 to fluorine.
d. This element has greater ability to attract electrons.
O
Factors affecting electronegativity
C
Shielding effect
Atomic size (radius) Nuclear charge or
Screening effect
Electronegativity decreases with
E
Electronegativity increases with

increase in atomic radius. increase in nuclear charge. Electronegativity decreases with increase
 1  Electronegativity  Nuclear charge in Shielding or screening effect.
Electronegativity   
Atomic radius
PL
   1 
Electronegativity   
 Shielding effect 
Trends in electronegativity:
1. In a period:
M
From left to right, electronegativity increases.

Reason: From left to right, atomic radius decreases and nuclear charge increases and so the tendency
to attract electrons increases.
2. In a group:
SA
From top to bottom, electronegativity decreases.

Reason: From top to bottom, atomic radius increases and shielding effect increases and so the
tendency to attract electrons decreases.
Note:
Electronegativity gives an idea about metallic and non-metallic properties of elements.
Low electronegativity – Metals
High electronegativity – Non-metals
Metallic character increases down the group but decreases across the period.
125
vi. Valence:
“It is defined as the number of hydrogen atoms or number of any other univalent atoms which can combine
with an atom of the given element”.
OR
“It is defined as the number of hydrogen atoms or chlorine atoms or the number of oxygen atoms that
combine with an atom of the given element”.
T
Trends in valence:
a. In a period:
N
On moving from left to right the valence with respect to hydrogen and chlorine increases from 1 to 4
and then decreases from 4 to zero.
TE
b. In a group:
1. All the elements present in a group possess the same number of valence electrons.
2. Therefore, on moving down the group, there is no variation in the valence of elements and all
the elements present in the group show same valence.
Eg.
N
All the elements in group-1 have valency equal to 1 while those present in group-2 show valency
equal to 2.
Element Li Be B O C N O F Ne
Electronic
1s2 2s1 1s2 2s2 1s2 2s2 2p1 1s2 2s2 2p2 1s2 2s2 2p3 1s2 2s2 2p4 1s2 2s2 2p5 1s2 2s2 2p6
configuration
Number of
C
electrons in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
valence shell
Valence 1 2 3 4 85=3 86=2 87=1 88=0
Note:
E
i. Oxidation state of an element:

a. Oxidation state of an element in a particular compound is defined as the charge acquired by its atom
PL
on the basis of electronegativity consideration from other atoms in the molecule. (Since, oxidation
refers to removal of electrons or addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen.)
b. It is the apparent charge present on an atom of an element in a compound.
c. It may be positive, negative and even zero in some elements.
d. Transition elements generally exhibit multiple oxidation states and their ions are usually coloured.
M
ii. Diagonal relationship:

a. A diagonal relationship is said to exist between certain pairs of diagonally adjacent elements in the
SA
second and third period of the periodic table.

b. The pairs, lithium (Li) and magnesium (Mg), beryllium (Be) and aluminium (Al), boron (B) and
silicon (Si), etc. exhibit similar properties.
c. Such relationship occurs because moving across the period and down the group has opposite effects.
d. For example, the size of the atoms decreases as we move across a period and increases as we move
down a group. Likewise are the other periodic properties as well.
e. Thus on both descending a group and moving across a period, the changes ‘cancel’ each other out and
elements with similar chemical properties are obtained.
126
iii. Shielding effect:
a. In a multi-electron atom, the electrons present in the inner shells shield or prevent the electrons in the
valence shell from being pulled or getting attracted towards nucleus. In other words, they act as
screen between the nucleus and the valence electrons. This is known as shielding effect or screening
effect.
b. Because the order of electron penetration into the orbitals in an increasing order is s > p > d > f; the
T
increasing order of the amount of shielding / screening effect is also s > p > d > f.
iv. Inert pair effect:
N
The tendency of the ns2 electrons to remain unionized or unshared in certain compounds is known as inert pair
effect. This effect is observed in heavier elements of groups 13, 14, 15 and 16 due to which the stability of lower
oxidation state increases down the group.
TE
v. Periodic trends and chemical reactivity:
a. The chemical reactivity is highest at the two extremes (except noble gases) of a period and is lowest in the
centre.
b. This can be related to the metallic and non-metallic character of elements.
c. Metallic character decreases from left to right across the period, while it increases down the group.
N
d. Non-metallic character increases from left to right across the period while it decreases down the group.
e. Nature of oxides:
Elements on the left side of periodic table
Elements on the right side of periodic table
Elements in the centre of the periodic table
O


Basic oxides
Acidic oxides
Amphoteric or neutral oxides
C
f. Reducing property of the elements decreases while oxidizing property increases across the period from left
to right. The reducing property increases while the oxidizing property decreases down the group.
vi. Predicting number of the successive members in a group or family:

a. Magic Numbers:
E
Knowing the atomic number of the first member of a group, we can write the atomic number of the
subsequent elements by adding given magic numbers.
PL
Eg.
GROUP 1 2 3 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 18
IA IIA IIIB IIIA IV V VI VII ‘0’ gp
I+ 2  8
M
II + 8 8 8 8
III + 8 8 18 18
PERIOD
IV + 18 18 18 18 18 18
SA
V+ 18 18 18 32 32 32
VI + 32 32 32 32  
VII
b. In group1– Atomic number of H is 1, Atomic number of other elements will be as follows:
Elements: Li : 1+2 = 3 Na: 3+8 = 11 K: 11 + 8 = 19 Rb: 19 + 18 = 37 Cs: 37 + 18 = 55
Magic no: 2 8 8 18 18
127
Quick Review
 General trends of different properties in periods and groups:
GROUPS
Atomic radius Decreases
T
Ionic radius Decreases
Increases
Ionization enthalpy Increases
N
PERIODS
Increases
Electron gain enthalpy Increases
Decreases
TE
Electronegativity Increases
Decreases
Valency Increases up to
Decreases Metallic character / 4 and then
Non-metallic character decreases
Constant Decreases/
N
Increases
Increases /
Decreases
Multiple Choice Questions

O 6. Which of the following sets is Dobereiner’s
triad?
C
(i) P, As, Sb (ii) Cu, Ag, Au
3.0 Introduction (iii) Fe, Co, Ni (iv) S, Se, Te
1. In Unitary theory, the values of the atomic CORRECT answer is _______.
mass of all the elements were considered (A) (i) and (ii) (B) (ii) and (iii)
_______. (C) (i) and (iv) (D) All
E
(A) prime numbers (B) even numbers

(C) odd numbers (D) whole numbers 7. Triad of transuranic elements is _______.
(A) Th, Np , Pu (B) Bk, Cf, Fm
PL
2. Unitary theory implied that all elements were (C) Tm, Nd , Pm (D) Pa, Fm, Md
made up of _______.
(A) protons, electrons and neutrons 8. The boiling point of Kr and Rn are –152°C
(B) H–atoms and –62°C respectively. The approximate
(C) nucleus boiling point of Xe according to Dobereiner’s
(D) only electrons triad is _______.
M
(A) 107°C (B) –107°C

3. Set of _______ elements were known as (C) 50°C (D) 70°C
Dobereiner’s triads.
(A) four (B) three 9. Cooke classified elements in several _______.
SA
(C) six (D) two (A) triads

(B) homologous series
4. The atomic masses of Li and K are 7 and 39,
respectively. According to Dobereiner’s triad (C) octaves
rule, the atomic mass of sodium will be _______. (D) none of these
(A) 23 (B) 32 10. Newland proposed the law of _______.
(C) 46 (D) 64 (A) triads
5. Dobereiner’s triad is _______. [RPMT 1997] (B) homologous series
(A) Na, K, Rb (B) Mg, S, As (C) octaves
(C) Ca, Sr, Ba (D) P, S, As (D) none of these
128
11. In Newland’s law of octaves, the properties of 19. As per the modern periodic law, the physical
every eighth elements were similar to those of and chemical properties of elements are
the _______. periodic functions of their _______.
(A) first (B) second [RPMT 1997; EAMCET 1998]
(C) third (D) fourth (A) atomic volume (B) atomic number
(C) atomic weight (D) atomic size
12. The law of octaves applies to which of the
T
following set of elements? 20. The long form of the periodic table has _______.
(A) B, N, Ne (B) Be, Mg, Ca (A) eighteen horizontal rows and seven
(C) Ar, K, Ca (D) Se, Te, As vertical columns
N
(B) seven horizontal rows and eighteen
13. In Lothar Meyer’s arrangement of elements, vertical columns
physical properties like atomic volume, (C) seven horizontal rows and seven vertical
density, etc. were plotted against _______.
TE
columns
(A) atomic number (D) eighteen horizontal rows and eighteen
(B) atomic mass vertical columns
(C) both (A) and (B)
(D) neither (A) nor (B) 21. The fundamental basis of the present-day
periodic table is that, the elements are
14. Mendeleev’s periodic table was based on _______. [JIPMER 1999]
N
_______. (A) arranged in the order of increasing
(A) physical properties of elements atomic mass
(B) atomic masses of elements (B) grouped according to physical properties
15.
(C) chemical properties of elements
(D) all of these
O
In Mendeleev’s periodic law, the physical and
(C) arranged in the order of increasing
number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus
(D) arranged in the order of increasing
number of protons in the nucleus
C
chemical properties of elements are the
periodic function of their _______. 22. Which of the following statements related to
(A) atomic mass the modern periodic table is INCORRECT?
(B) atomic number (A) p-block has 6 columns because a
(C) both (A) and (B) maximum of 6 electrons can occupy all
E
(D) neither (A) nor (B) the orbitals in a p-subshell.

(B) d-block has 8 columns, because a
16. Mendeleev predicted the properties of _____ maximum of 8 electrons can occupy all
PL
before its discovery. the orbitals in a d-subshell.

