Public address system

A public address system (PA system) is an electronic system comprising

microphones, amplifiers, loudspeakers, and related equipment. It increases the apparent
volume (loudness) of a human voice, musical instrument, or other acoustic sound
source or recorded sound or music. PA systems are used in any public venue that
requires that an announcer, performer, etc. be sufficiently audible at a distance or over a
large area. Typical applications include sports stadiums, public transportation vehicles
and facilities, and live or recorded music venues and events. A PA system may include
multiple microphones or other sound sources, a mixing console to combine and modify
multiple sources, and multiple amplifiers and loudspeakers for louder volume or wider
distribution.

Simple PA systems are often used in small venues such as school auditoriums,
churches, and small bars. PA systems with many speakers are widely used to make
announcements in public, institutional and commercial buildings and locations—such
as schools, stadiums, and passenger vessels and aircraft. Intercom systems, installed in
many buildings, have both speakers throughout a building, and microphones in many
rooms so occupants can respond to announcements.
Horn loudspeakers are often used to
The term, sound reinforcement system generally means a PA system specifically for live broadcast sound in outdoor locations
music or performance.[1] In Britain any PA system is sometimes colloquially referred to
as a Tannoy, after the company of that name now owned by TC Electronic
Group, which supplied a great many of the PA systems used previously in
Britain.[2]

Contents
1 Early systems
1.1 Megaphone
1.2 Automatic Enunciator
1.3 Magnavox
An officer uses a ship's PA system
1.4 Marconi
1.5 Late 1920s-1930s
1.6 Electric megaphone
2 Small systems
3 Large systems
4 Telephone paging systems
5 PA over IP
6 WMT PA Systems
7 Long line PA
8 Small venue systems
9 Large venue systems
10 Acoustic feedback
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
Early systems

Megaphone
From the Ancient Greek era to the nineteenth century, before the invention of electric
loudspeakers and amplifiers, megaphone cones were used by people speaking to a large
audience, to make their voice project more to a large space or group. Megaphones are
typically portable, usually hand-held, cone-shaped acoustic horns used to amplify a person’s
voice or other sounds and direct it towards a given direction. The sound is introduced into the A late 19th-century speaking trumpet
narrow end of the megaphone, by holding it up to the face and speaking into it. The sound used by firefighters.
projects out the wide end of the cone. The user can direct the sound by pointing the wide end
of the cone in a specific direction. In the 2010s, cheerleading is one of the few fields where a
nineteenth century-style cone is still used to project the voice. The device is also called
“speaking-trumpet”, “bullhorn” or “loud hailer”.

Automatic Enunciator
In 1910, the Automatic Electric Company of Chicago, Illinois, already a major supplier of
automatic telephone switchboards, announced it had developed a loudspeaker, which it
marketed under the name of the Automatic Enunciator. Company president Joseph Harris
foresaw multiple potential uses, and the original publicity stressed the value of the invention A small sports megaphone for
as a hotel public address system, allowing people in all public rooms to hear cheering at sporting events, next to a
announcements.[3] In June 1910, an initial "semi-public" demonstration was given to 3 in. cigarette lighter for scale

newspaper reporters at the Automatic Electric Company building, where a speaker's voice
[4]
was transmitted to loudspeakers placed in a dozen locations "all over the building".

A short time later, the Automatic Enunciator Company formed in Chicago order to market the new device, and a series of promotional
installations followed.[5] In August 1912 a large outdoor installation was made at a water carnival held in Chicago by the Associated Yacht
and Power Boat Clubs of America. Seventy-two loudspeakers were strung in pairs at forty-foot (12 meter) intervals along the docks, spanning
a total of one-half mile (800 meters) of grandstands. The system was used to announce race reports and descriptions, carry a series of speeches
[6]
about "The Chicago Plan", and provide music between races.

In 1913, multiple units were installed throughout the Comiskey Park baseball stadium in Chicago, both to make announcements and to
provide musical interludes,[7] with Charles A. Comiskey quoted as saying: "The day of the megaphone man has passed at our park." The
company also set up an experimental service, called the Musolaphone, that was used to transmitted news and entertainment programming to
home and business subscribers in south-side Chicago,[8] but this effort was short-lived. The company continued to market the enunciators for
making announcements in establishments such as hospitals, department stores, factories, and railroad stations, although the Automatic
Enunciator Company was dissolved in 1926.[5]
 Advertisements for Automatic Enunciator public address systems

Factory, February 1918, page 361 The Modern Hospital Yearbook, 1919, pages 256-257

Magnavox
Edwin Jensen and Peter Pridham of Magnavox began
experimenting with sound reproduction in the 1910s.
Working from a laboratory in Napa, California, they filed
the first patent for a moving coil loudspeaker in 1911.[9]
Four years later, in 1915, they built a dynamic loudspeaker
with a 1-inch (2.5 cm) voice coil, a 3-inch (7.6 cm)
corrugated diaphragm and a horn measuring 34 inches
(86 cm) with a 22-inch (56 cm) aperture. The
electromagnet created a flux field of approximately 11,000
Gauss.[9]