(A) germanium (B) magnesium (C) Each block contains number of columns
(C) aluminium (D) chlorine equal to the number of electrons that can
17. Eka-aluminium and Eka-silicon are known as occupy that subshell.
_______. (D) Each block indicates value of azimuthal
(A) gallium and germanium quantum number (l) for the last subshell
M
(B) aluminium and silicon that receives electrons in building up the

(C) iron and sulphur electronic configuration.
(D) carbon and silicon 23. Which of the following statements about
SA
transuranic elements is INCORRECT?

3.1 Modern periodic law and
(A) These are all synthetic elements.
long form of periodic table
(B) These are elements of atomic number 93
18. The plot of square root of frequency of X-ray and beyond.
emitted by an element against its atomic (C) These are part of fourth transition series.
number led to suggestion of_______. (D) They are part of lanthanide series.
(A) Mendeleev’s periodic law 24. The long form of the periodic table consists of
(B) Modern periodic law how many periods?
(C) Newland’s law (A) 5 (B) 8
(D) none of these (C) 10 (D) 7
129
25. The maximum number of elements in 33. Justification of putting H in VII A group is
3rd period is _______. that_______.
(A) 8 (A) H is a gas
(B) 18 (B) H is a non metal
(C) 32 (C) it forms NaH
(D) between 8 and 18 (D) it forms HCl
T
26. Which set among the following belongs to 34. Chloride of an element A gives neutral
3rd row of periodic table? solution in water. The element in the periodic
(A) Na, K, Si (B) Mg, Mn, F table belongs to _______.
N
(C) Na, Cl, Si (D) P, Al, Rb [AIIMS 1992; UPSEAT 2001]
27. In the third row of elements, which one is a (A) 1st group
metalloid? (B) 3rd group
TE
(A) Al (B) S (C) 5th group
(C) Cl (D) Si (D) 1st transition series
28. The number of elements in 5th and 6th period 35. Which one of the following elements belongs
of periodic table is respectively _______. to the group that includes the element
(A) 8, 18 (B) 18, 18 chlorine?
(C) 18, 32 (D) 18, 28 (A) Astatine (B) Rubidium
N
29. The period number in the long form of the (C) Tungsten (D) Cerium
periodic table is equal to_______. 36. Elements with atomic number 21 to 30 are
[NCERT Exemplar] _______.
(A) magnetic quantum number of any
element of the period
(B) atomic number of any element of the
O (A) transition elements
(B) inert gas elements
(C) representative elements
C
period (D) inner transition elements
(C) maximum principal quantum number of
any element of the period 37. Which of the following is NOT a transition
(D) maximum azimuthal quantum number metal?
of any element of the period (A) Silver (B) Lead
E
(C) Tungsten (D) Manganese

30. The tenth element in the periodic table
resembles with the _______. [CPMT 1988] 38. Inert gases are also called as _______.
(A) first period (B) second period (A) transition elements
PL
(C) fourth group (D) ninth group (B) inner-transition elements

31. All the elements in a group in the periodic (C) normal elements
table have the same _______. [NCERT 1974; (D) noble elements
MP PET 1996; MP PMT 1996] 39. Which of the following is a transuranic
(A) atomic number element ?
M
(B) electronic configuration (A) Americium (B) Plutonium

(C) atomic weight (C) Neptunium (D) All of these
(D) number of electrons in the outermost
shell or number of electrons for bonding 40. Identify the fourth noble gas in group 18.
(A) He (B) Xe
SA
32. Which of the following statements is NOT (C) Ar (D) Kr

correct regarding hydrogen atom?
[AIIMS 2000] 41. Halogens have been placed in the group 17 of
(A) It resembles halogens in some the periodic table because _______.
properties. (A) their atoms have high effective nuclear
(B) It resembles alkali metals in some charge
properties. (B) they are very reactive
(C) It can be placed in 1st group of periodic table. (C) they are electronegative
(D) It cannot be placed in first group of (D) they have seven electrons in the
periodic table. outermost orbit
130
42. Which of the following elements are 52. The s-block element having the highest atomic
analogous to the lanthanides? [AIIMS 1998] mass is _______.
(A) Actinides (B) Borides (A) Ba (B) Cs
(C) Carbides (D) Hydrides (C) Ra (D) Fr
43. The last member in each period of the periodic 53. Which one of the following is s-block
table is a/an _______. element? [MP PMT 1999]
T
(A) inert gas element (A) Aluminium (B) Chromium
(B) transition element (C) Niobium (D) Potassium
(C) halogen
N
54. For Rb (Z = 37), point out the number of
(D) alkali metal electrons present in L and M shells
44. In the periodic table, the element with atomic respectively _______.
number 16 will be placed in the group (A) 8 and 18 (B) 18 and 8
TE
_______. (C) 8 and 8 (D) 2 and 8
(A) V A (B) VII A 55. The elements indicating which of the
(C) VI A (D) VIII A following atomic numbers belong to same
45. To which group of the Periodic Table, the group? [RPMT 1997]
elements of the 3rd row do NOT belong? (A) 11 and 37 (B) 19 and 15
N
(A) IA (B) IIB (C) 39 and 88 (D) None of these
(C) VIIA (D) zero 56. From the list given below, elements which
46. Third row elements are called _______. belong to the same group or sub-group are
(A) representative elements
(B) transition elements
(C) inner transition elements
(D) transuranic elements
O _______.
(A) atomic number = 12, 20, 4, 88
(B) atomic number = 8, 16, 34, 54
(C) atomic number = 11, 18, 27, 5
C
(D) atomic number = 24, 47, 42, 55
47. Which of the following pair has elements
containing same number of electrons in 57. Which of the following is NOT a p-block
outermost shell? element?
(A) N, O (B) Na, Cl (A) N (B) Cl
E
(C) As, Bi (D) Pb, Sb (C) P (D) Sc

48. Atomic number that stands for a representative 58. Aluminium belongs to ________.
element is_______. (A) s-block elements
PL
(A) 26 (B) 20 (B) p-block elements

(C) 80 (D) 39 (C) d-block elements
(D) f-block elements
3.2 Electronic configuration and types
of elements: s, p, d, f – blocks 59. In the modern periodic table, the place of the
element with atomic number 31 is in _______.
M
49. All the s-block elements of the periodic table [MP PMT 1999]
are placed in the groups _______. (A) s-block (B) d-block
[Orissa JEE 2002] (C) p-block (D) f-block
(A) I A and II A (B) III A and IV A
SA
60. What is the electronic configuration of the

(C) B sub groups (D) VA to VII A
outer shell of the elements of Group 14?
50. _______ with one electron in the 1s orbital (A) ns2 np3 (B) ns2 np4
2 6
occupies unique position in the periodic table. (C) ns np (D) ns2 np2
(A) He (B) Li
61. The outer orbit configuration of group 16
(C) U (D) H
elements is ns2 np4 . Then they _______.
51. Which pair of atomic numbers represents (A) are all diatomic molecules
s-block elements? (B) show an oxidation state of –2
(A) 7, 15 (B) 6, 12 (C) are all highly reactive
(C) 9, 17 (D) 3, 12 (D) form coloured compounds
131
62. The fourth period of the p-block elements 72. An element has electronic configuration
contains _______. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4. Predict its period, group
(A) 6 elements (B) 8 elements and block. [CPMT 2000]
rd
(C) 10 elements (D) 18 elements (A) Period = 3 , block = p, group = 16
(B) Period = 5th, block = s, group = 1
63. The element with atomic number 36 belongs
(C) Period = 3rd, block = p, group = 10
to ______ block in the periodic table.
T
(D) Period = 4th, block = d, group = 12
[Karnataka CET 2003]
(A) p (B) s 73. The electronic configuration of an element is
(C) f (D) d 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p3. What is the atomic
N
number of the element which is just below to
64. The atom having the valence shell electronic the given element in the periodic table?
configuration 4s2 4p2 would be in _______. (A) 33 (B) 34
(A) group II A and period 3
TE
(C) 31 (D) 49
(B) group II B and period 4
74. Which of the following does NOT have
(C) group IV A and period 4
valence electron in 3d-subshell?
(D) group IV A and period 3
[AIIMS 2002]
65. Electronic configuration, [Ne] 3s2 3p4 is for (A) Fe (III) (B) Cr (I)
_______. (C) Mn (II) (D) P (0)
N
(A) silicon (B) phosphorus 75. An element X belongs to the third period of
(C) sulphur (D) magnesium the p-block elements. It has 4 electrons in the
outermost shell. Name the element.
66. Elements with outer electron configuration
ns2 np4 are _______.
(A) alkaline earth metals
O 76.
(A) C
(C) Si
If the atomic number
will be placed in the
(B) Ge
(D) S
of an element is 33, it
periodic table in group
C
(C) chalcogens
(D) noble gases _______.
(A) 14 (B) 16
67. The element with ns2np5 outer configuration is (C) 15 (D) 17
likely to be _______.
(A) alkali metal (B) chalcogen 77. To which block is related an element having
E
(C) transition metal (D) halogen electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1 in the periodic
68. Which of the following outer electronic table? [MP PMT 1995]
PL
configuration represents argon? (A) s-block (B) p-block

(A) ns2 (B) ns2 np6 (C) d-block (D) f-block
(C) ns2 np2 (D) ns2 np4
78. The element with the electronic configuration,
69. The elements with atomic numbers 9, 17, 35, 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 is
53 and 85 are all _______. _______.
M
(A) noble gases (B) halogens (A) p-block element

(C) heavy metals (D) light metals (B) s-block element
70. There are 10 neutrons in the nucleus of the (C) d-block element
element zM19. It belongs to _______. (D) inner transitional element
SA
(A) f-block (B) s-block 79. What is the general electronic configuration
(C) d-block (D) p-block for second row transition series?
[Orissa JEE 2002]
71. Element a, b, c and d have the following (A) [Ne] 3d1–10, 4s2 (B) [Ar] 3d1–10, 4s1–2
electronic configurations. Which of these are (C) [Kr] 4d1–10, 5s1–2 (D) [Xe] 5d1–10, 5s1–2
in the same group?
a. 1s22s22p1 b. 1s22s22p63s23p1 80. Which of the following is not a d-block
c. 1s22s22p63s23p3 d. 1s22s22p63s23p5 element? [Assam CEE 2017]
(A) a, b and c (B) a and b (A) Ni (B) Hg
(C) c and d (D) b, c and d (C) Po (D) W
132
81. Which of the following is a d-block element? 90. The elements whose atoms have the general
(A) Gd (B) Ru electronic configuration 4f 114 5s2 5p6 6s2 are
(C) U (D) Cs referred to _______.
(A) transition elements
82. Atomic number of V is 23 and its electronic
(B) lanthanides
configuration is _______.
(C) representative elements.
(A) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3p6 3d3 4s2
T
(D) actinides
(B) 1s2 2s2 2d3 3p6 2p6 4s2
(C) 2s2 1s2 2p6 3s2 3d3 4s2 91. The electronic configuration of gadolinium
(D) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2
N
(Atomic number 64) is_______.
83. Predict the group number of the element [NCERT Exemplar]
satisfying the electronic configuration (A) [Xe] 4f3 5d5 6s2
(B) [Xe] 4f7 5d2 6s1
TE
(n1)d1ns2 for n = 4.
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
(C) 3 (D) 4 (D) [Xe] 4f8 5d6 6s2
84. An element has [Ar] 3d1 configuration in its 92. In the general electronic configuration
+2 oxidation state. Its position in the periodic (n – 2)f1–14 (n – 1)d0–1 ns2, if value of n = 7 the
table is _______. configuration will be _______.
N
[AP EAMCET(Engg.) 2016] (A) lanthanides
(A) period 3, group 3 (B) period 3, group 7 (B) actinides
(C) period 4, group 3 (D) period 3, group 9 (C) transition elements
85. An element in its +3 oxidation state has an

O
electronic configuration of [Ar] 3d4. Then its
atomic number is _______.
93.
(D) none of these
Which of the following is NOT an actinoid?
[NCERT Exemplar]
C
(A) 25 (B) 24 (A) Curium (Z = 96)
(C) 23 (D) 22 (B) Californium (Z = 98)
(C) Uranium (Z = 92)
86. Number of s-block elements are _______.
(D) Terbium (Z = 65)
[RPMT 1998]
E
(A) more than that of p-block elements 94. Most of the synthetic elements are present in
(B) equal to that of p-block elements period _______.
(C) more than that of d-block elements (A) 2 (B) 5
PL
(D) none of the above (C) 7 (D) all the periods

87. Rare earth elements start from _______. 95. Which of the following sets belongs to alkali
(A) Hf (B) Ba metals?
(C) La (D) Ac (A) Al, Sr, Ti (B) Be, Na, K
(C) Rb, Cs, Fr (D) Mg, Ba, Ca
M
88. The elements in which electrons are

progressively filled in 4f-orbital are called 96. Of the following pairs, the one containing
_______. [NCERT Exemplar] examples of metalloid elements in the periodic
(A) actinoids table is _______.
SA
(B) transition elements (A) Na and K (B) Ca and Mg

(C) lanthanoids (C) B and Si (D) Cu and Au
(D) halogens
97. The third row of periodic table consists of
89. General electronic configuration of _______.
lanthanides is _______. [CBSE 2002] (A) one metalloid and six non-metals
(A) (n–2) f1–14, (n–1) s2 p6 d0–1, ns2 (B) two metals and six non-metals
(B) (n–2) f10–14, (n–1)d10–1, ns2 (C) three metals and one metalloid
(C) (n–2) f0–14, (n–1) d10, ns2 (D) five non-metals out of which one is a
(D) (n–2) d0–1, (n–1) f1–14, ns2 gas at room temperature
133
98. Which group of the periodic table contains 107. The covalent and van der Waal’s radii of
only metals? [UPSEAT 2003] hydrogen respectively are _______.
(A) II A (B) VI A (A) 0.37 Å, 1.2 Å
(C) VII A (D) VA (B) 0.37 Å, 0.37 Å
(C) 1.2 Å, 1.2 Å
99. In the long form of periodic table, all the (D) 1.2Å, 0.37Å
non-metals are placed in _______.
T
108. The increasing order of atomic radius in the
(A) s-block (B) p-block
following elements is _______.
(C) d-block (D) f-block
(A) S < O < Se < C
N
100. Coinage metals are present in _______. (B) O < S < Se < C
[DCE 2000] (C) C < O < S < Se
(A) s-block (B) d-block (D) O < C < S < Se
TE
(C) p-block (D) f-block 109. Arrange the following in proper order of size.
(A) Mg < Si < Al < P
101. Which of the following is the atomic number (B) P > Al > Mg > Si
of a metal? [AIIMS 2000] (C) Al < Mg < Si < P
(A) 32 (B) 34 (D) Mg > Al > Si > P
(C) 36 (D) 38
110. In which of the following pairs the difference
N
102. The highly metallic element will have the between the covalent radii of the two metals is
configuration of _______. maximum?
(A) 2, 8, 7 (B) 2, 8, 8, 5 (A) K, Ca (B) Mn, Fe
(C) 2, 8, 1 (D) 2, 8, 4
3.3 Periodic trends in properties
of elements
O (C) Co, Ni (D) Cr, Mn
111. On going down a group in the periodic table,
the expected trend of change in atomic radius
C
_______.
103. The cause of periodicity in the periodic table (A) increases
is the repetition of similar _____ after certain (B) decreases
regular intervals. (C) first increases then decreases
(A) atomic mass (D) first decreases then increases
E
(B) atomic radius 112. In a period, element with least atomic size
(C) electronic configuration in valence shell is _______.
(D) all of these (A) alkali metal (B) halogen
PL
104. Which of these does NOT reflect the (C) inert gas (D) metalloid
periodicity of the elements? 113. Which of the following sets of elements have
(A) Bonding behaviour nearly same atomic radii?
(B) Electronegativity (A) Li, Be, B, C (B) Fe, Co, Ni, Cu
(C) Ionization energy (C) C, N, O, F (D) Na, K, Rb, Cs
M
(D) Neutron/proton ratio

114. In which of the following pairs is the second
105. All of the given properties are periodic atom larger than the first?
properties except _______. (A) N, P (B) C, N
(C) Na, Mg (D) O, F
SA
(A) colour
(B) valency 115. Assertion: Na has smaller size than Mg.
(C) ionic radius Reason: Atomic size increases moving across
(D) electro-positive nature of the element a period from left to the right.
(A) Assertion and Reason are true. Reason is
106. Which of the following is a periodic property?
correct explanation of Assertion.
(A) atomic volume (B) Assertion and Reason are true. Reason is
(B) boiling point not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(C) ionization energy (C) Assertion is true. Reason is false.
(D) all the three (D) Assertion is false. Reason is true.
134
116. Atomic radii (pm) of Al, Si, N and F (C) is the same for all
respectively are_______. (D) none of these
[TS-EAMCET 2017]
(A) 117, 143, 64, 74 124. In P3, S2 and Cl ions, the increasing order of
(B) 143, 117, 74, 64 size is _______.
(C) 143, 47, 64, 74 (A) Cl, S2, P3 (B) P3, S2, Cl
T
(D) 64, 74, 117, 143 (C) S2, Cl, P3 (D) S2, P3, Cl
117. Ionic radii are _______. 125. For Na+, Mg2+, F– and O2–, the CORRECT
[CBSE PMT 2003, 04]
N
order of increasing ionic radii is________.
(A) inversely proportional to square of (A) O2– < F– < Na+ < Mg2+
effective nuclear charge
(B) Na+ < Mg2+ < F– < O2–
(B) directly proportional to effective nuclear
(C) Mg2+ < Na+ < F– < O2–
TE
charge
(C) directly proportional to square of (D) Mg2+ < O2– < Na+ < F–
effective nuclear charge 126. Which of the following is the CORRECT
(D) inversely proportional to effective order of radius? [KCET 2018]
nuclear charge –
(A) H > H > H +
118. Which of the following has largest size? (B) Na+ > F– > O2–
N
[MP PMT 1995, 2003; JIPMER (Med.) 2002] (C) F– > O2– > Na+
(A) Al (B) Al+ (D) Al3+ > Mg2+ > N3–
+2
(C) Al (D) Al+3
119. Which of the following is the CORRECT
order of size of the given species?
O
[NCERT Exemplar]
127. Which of the following ions is the smallest in
size?
(A) O 2
(B) C4
[RPMT 1997]
(C) N3 (D) F

C
– +
(A) I > I > I (B) I+ > I– > I
(C) I > I+ > I– (D) I– > I > I+ 128. The anion O is isoelectronic with _______.
120. Ionic radii and atomic radii of (A) N2 (B) F
elements_______within a group as the atomic (C) N3 (D) Ne
E
number increases,
(A) increase 129. Assertion: Mg2+ is smaller in size than Mg+.
(B) decrease Reason: The effective nuclear charge
increases with every removal of electrons.
PL
(C) first increase, then decrease

(D) first decrease, then increase (A) Assertion and Reason are true. Reason is
correct explanation of Assertion.
121. The ionic radii (in Å) of N3, O2 and F are (B) Assertion and Reason are true. Reason is
respectively _______. [JEE (Main) 2015] not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(A) 1.36, 1.40 and 1.71 (C) Assertion is true. Reason is false.
M
(B) 1.36, 1.71 and 1.40 (D) Assertion is false. Reason is true.
(C) 1.71, 1.40 and 1.36 130. In which of the following compounds the ratio
(D) 1.71, 1.36 and 1.40 of the anion size to the cation size has the
SA
lowest value?
122. Which of the following has the highest
(A) NaCl (B) KCl
polarizing power?
(A) K+ (B) Ca2+ (C) MgCl2 (D) LiCl
(C) Mg2+ (D) Na+ 131. The group having isoelectronic species is
123. Radius of the isoelectronic species _______. _______.
(A) increases with the increase in nuclear (A) O2, F, Na+, Mg2+
charge (B) O, F, Na, Mg+
(B) decreases with the increase in nuclear (C) O2, F, Na, Mg2+
charge (D) O, F, Na+, Mg2+
135
132. The combination containing only isoelectronic 140. The species Ar, K+ and Ca2+ contain the same
species is _______. [Assam CEE 2015] number of electrons. In which order do their
3 2 
(A) N , O , Cl , Ne radii increase? [AIPMT 2015]
+ 2+
(B) P3, S2, Cl, Ar (A) Ar < K < Ca (B) Ca2+ < Ar < K+
(C) F, Ar, S2, Cl (C) Ca < K < Ar (D) K+ < Ar < Ca2+
2+ +
(D) N3, F, O2, Ar 141. The increasing order of the sizes is _______.
T
+ 2 
133. Consider the isoelectronic series: K , S , Cl (A) proton < hydrogen atom < hydride ion
and Ca2+, the radii of the ions decreases as (B) hydride ion < hydrogen atom < proton
N
_______. [Roorkee 1995] (C) hydrogen atom < proton < hydride ion
(A) Ca2+ > K+ > Cl > S2 (D) hydrogen atom < hydride ion < proton
(B) Cl > S2 > K+ > Ca2+ 142. The energy required to remove an electron of
(C) S2 > Cl > K+ > Ca2+
TE
a gaseous atom from its ground state is called
(D) K+ > Ca2+ > S2 > Cl _______.
134. Consider the isoelectronic species, Na+, Mg2+, (A) potential energy
F– and O2–. The CORRECT order of (B) ionization energy
increasing length of their radii is _________. (C) electrode potential
[NCERT Exemplar] (D) activation energy
N
(A) F– < O2– < Mg2+ < Na+
143. The firmness with which, electrons are held by
(B) Mg2+ < Na+ < F– < O2–
an atom is measured by its _______.
(C) O2– < F– < Na+ < Mg2+
(D) O2– < F– < Mg2+ < Na+ (A) electronegativity
135. Chloride ion and potassium ion are

isoelectronic. Then _______.
(A) potassium ion is relatively bigger
O (B) ionic character
(C) ionization potential
(D) metallic character
C
(B) their size are same 144. Due to screening effect the ionization potential
(C) chloride ion is bigger than potassium ion value of an element _______.
(D) cannot predict (A) increases (B) decreases
(C) remains same (D) becomes variable
136. Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Si4+ are all having 10
E
electrons each. The CORRECT order of their 145. The family of elements with the highest
ionic size is _______. ionization enthalpy is_______.
(A) Si4+ > Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ (A) alkaline earth metals
PL
(B) Mg2+ > Na+ > Al3+ > Si4+ (B) halogens
(C) Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+ > Si4+ (C) noble gases
(D) Al3+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > Si4+ (D) alkali metals
137. Which of the following has the highest value 146. Ionization potential is lowest for _______.
of ionic radius? [Assam CEE 2017] [CPMT 1989; MP PET 2001]
(A) Li+ (B) B3+
M
(A) halogens
(C) O2– (D) F–
(B) inert gases
138. Which of the following has the smallest size? (C) alkaline earth metals
[Assam CEE 2017] (D) alkali metals
SA
(A) N3– (B) O2–

(C) F– (D) Na+ 147. Which of the following element has the lowest
ionization potential?
139. The set representing the right order of ionic (A) Ne (B) O
radius is _______. (C) Li (D) He
[TS-EAMCET 2017]
(A) Li+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > Be2+ 148. Which of the following elements has the
(B) Mg2+ > Be2+ > Li+ > Na+ lowest first ionization energy?
(C) Na+ > Mg2+ > Li+ > Be2+ (A) Na (B) F
(D) Na+ > Li+ > Mg2+ > Be2+ (C) I (D) Cs
136
149. The first ionisation enthalpies of Na, Mg, Al 156. Which of the following shows the CORRECT
and Si are in the order _______. decreasing order of first ionization energy?
[NCERT Exemplar] (A) Si > Mg > Al
(A) Na < Mg > Al < Si (B) Si > Al > Mg
(B) Na > Mg > Al > Si (C) Mg > Si > Al
(C) Na < Mg < Al < Si (D) Mg > Al > Si
T
(D) Na > Mg > Al < Si 157. Which of the following elements have the
150. Which of the following atoms has the highest highest ionization energy?
(A) N (B) Mn
N
first ionization energy? [JEE (Main) 2016]
(A) Rb (B) Na (C) Ne (D) Cr
(C) K (D) Sc 158. The electronic configuration with the highest
TE
ionization enthalpy is________.
151. The ionization energy of Al is less than that of
Mg. This is due to _______. (A) [Ne] 3s2 3p1
(A) the smaller atomic size of Al (B) [Ne] 3s2 3p2
(B) the fact that the electron enters the p sub (C) [Ne] 3s2 3p3
shell (D) [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3
(C) the smaller atomic size of Mg
N
(D) increase in atomic number from Mg to Al 159. A  A+ + e, (E1) ; A+  A2+ + e, (E2).
The energy required to pull out the two
152. The second ionisation potential of an element electrons as shown above, respectively be E1
M is the energy required to _______. O and E2. Then the CORRECT relationship
[JIPMER 1997]
between the two energies is _______.
(A) remove one mole of electron from one
mole of gaseous anion (A) E1 = E2 (B) E1 < E2
C
(B) remove one mole of electron from one (C) E1 > E2 (D) E1  E2
mole of gaseous cation of the element
160. Electron affinity is defined as the _______.
(C) remove one mole of electron from one
(A) energy required to remove an electron
mole of monovalent gaseous cation of
from an isolated gaseous atom
the element
E
(B) energy required to add an electron to an

(D) remove 2 moles of electrons from one isolated atom in the gaseous state
mole of gaseous atoms
(C) energy released when an electron is
PL
153. Amongst the following, select the element added to an isolated atom in the gaseous
having the highest ionization enthalpy. state
[MH CET 2014] (D) none of these
(A) Sodium (B) Potassium 161. Electron affinity depends on _______.
(C) Beryllium (D) Magnesium [MP PMT 2002]
M
154. One mole of Mg in vapour phase absorbs (A) atomic size

1250 kJ of energy. If the ionization energies of (B) nuclear charge
Mg are I1 = 750 kJ and I2 = 1500 kJ, the final (C) atomic number
composition of the mixture will be________. (D) atomic size and nuclear charge both
SA
(A) 59% Mg+ and 41% Mg2+ 162. In the process: Cl(g) + e– 
 Cl(g) ; H is
(B) 49% Mg+ and 51% Mg2+
_______.
(C) 67% Mg+ and 33% Mg2+
(A) positive (B) negative
(D) 29% Mg+ and 71% Mg2+
(C) zero (D) cannot predict
155. IP1 and IP2 of M are 178 and 348 kcal mol–1.
163. The highest electron-affinity is associated with
The enthalpy required to convert one mole
gaseous M to M2+ is _______. the configuration _______.
(A) + 170 kcal (B) + 526 kcal (A) 2s2, 2p0 (B) 2s2, 2p2
2 3
(C) – 170 kcal (D) – 526 kcal (C) 2s , 2p (D) 2s2, 2p1
137
164. Which of the following has the maximum 170. The CORRECT order of electron affinity
negative electron gain enthalpy? is________.
(A) Phosphorus (B) Sulphur (A) F > Cl > O
(C) Chlorine (D) Fluorine (B) F > O > Cl
(C) Cl > F > O
165. The negative electron gain enthalpy of
(D) O > F > Cl
nitrogen is more than that of oxygen because
T
of _______. 171. Electronic configurations of four elements A,
(A) greater attraction of nucleus for the B, C and D are given below:
electrons (i) A: 1s2 2s2 2p6 (ii) B: 1s2 2s2 2p4
N
(B) the extra stability of half filled p-orbitals (iii) C: 1s 2s 2p 3s (iv) D: 1s2 2s2 2p5
2 2 6 1
(C) smaller size of the nitrogen atom Which of the following is the CORRECT
(D) more penetrating effect order of increasing tendency to gain electron?
TE
166. Among halogens, the CORRECT order of [NCERT Exemplar]
amount of energy released in electron gain (A) A < C < B < D
(electron gain enthalpy) is: (B) A < B < C < D
[NCERT Exemplar] (C) D < B < C < A
(A) F > Cl > Br > I (B) F < Cl < Br < I (D) D < A < B < C
(C) F < Cl > Br > I (D) F < Cl < Br < I 172. Alkali metals in each period have the_______.
N
167. Ionization potential of Na would be (A) smallest size
numerically the same as _______. (B) lowest ionization potential
(A) electron affinity of Na+ (C) highest ionization potential
(B) electronegativity of Na+
(C) electron affinity of Na
(D) ionization potential of Mg
O (D) highest electronegativity
173. Which of the following has the highest
electron affinity? [Assam CEE 2017]
C
2–
168. The formation of the oxide ion, O (g) from
(A) Li+ (B) Na+
oxygen atom requires first an exothermic and
(C) F– (D) Cl–
then an endothermic step as shown below:
O(g) + e–  O–(g) ; ΔH = – 141 kJ mol–1 174. Which of the following atoms should have the
O–(g) + e–  O2–(g); ΔH = + 780 kJ mol–1 highest first electron affinity?
E
Thus, process of formation of O2– in gas phase [WB JEE 2017]

is unfavourable even though O2– is (A) F (B) O
isoelectronic with neon. It is due to the fact (C) N (D) C
PL
that_______. 175. The order of decreasing electron affinity of the

[NCERT Exemplar; electronic configurations is _______.
AIPMT RE-TEST 2015] a. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
(A) oxygen is more electronegative b. 1s2 2s2 2p3
(B) addition of electron in oxygen results in c. 1s2 2s2 2p5
larger size of the ion
M
d. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

(C) electron repulsion outweighs the (A) a > c > b > d (B) d > c > b > a
stability gained by achieving noble gas (C) b > d > c > a (D) a > b > c > d
configuration
(D) O– ion has comparatively smaller size 176. An element with positive electron gain
SA
than oxygen atom enthalpy is _______.

(A) F (B) Ne
169. Which one of the following arrangement
(C) N (D) F
represents the CORRECT order of electron
gain enthalpy (with negative sign) of the given 177. _____ is the tendency of an atom to attract the
atomic species? [CBSE PMT 2005] shared pair of electrons to itself in a bond.
(A) S < O < Cl < F (A) Electronegativity
(B) Cl < F < S < O (B) Electropositivity
(C) F < Cl < O < S (C) Electron gain enthalpy
(D) O < S < F < Cl (D) None of these
138
178. Pauling’s electronegativity scale is based on 187. _____ show variable valence.
which of the following properties? (A) Transition elements
(A) Electron affinity (B) Lanthanides
(B) Ionization enthalpy (C) Actinides
(C) Bond energy (D) All of these
(D) Both (A) and (B)
188. The valence in third row elements _______.
T
179. As we proceed from Li to F in the second period (A) gradually increases from Na to Ar
of the periodic table, the electronegativity (B) gradually decreases from Na to Ar
_______. (C) gradually increases from Na to Si and
N
(A) decreases then decreases from Si to Ar
(B) increases irregularly (D) remains constant
(C) increases regularly
189. Among ____ elements, valence is either equal
TE
(D) shows no variation
to number of electrons in outermost orbitals or
180. In C, N, O and F, the electronegativity eight minus the number of electrons in
_______. [DPMT 2001] outermost orbitals.
(A) decreases from carbon to fluorine (A) transition (B) inner transition
(B) increases from carbon to fluorine (C) representative (D) s-block
(C) increases from carbon to oxygen and
N
then decreases 190. The maximum valence of an element with
(D) decreases from carbon to oxygen and atomic number 7 is _______. [AFMC 2002]
then increases (A) 2 (B) 5
181. Which of the following represents the
electronic configuration of the most
electronegative element in the third row?
O (C) 4 (D) 3
191. On the basis of valencies of elements in a
group, the formula of compound formed by tin
(A) [Ne] 3s2 3p5 (B) [Ne] 3s2 3p4 with fluorine is _______.
C
1
(C) [Ne] 3s (D) [Ne] 3s2 (A) SnF (B) SnF3
(C) SnF6 (D) SnF4
182. The increasing order of electronegativities in
the following is _______. 192. Valence electrons in the element A are 3 and
(A) Si, P, S (B) Si, S, P that in element B are 6. Most probable
E
(C) S, Si, P (D) P, Si, S compound would be _______.

(A) A2B (B) AB2
183. Which one of the following represents the
(C) A6B3 (D) A2B3
PL
electronic configuration of the most

electropositive element? 193. Element ‘X’ having electronic configuration
[AIIMS 1982, CPMT 1994] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 forms compound with Ca.
(A) [He] 2s1 (B) [Xe] 6s1 The compound is _______.
(C) [He] 2s2 (D) [Xe] 6s2 (A) Ca2X3 (B) Ca3X
184. Which of the following represents highly (C) Ca3X2 (D) CaX
M
electropositive as well as highly 194. The element with atomic number 19 will most
electronegative element in its period?
likely form an ionic bond with _______.
(A) Nitrogen (B) Fluorine
(C) Hydrogen (D) None of these (A) Al (B) S
SA
(C) P (D) Cl
185. The increasing order of electronegetitivity is
_______. [KCET 2017] 195. Now-a-days, _____ is frequently used for
(A) N < C < P < Si valence.
(B) N < P < C < Si (A) oxidation state (B) reduction state
(C) Si < P < C < N (C) ionic state (D) covalency
(D) C < N < Si < p 196. Which of the following metals exhibit more
186. Variable valence is exhibited by _______. than one oxidation state? [MP PET 1999]
(A) Ca (B) Cl (A) Na (B) Mg
(C) B (D) Fe (C) Fe (D) Al
139
197. The most probable oxidation number for the (C) due to diagonal relationship in the
atom with the electron configuration periodic table
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 is _______. (D) because both have the similar electronic
(A) 1 (B) 3 configuration
(C) +1 (D) +2 207. Electronegativity of Be is nearly same as that of
198. Elements which generally exhibit multiple (A) Mg (B) Al
T
oxidation states are _______. (C) B (D) Na
(A) alkali metals 208. In a given shell, the order of screening effect
N
is _______.
(C) alkaline earth metals (A) s > p > d > f (B) f > d > p > s
(D) gases (C) p > d > s > f (D) d > f > s > p
TE
199. Among the following group of elements, the 209. The screening effect of d-electrons is
one whose elements can have positive as well _______.
as negative oxidation states are _______. (A) equal to that of p-electrons
(A) H, F, O (B) Na, Mg, Al (B) more than that of p-electrons
(C) He, Li, Be (D) H, Cl, Br (C) same as f-electrons
200. Diagonal relationship in elements is due to (D) less than that of p-electrons
N
their _______. 210. The order of screening effect of electrons of s,
(A) similar polarizing power of ions p, d and f orbitals of a given shell of an atom
(B) similar group in periodic table on its outer shell electrons is_______.
(C) similar oxidation state
(D) similar period in periodic table
201. Diagonal relationship is shown by _______.
O (A) s > p > d > f
(C) p < d < s > f
[NCERT Exemplar]
(B) f > d > p > s
(D) f > p > s > d
211. As applied to periodic table, which of the
C
(A) all elements
(B) most of the elements of 2nd period following sets include only magic numbers?
(C) all 3rd series elements (A) 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126
(D) none of the above (B) 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32
(C) 2, 2, 8, 8, 18, 32
202. Diagonal relationship is shown by _______.
E
(D) 2, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32

(A) Si and Al (B) Mg and Al
(C) Be and Al (D) B and P 212. Magnesium forms Mg2+ and not Mg+ because
_______.
PL
203. Li+ has nearly same size as that of_______. (A) magnesium (II) carbonate is insoluble in
[BCECE (Stage 1) 2016] water
(A) Mg2+ (B) Be2+ (B) generally higher oxidation states are
+
(C) K (D) Cu2+ preferred by metals
204. Which pair shows less similarity in their properties (C) ionic radii of Mg(II) is smaller than that
of Mg(I)
M
than the other three? [RPMT 1998]

(A) Li–Mg (B) Be–Al (D) hydration energy of divalent magnesium
(C) Na–Ca (D) B–Si compound is higher
205. The property which is NOT seen for diagonal Miscellaneous

SA
relationship is _______. 213. Atomic number of Ag is 47. In the same group

(A) same size the atomic number of elements placed above
(B) same electronegativity and below Ag will be _______.
(C) same electron affinity (A) 37, 67 (B) 29, 79
(D) same polarisibility (C) 39, 69 (D) 29, 65
206. Boron and silicon have similar properties _______. 214. The number of s and p block elements in the
(A) because both belong to same group third row is respectively _______.
(B) because both have similar ionization (A) 5, 3 (B) 3, 5
potential (C) 4, 4 (D) 2, 6
140
215. Rn (Z = 86) is the last noble gas discovered. III. The electronegativity of an element is
Predict what will be the atomic number of the the tendency of an isolated atom to
next noble gas to be discovered. attract an electron towards itself.
(A) 94 (B) 102 The CORRECT statements are:
(C) 118 (D) none of these (A) I alone (B) II alone
216. In which of the following pairs does one (C) I, II and III (D) II and III
T
element exist as a solid and the other as a 224. In which of the following arrangements, the
liquid under normal conditions? order is NOT correct with respect to the
(A) I2 and Cl2 (B) Br2 and Hg property indicated against it?
N
(C) I2 and Br2 (D) Na and Ar (A) Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < F
217. If Aufbau principle had not been followed, Increasing ionic size
(B) B < C < N < O
TE
calcium would have been placed in the _______.
(A) s-block (B) d-block Increasing first ionization enthalpy
(C) p-block (D) f-block (C) I < Br < F < Cl
Increasing negative electron gain enthalpy
218. Valence shell configuration and the valency
do not correspond to each other in________. (D) Li < Na < K < Rb
(A) inert gases Increasing metallic radius
N
(B) group 13 225. Choose the CORRECT statement.
(C) alkaline earth metals (A) Ionization energy and electron affinity
(D) alkali metals increases across a period.
219. Which of the following is the characteristic
property of transition elements?
(A) Their compounds are usually coloured.
O (B) Ionization energy increases but electron
affinity decreases along a period.
(C) Ionization energy decreases but electron
C
(B) They show variable valency and affinity increases.
oxidation states. (D) Ionization energy and electron affinity
(C) Their atomic radii slowly decrease along both decreases along a period.
any series. 226. Assertion: The most electronegative element
(D) All the above in the periodic table is F.
E
220. Which of the following elements has the Reason: Fluorine has the highest negative
lowest melting point? [TS-EAMCET 2017] electron gain enthalpy.
(A) Assertion and Reason are true. Reason is
PL
(A) Sn (B) Pb
(C) Si (D) Ge correct explanation of Assertion.
(B) Assertion and Reason are true. Reason is
221. Which of the following properties generally not the correct explanation of Assertion.
decreases along a period?
(C) Assertion is true. Reason is false.
(A) Atomic size
(D) Assertion is false. Reason is true.
(B) Negative electron gain enthalpy
M
(C) Ionization enthalpy 227. Consider the ionization enthalpies of two

(D) None of these elements ‘A’ and ‘B’.
222. In a period, the alkali metals have the _______. Element Ionization enthalpy (kJ/mol)
SA
(A) highest ionization energy 1st 2nd 3rd

(B) largest atomic radii A 899 1757 14847
(C) highest negative electron gain enthalpy B 737 1450 7731
(D) highest electronegativity
Which of the following statements is
223. Consider the following statements: CORRECT?
I. The radius of an anion is larger than that (A) Both ‘A’ and ‘B’ belong to group-1
of the parent atom. where ‘B’ comes below ‘A’.
II. The ionization energy increases left to (B) Both ‘A’ and ‘B’ belong to group-1
right in a period. where ‘A’ comes below ‘B’.
141
(C) Both ‘A’ and ‘B’ belong to group-2 236. The elements of groups, 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16
where ‘B’ comes below ‘A’. and 17 are collectively called _______.
(D) Both ‘A’ and ‘B’ belong to group-2 (A) noble gases
where ‘A’ comes below ‘B’. (B) representative or normal elements
(C) transition elements
228. Which of the following is formed easily? (D) inner transition elements
(A) Ca2+ (B) Zn2+
T
(C) Cl 2+
(D) O2+ 237. An element in third row of periodic table has
atomic number 11. It is a/an _______.
229. Mercury is the metal which is liquid at 0C.
(A) inert gas
N
This is due to its _______.
(B) metal with oxidation number +3
(A) very high ionization energy and weak (C) non-metal with oxidation number –3
metallic bond (D) metal with oxidation number +1
(B) low ionization potential
TE
(C) high atomic mass 238. The statement that is NOT correct for periodic
(D) high vapour pressure classification of elements is:
[NCERT Exemplar]
230. Identify the least stable ion amongst the (A) The properties of elements are periodic
following. function of their atomic numbers.
(A) Be (B) Li (B) Non-metallic elements are less in
N
(C) B (D) C number than metallic elements.
(C) For transition elements, the 3d-orbitals
231. The elements X, Y, Z and J have the indicated
are filled with electrons after 3p-orbitals
electronic configuration with the innermostO and before 4s-orbitals.
shell. Which is the most metallic element?
(D) The first ionisation enthalpies of
(A) X = 2, 8, 4 (B) Y = 2, 8, 8
elements generally increase with
(C) Z = 2, 8, 8, 1 (D) J = 2, 8, 8, 7
increase in atomic number as we go
C
232. The group, where you will find the atom with along a period.
the highest oxidising power is _______. 239. Which of the following has maximum number
(A) II A (B) zero of unpaired electrons?
(C) VII A (D) IV A (A) P (B) S (C) Cl (D) Mg
E
233. Considering the elements F, Cl, O and N, the 240. In the third row, if we move from Na to Ar,
CORRECT order of their chemical reactivity there is a regular increase in _______.
in terms of oxidizing property is _______. (A) metallic character
PL
(A) F > Cl > O > N (B) atomic mass

(B) F > O > Cl > N (C) electropositive nature
(C) Cl > F > O > N (D) reducing character
(D) O > F > N > Cl
241. A newly discovered element X is placed in
234. A trend common to both, groups I and VII in group IA of the periodic table because it forms
M
the periodic table as the atomic number _______.

increases is ________. (A) oxide which is an acid
(A) oxidizing power increases (B) volatile chloride having formula XCl
(B) atomic radius increases (C) ionic chloride having formula XCl
SA
(C) reactivity increases (D) insoluble XCO4

(D) maximum valence increases 242. Ionization enthalpy of lithium is 520 kJ mol1.
235. Outer electronic configuration of an element is How much enthalpy in joules must be needed
4s1 3d10. The element is expected to be to convert all atoms of Li to Li+ ions present in
_______. [REMT 2001] 7 mg of Li vapours?
(A) a metal (A) 74.3 kJ
(B) a nonmetal (B) 520  6.023  1017 J
(C) element of VI A group (C) 520 J
(D) element of group I A (D) 780 J
142
Answers to MCQs
1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5. (C) 6. (C) 7. (B) 8. (B) 9. (B) 10. (C)
11. (A) 12. (B) 13. (B) 14. (D) 15. (A) 16. (A) 17. (A) 18. (B) 19. (B) 20. (B)
21. (D) 22. (B) 23. (D) 24. (D) 25. (A) 26. (C) 27. (D) 28. (C) 29. (C) 30. (B)
T
31. (D) 32. (D) 33. (C) 34. (A) 35. (A) 36. (A) 37. (B) 38. (D) 39. (D) 40. (D)
41. (D) 42. (A) 43. (A) 44. (C) 45. (B) 46. (A) 47. (C) 48. (B) 49. (A) 50. (D)
N
51. (D) 52. (C) 53. (D) 54. (A) 55. (A) 56. (A) 57. (D) 58. (B) 59. (C) 60. (D)
61. (B) 62. (A) 63. (A) 64. (C) 65. (C) 66. (C) 67. (D) 68. (B) 69. (B) 70. (D)
71. (B) 72. (A) 73. (A) 74. (D) 75. (C) 76. (C) 77. (C) 78. (C) 79. (C) 80. (C)
TE
81. (B) 82 (D) 83. (C) 84. (C) 85. (A) 86. (D) 87. (C) 88. (C) 89. (A) 90. (B)
91. (C) 92. (B) 93. (D) 94. (C) 95. (C) 96. (C) 97. (C) 98. (A) 99. (B) 100. (B)
101. (D) 102. (C) 103. (C) 104. (D) 105. (A) 106. (D) 107. (A) 108. (D) 109. (D) 110. (A)
111. (A) 112. (B) 113. (B) 114. (A) 115. (C) 116. (B) 117. (D) 118. (A) 119. (D) 120. (A)
121. (C) 122. (C) 123. (B) 124. (A) 125. (C) 126. (A) 127. (D) 128. (A) 129. (A) 130. (B)
N
131. (A) 132. (B) 133. (C) 134. (B) 135. (C) 136. (C) 137. (C) 138. (D) 139. (C) 140. (C)
141. (A) 142. (B) 143. (C) 144. (B) 145. (C) 146. (D) 147. (C) 148. (D) 149. (A) 150. (B)
151. (B) 152. (C) 153. (C) 154. (C) 155. (B) 156. (A) 157. (C) 158. (C) 159. (B) 160. (C)
161.
171.
181.
(D)
(A)
(A)
162.
172.
182.
(B)
(B)
(A)
163.
173.
183.
(B)
(A)
(B)
164.
174.
184.
(C)
(A)
(C)
O
165.
175.
185.
(B)
(A)
(C)
166.
176.
186.
(C)
(B)
(D)
167.
177.
187.
(A)
(A)
(D)
168.
178.
188.
(C)
(C)
(C)
169.
179.
189.
(D)
(C)
(C)
170.
180.
190.
(C)
(B)
(B)
191. (D) 192. (D) 193. (C) 194. (D) 195. (A) 196. (C) 197. (B) 198. (B) 199. (D) 200. (A)
C
201. (B) 202. (C) 203. (A) 204. (C) 205. (C) 206. (C) 207. (B) 208. (A) 209. (D) 210. (A)
211. (B) 212. (D) 213. (B) 214. (D) 215. (C) 216. (C) 217. (B) 218. (A) 219. (D) 220. (A)
221. (A) 222. (B) 223. (C) 224. (B) 225. (A) 226. (C) 227. (C) 228. (A) 229. (A) 230. (A)
231. (C) 232. (C) 233. (A) 234. (B) 235. (A) 236. (B) 237. (D) 238. (C) 239. (A) 240. (B)
E
241. (C) 242. (C)
Hints to MCQs
PL
4. According to Dobereiner’s triad rule, the  boiling point of Xe in a triad of Kr, Xe, Rn
middle element should possess atomic mass = (boiling point of Kr + boiling point of Rn) /2
almost the average of the other two elements. = (–152 – 62)/2 = –107°C)
M
i.e. Average of 7 and 39 is 23. Hence, option

22. d-block has 10 columns because a maximum
(A) is correct.
of 10 electrons can occupy d-subshell.
5. According to Dobereiner’s law of triads the
26. The third row starts with element Na and
SA
atomic mass of the central element was nearly

followed by Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl and Ar.
the arithmetic mean of atomic masses of other
two elements. 27. Silicon is a metalloid. It is a non-metal with
metallic luster. Al is metallic since it can lose
Ca Sr Ba Arithmetic mean electrons. Cl and S are non-metals. Silicon
40 + 137
40 88 137 = 88.5  88 possesses four electrons and it forms bonds by
2
sharing of electrons. It shows the properties of
8. According to the law of triad, the properties of both metals and non-metals. Hence it is a
middle elements are average of rest two metalloid.
143
30. Each period consists of a series of elements 72. By observing principal quantum number (n),
whose atoms have the same principal quantum orbitals (s, p, d, f) and equating number of
number (n) of the outer most shell i.e. In electrons we are able to find the period, block and
second period n = 2, this shell has four orbitals group of the given elements in the periodic table.
(one 2s and three 2p) which can have eight
electrons, hence second period contains 74. P(0) (phosphorus) is a p-block element, hence
T
8 elements from atomic number 3 to 10. valence electron cannot enter d-orbital.
34. The chlorides of all the elements belonging to 80. Po is p-blcok element (Group 16).
N
the first group constitute ionic compounds.
83. The element having the electron configuration
Ionic compounds are soluble in polar solvents
3d14s2 is Scandium which has the atomic
like water.
TE
number 21. This belongs to the third group in
39. Elements with atomic number 93 and above the periodic table.
are transuranic elements.
84. The electronic configuration of the element in
45. Third row elements include groups IA – VIIA its +2 oxidation state is [Ar] 3d1.
and zero group.
 The actual electronic configuration of the
N
46. Typical/Representative elements represent the element is [Ar] 3d1 4s2. The element is
characteristic properties of the elements of the Scandium. Its position in the periodic table is
whole group to which they belong. Hence O period 4 and group 3.
each member of the third row is a
representative of the individual group to which 85. The condensed electronic configuration of
they belong. Eg. Na is a typical member of the cation with +3 oxidation is [Ar]3d4. Hence,
C
group of alkali metals. the neutral atom will have [Ar] 3d5 4s2
electronic configuration which corresponds to
48. Atomic number of calcium, Ca is 20. Calcium atomic number = 25.
is a representative element.
E
87. The f-block elements are also called rare earth

51. Li and Mg are s-block elements.
elements. The first member of the f-block
55. Elements with atomic number 11 and 37 fall element is La.
PL
in group 1 of periodic table of elements.

91. The electronic configuration of Gadolinium is
58. 13Al: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1. The last electron given by Gd (Z = 64) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
enters the p-sub-shell 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f7 5d1 6s2.
65. Si  [Ne] 3s23p2 The half-filled f-orbital provides better
M
P  [Ne] 3s2 3p3 stability to the atom. Therefore, further

S  [Ne] 3s2, 3p4 addition of electrons occurs in 5d-orbital.
Mg  [Ne]3s2 93. Actinoids are elements with atomic number
SA
70. The number of electrons present in the given Z = 90 to 103. Thus, terbium with atomic
element = 19  10 = 9 number (Z = 65) is not an actinoid.
 The element is fluorine and it belongs to p-block. 94. Most of synthetic elements are present in
71. In the case of elements a and b the valence electron actinide series (n = 7).
enters 2p and 3p orbitals respectively. In a same
97. In third row elements Na, Mg, Al are metals, Si
group the electrons enter the same successive
is a metalloid and P, S, Cl and Ar are non-metals.
orbital; and the number of valence electrons is
same (i.e. in this case it is 1 electron). 100. Elements in group IB are called coinage metals.
144
108. 119. Cations are formed by loss of electrons
Element Atomic radius (pm) whereas anions are formed by gain of
C 77 electrons. Therefore, cations possess smaller
O 66 size and anions possess larger size when
Se 120 compared to a neutral atom.
T
S 104 121. N3, O2 and F are isoelectronic species. For
Hence, the increasing order of atomic radius is isoelectronic species, the one with higher
negative charge will have a large radius.
N
O < C < S < Se.
 The radius decreases in the order:
109. As we move from left to right across a period,
there is regular decrease in atomic radii of the N3 > O2 > F
TE
representative elements. This is due to the fact Hence, option (C) is the correct answer.
that number of energy shells remains the same 122. Mg2+ has small ionic size as compared to Ca2+.
in a period but nuclear charge increases Polarizing power depends on charge and ionic
gradually as the atomic number increases. size. Higher charge and smaller ionic size
This increases the force of attraction towards increases the polarizing power.
N
nucleus which brings contraction in size.
125. Among isoelectronic species, the ion with the
112. In a period, atomic radius generally decreases highest negative charge will have the largest
from left to right. Hence, atomic size ionic radius and the ion with the highest
O
decreases. The decrease in size is due to the
effect of successive increasing nuclear charge
without addition of a new shell. The increased
positive charge will have the smallest ionic
radius. Hence the increasing order of ionic
radii is Mg2+ < Na+ < F– < O2-.
C
nuclear charge attracts the electrons more
strongly to the nucleus and thus decreases the 128. O–: 9 electrons (8 + 1)
size of the atom. In the third row, atomic size N2: 9 electrons (7 + 2)
decreases from sodium to chlorine. 131. Isoelectronic species have same number of
E
Inert or noble gases show anomalous electrons.

behaviour towards above trend. Their atomic
radii are the largest in their respective periods. Species O2 F Na+ Mg2+
PL
113. Due to increase in shielding effect of inner Z 8 9 11 12

electrons, d-block elements show little Charge 2 1 +1 +2
variation in their atomic radii. Total number of
10 10 10 10
electrons
114. Atomic size increases going down the group while
it decreases moving left to the right in a period. 132.
M
116. Atomic radius increases moving down the Species (Number of electrons)
group and decreases moving across a period (A) N (10) O2 (10) Cl (18) Ne (10)
3
from left to the right. Hence, the atomic radius (B) P3 (18) S2 (18) Cl (18) Ar (18)
SA
of Al, Si, N and F are 143, 117, 74 and 64. (C) F (10) Ar (18) S2 (18) Cl (18)
118. In case of Al+, Al2+ and Al3+ ions, one, two and (D) N3 (10) F (10) O2 (10) Ar (18)
three electrons are removed from the neutral Al
134. Among isoelectronic species the one with larger
atom, respectively. Therefore, the effective
positive charge will have a smaller radius.
nuclear charge increases with every removal of
electrons and thus the size of the atom goes on Ion Mg2+ < Na+ < F– < O2–
decreasing. Thus, the neutral Al atom has largest Atomic
12 11 9 8
size compared to Al+, Al2+ and Al3+ ions. number
145
135. Chloride ion and potassium ion are isoelectronic. Sodium belongs to 3rd period while scandium
Isoelectronic ions are those ions having same belongs to 4th period. So, the atomic radius of
number of electrons. The size of the chloride ion sodium is less than the atomic radius of scandium.
is bigger than that of K+ as the effective nuclear  Ionization energy of sodium is more than that
charge is greater in case of K+ ion. of scandium.
T
136. The number of protons in each of the species 151. Ionization energy of Al is less than that of
is Na+: 11, Mg2+: 12, Al3+: 13, Si4+: 14. As the magnesium because the outermost electron in Al
charge increases, the nucleus holds the is in 3p orbital while in Mg it is in 3s orbital.
N
electrons with increasing force. Hence as Lesser amount of energy is required to remove a
charge increases, size decreases. Hence, ionic 3p-electron than a 3s-electron since an ‘s’ orbital
size is Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+ > Si4+. is closer to the nucleus than the ‘p’ orbital. Hence,
TE
ionization energy of Al is lower than that of Mg.
137. Across a period, the element with the highest
negative charge will have the greatest ionic radius. 153. As we move down the group, the ionization
enthalpy decreases. Beryllium belongs to
138. Among isoelectronic species, the element with 2nd period, sodium and magnesium belong to
the highest positive charge will have the 3rd period while potassium belongs to
N
smallest ionic radius. 4th period. So, Be being in 2nd period has the
141. Cation has smaller size than corresponding highest ionization enthalpy.
neutral atom. Anion has larger size than
corresponding neutral atom.
Hence, increasing order of the size is
O Mg (g)

154. Mg(g)  Mg (g)

+ e–
 Mg 2
(g)
–
+e
H = 750 kJ.
H = 1500 kJ
Out of 1250 kJ energy absorbed 750kJ is used
C
proton < hydrogen atom < hydride ion
to convert 1 mol of Mg into Mg+.
(H+) (H) (H–)
The remaining 500 kJ of energy is sufficient to
143. Ionization potential is the minimum energy convert only 33% of (Mg+) to Mg2+
required to remove an electron from a neutral  The final composition of the mixture will be
E
gaseous atom. 67% Mg+ and 33% Mg2+

144. Higher the screening effect, lesser the value of 155. Enthalpy required = IP1 + IP2 = 178 + 348
PL
ionization potential as the screening effect = +526 kcal

reduces the forces of attraction of nucleus and 156. Si > Mg > Al
hence outer electrons can easily be removed. As atomic size decreases from Na to Cl,
ionization energy increases. More energy is
147. Ionisation potential increases from left to right required to remove one electron from Mg than
M
across a period. Al as, Mg has paired electrons in 3s and Al

has an unpaired p electron.
149. The ionisation enthalpy (IE) increases along a
157. Neon (Ne) being inert has the highest
period from left to right but IE of Mg is higher
ionization energy.
SA
than IE of Al due to the presence of

completely filled 3s orbital in Mg. 158.
Hence, the correct order of first ionisation Electronic configuration Element
enthalpy is Na  Mg  Al  Si. [Ne] 3s2 3p1 Al
[Ne] 3s2 3p2 Si
150. Down the group, the first ionization potential [Ne] 3s2 3p3 P
(or ionization energy) decreases due to [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 As
increase in atomic radius. Among Al, Si, P and As, the element P has the
 Na > K > Rb highest ionization enthalpy.
146
159. The increase in the value of successive Elements B and D has 2 and 1 electrons less
ionization potentials is due to the increase in than their nearest noble gas electronic
effective nuclear charge from A to A+, i.e. configuration. Hence, electron gain enthalpy
force of attraction on the outer most electrons of element D will be greater than element B.
by the nucleus increases. C: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

T
second ionization potential is greater than first Element C requires one more electron in its
ionization potential 3s orbital for it to be stable.
Hence, the increasing order of electron gain
N
164. egH of Cl > egH of F
enthalpy would be
166. Group17 egH A  C  B  D.
F = –328
TE
173. Li+ being smaller in size and positively charge
Cl = –349
will attract an electron. Hence, it has the
Br = –325 highest electron affinity.
I = –295
The electron gain enthalpy (egH) of F is less 174. Electron affinity of ‘F’ is the second highest
amongst periodic table after ‘Cl’.
N
negative as compared to Cl because of its
small size. Hence, the correct order of electron 175.
gain enthalpy is F  Cl  Br  I.
O Electronic configuration Element
+ –
167. Na  Na + e ; IE of Na = +ve a 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 Cl
+ – +
Na + e  Na; EA of Na = –ve b 1s2 2s2 2p3 N
Both are equal but opposite in nature.
C
c 1s2 2s2 2p5 F
168. The formation of O2– ion is unfavourable due d 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 Na
to the strong electronic repulsion between The decreasing order of electron affinity is
negatively charged O– ion and the incoming Cl > F > N > Na, i.e., a > c > b > d
E
electron. Hence, the strong electronic

repulsion outweighs the stability obtained by 181. Halogens are the most electronegative elements
achieving the noble gas configuration. having electronic configuration [Ne]ns2np5.
PL
Atomic number of chlorine is 17 having

169. With negative sign, chlorine has the highest electronic configuration as [Ne] 3s2 3p5.
electron gain enthalpy (in magnitude).
182. Electronegativity increasing moving left to the
170. Group 17 elements have larger electron
right across a period.
affinity values than that of group 16 elements.
M
Therefore, F and Cl have higher electron 185.

affinity values than that of O. Among F and Element Electronegativity
Cl, the element Cl has higher electron affinity Si 1.8
SA
value than that of F. Hence, the decreasing P 2.1

order of electron affinity values is Cl > F > O.
C 2.5
171. A: 1s2 2s2 2p6 N 3.0
The electronic configuration of element A
Hence, increasing order of electronegativity is
resembles a noble gas configuration. Hence, it
Si < P < C < N.
shows least tendency to gain electrons.
B: 1s2 2s2 2p4 186. Fe, being a transition element, exhibits
D: 1s2 2s2 2p5 variable valence.
147
188. In case of third row elements, that its ionization enthalpy is greater than that
Na  monovalent, Mg  bivalent, of oxygen. So, correct order of increasing first
Al  trivalent, Si  tetravalent, P  trivalent, ionization enthalpy is: B < C < O < N
S  bivalent and Cl monovalent, 226. Chlorine has the highest negative electron gain
Ar  zerovalent. enthalpy.
T
193. Ca has atomic number 20. It has electronic
227. Since third ionization enthalpies of both
configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3d2 3p6 4s2, so it has
elements are quite high, they must belong to
N
2 electrons in valence orbital. The element
group-2. Also going down the group,
which combines with it has 3 valence
ionization enthalpy decreases. Hence, ‘B’
electrons. Hence, the product formed is Ca3X2.
must come after ‘A’.
TE
194. The element will have electronic configuration
230. Be has fully filled 2s sub-shell (2s2) and,
as [Ar], 4s1. Therefore it will readily lose one
therefore, shows little tendency to accept an
electron to chlorine (as Cl has valency of 1).
electron.
As chlorine has 7 electrons in its outermost
shell it can easily gain one electron to 232. The element which is the strongest oxidising
N
complete its octet. agent is fluorine and it is found in the VII
203. Li and Mg show diagonal relationship. Hence, group of the periodic table.
Li+ has nearly same size as Mg2+. O 237. Atomic number of sodium is 11. Its electronic
207. Be and Al show diagonal relationship. configuration is. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1. It readily
loses one electron from outermost shell
210. The electrons present in the inner shells shield
forming a positive ion Na+. The tendency of
C
or prevent the electrons in the valence shell
the atom of an element to form positive ion is
from being pulled or getting attracted towards
a measure of its metallic character.
the nucleus. This is known as screening effect.
Thus, for the same shell, screening effect 239. Electronic configurations are as follows
E
decreases in the order s  p  d  f.

3s 3p unpaired e
214. In the third row, sodium (alkali metal) and
PL
magnesium (alkali earth metal) belong to P = [Ne] 3s2 3p3 3

s–block while aluminium, silicon,
phosphorous, sulphur, chlorine and argon are S = [Ne] 3s2 3p4 2
p–block elements.
Cl = [Ne] 3s2 3p5 1
217. If Aufbau principle were not followed, the
M
electronic configuration of calcium would be

Mg = [Ne] 3s2 0
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2. So calcium would have
been placed in d-block. 242. Li(g) + IE  Li+(g) +e(g)
SA
220. The melting point of Sn and Pb are low IE = 520 kJ mol1

compared to Si and Ge as they do not use all Amount of energy needed to ionize 1 mol
four valence electrons for metallic bonding. (7 g) of Li to Li+ = 520 kJ
Sn has lower melting point than Pb. Amount of energy needed to convert all atoms
520
224. As we move from B to C to N, ionisation of 7 mg of Li vapours =  7  103
enthalpy keeps on increasing due to increasing 7
nuclear charge and decreasing atomic size. = 520  103 kJ
Nitrogen has half filled stable configuration so = 520 J
148
Topic Test
1. In the modern periodic table, the period to 9. Which one of the following sets of ions
which an element belongs is same as its represents the collection of isoelectronic
_______. species?
(A) atomic number (A) K+, Cl, Mg2+, Sc3+
T
(B) atomic mass (B) Na+, Ca2+, Sc3+, F
(C) principal quantum number (C) K+, Ca2+, Sc3+, Cl
(D) azimuthal quantum number (D) Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Cl
N
2. Which of the following is CORRECT 10. Among Na, Mg and Al, the variation in
regarding the following iodine species? ionization energy can be represented as
I, I+ and I _______.
TE
(A) Radius of I > Radius of I (A) Na > Mg > Al
(B) Radius of I < Radius of I+ (B) Na < Mg < Al
(C) Radius of I < Radius of I+ (C) Na > Mg < Al
(D) Radius of I > Radius of I+ (D) Na < Mg > Al
3. Atomic mass of Cl = 35.5 and of I = 127. 11. Elements of the same group in the period table
N
According to Dobereiner’s triad rule, atomic are characterized by the same _______.
mass of Br will be _______. (A) ionization potential
(A) 152.5 (B) 162.5 (B) electronegativity
4.
(C) 81.25 (D) 91.5 O
Long form of the periodic table is based on the
properties of elements as a function of their 12.
(C) electron affinity
(D) number of valence electrons
Among the following which has the smallest
atomic radius?
C
_______.
(A) atomic size (A) Mg (B) Na
(B) atomic mass (C) K (D) Ca
(C) electronegativity
13. How many elements are found in gaseous
(D) atomic number
E
state under normal conditions?

5. Atomic numbers 15, 33, 51 represent the (A) 6 (B) 9
following family _______. (C) 11 (D) 13
PL
(A) carbon family

14. The places that were left empty in his periodic
(B) nitrogen family
table by Mendeleev were for _______.
(C) oxygen family (A) aluminium and silicon
(D) none of these (B) gallium and germanium
6. The element californium belongs to the family (C) arsenic and antimony
of _______. (D) molybdenum and tungsten
M
(A) actinide series 15. Which of the following electronic

(B) alkali metal configurations represents the element with the
(C) alkaline earth family maximum electron affinity?
SA
(D) lanthanide series (A) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

7. An element of atomic number 21 will be (B) 1s2 2s2 2p6
placed in group _______. (C) 1s2 2s2 2p5
(A) II B (B) III B (D) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
(C) VI B (D) I A Answers to Topic Test
8. The electronic configuration of an element is 1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (D)
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2. It is a/an _______. 5. (B) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (A)
(A) metal (B) non-metal 9. (C) 10. (D) 11. (D) 12. (A)
(C) metalloid (D) inert gas 13. (C) 14. (B) 15. (A)
149

Neet Ug Jee Main Absolute Chemistry Vol 1 1 12883

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Neet Ug Jee Main Absolute Chemistry Vol 1 1 12883

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Neet Ug Jee Main Absolute Chemistry Vol 1 1 12883

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

For all Agricultural, Medical, Pharmacy and Engineering Entrance Examinations held across India.

CHEMISTRY Vol. 1.1

• Quick Review and Additional Information to build concepts.

Scan the adjacent Q.R. Code or visit www.targetpublications.org/tp12883

Printed at: Repro India Ltd., Mumbai

P.O. No. 135285

1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

'Chapters 8 to 17 are a part of Absolute Chemistry Vol - 1.2'

middle element were in between those of other two members.

Triad I Triad II Triad III

Limitation: The law worked only for few elements.

Atomic mass 23 24 27 29 31 32 35.5

v. Name of the Scientist: Lothar Meyer (1869)

vi. Name of the Scientist: Dimitri Mendeleev (1869)

197 201 204 207 209

Defects of Mendeleev’s periodic table:

3.1 Modern periodic law and long form of periodic table

 Modern periodic law:

Digits present in atomic number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

The remaining suffix ‘ium’ is added to this, to get unnilhexium.

101 Unnilunium Unu Mendelevium Md

104 Unnilquadium Unq Rutherfordium Rf

109 Unnilennium Une Meitnerium Mt

112 Ununbium Uub Copernicium Cn

3.2 Electronic configuration and types of elements: s, p, d, f-blocks

Quantum No. Values possible Represents Example

3p-subshell Three orbitals

4p-subshell Three orbitals

c. They are placed in the middle portion of the periodic table.

iv. f-Block elements:

f. Elements after uranium are called transuranic elements.

Metals Metalloids Non-metals

(268) (271) (272) (285) (284) (289)

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Groups (American tradition)

s-Block p-Block Elements

3.3 Periodic trends in properties of elements

Factors affecting atomic radius

increases. and so atomic radius decreases. from the attractive influence of

Atomic radius  Shielding effect

Ions Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Si4+

Ionic radii (pm) 95 72 53.5 40

The atoms of non-metal accept electrons to form anions.

remains the same.

decreases. (e added into the new shell).

iv. Electron gain enthalpy (egH):

Electronegativity increases with

From left to right, electronegativity increases.

From top to bottom, electronegativity decreases.

i. Oxidation state of an element:

ii. Diagonal relationship:

second and third period of the periodic table.

iv. Inert pair effect:

vi. Predicting number of the successive members in a group or family:

Multiple Choice Questions

(A) prime numbers (B) even numbers

(A) 107°C (B) –107°C

(C) six (D) two (A) triads