Their first experiment used a carbon microphone. When

the 12 V battery was connected to the system, they
experienced one of the first examples of acoustic
feedback[9], a typically unwanted effect often Early public-address system from around 1920 using a Magnavox
speaker. The microphone had a metal reflector that concentrated the
characterized by high-pitched sounds. They then placed
sound waves, allowing the speaker to stand back so it wouldn't
the loudspeaker on the laboratory's roof, and claims say
obscure his or her face. The earlyvacuum tubes couldn't produce
that the amplified human voice could be heard 1 mile much gain, and even with six tubes the amplifier had low power . To
(1.6 km) away.[9] Jensen and Pridham refined the system produce enough volume, the system used ahorn loudspeaker. The
and connected a phonograph to the loudspeaker so it could cylindrical driver unit under the horn contained the diaphragm, which
broadcast recorded music.[10] They did this on a number the voice coil vibrated to produce sound through a flaringhorn. It
produced far more volume from a given amplifier than a cone
of occasions, including once at the Napa laboratory, at the
speaker. Horns were used in virtually all earlyPA systems, and are
Panama–Pacific International Exposition,[9] and on
still used in the 2010s in most systems, at least for the high-range
December 24, 1915 at San Francisco City Hall alongside tweeters.
Mayor James Rolph.[10] This demonstration was official
presentation of the working system, and approximately
[9]
100,000 people gathered to hear Christmas music and speeches "with absolute distinctness".

The first outside broadcast was made one week later, again supervised by Jensen and Pridham.[1][11] On December 30, when Governor of
California Hiram Johnson was too ill to give a speech in person, loudspeakers were installed at the Civic Auditorium in San Francisco,
connected to Johnson's house some miles away by cable and a microphone, from where he delivered his speech.[9] Jensen oversaw the
governor using the microphone while Pridham operated the loudspeaker
.

The following year, Jensen and Pridham applied for a patent for what they called their "Sound Magnifying Phonograph". Over the next two
years they developed their first valve amplifier .[9]
. In 1919 this was standardized as a 3-stage 25 watt amplifier

This system was used by former US president William Howard Taft at a speech in Grant Park, Chicago, and first used by a current president
when Woodrow Wilson addressed 50,000 people in San Diego, California.[11][12] Wilson's speech was part of his nationwide tour to promote
the establishment of the League of Nations.[13] It was held on September 9, 1919 at City Stadium. As with the San Francisco installation,
Jensen supervised the microphone and Pridham the loudspeakers. Wilson spoke into two large horns mounted on his platform, which
channelled his voice into the microphone.[13] Similar systems were used in the following years by Warren G. Harding and Franklin D.
Roosevelt.[9]

Marconi
By the early 1920s, Marconi had established a department dedicated to public address and began producing loudspeakers and amplifiers to
match a growing demand.[9] In 1925, George V used such a system at the British Empire Exhibition, addressing 90,000 via six long-range
loudspeakers.[9] This public use of loudspeakers brought attention to the possibilities of such technology. The 1925 Royal Air Force Pageant
at Hendon Aerodrome used a Marconi system to allow the announcer to address the crowds, as well as amplify the band.[9] In 1929, the
Schneider Trophy race at Calshot Spit used a public address system that had 200 horns, weighing a total of 20tons.[9]

Late 1920s-1930s
Engineers invented the first loud, powerful amplifier and speaker systems for public address systems and movie theaters. These large PA
systems and movie theatre sound systems were very large and very expensive, and so they could not be used by most touring musicians. After
1927, smaller, portable AC mains-powered PA systems that could be plugged into a regular wall socket "quickly became popular with
musicians"; indeed, "...Leon McAuliffe (with Bob Wills) still used a carbon mic and a portable PA as late as 1935." During the late 1920s to
mid-1930s, small portable PA systems and guitar combo amplifiers were fairly similar. These early amps had a "single volume control and
one or two input jacks, field coil speakers" and thin wooden cabinets; remarkably, these early amps did not have tone controls or even an on-
off switch.[14] Portable PA systems you could plug into wall sockets appeared in the early 1930s when the introduction of electrolytic
capacitors and rectifier tubes enabled economical built-in power supplies that could plug into wall outlets. Previously, amplifiers required
heavy multiple battery packs.

Electric megaphone
In the 1960s, an electric-amplified version of the megaphone, which used a loudspeaker,
amplifier and a folded horn, largely replaced the basic cone-style megaphone. Small handheld,
battery-powered electric megaphones are used by fire and rescue personnel, police, protesters,
and people addressing outdoor audiences. With many small handheld models, the microphone
is mounted at the back end of the device, and the user holds the megaphone in front of her/his
mouth to use it, and presses a trigger to turn on the amplifier and loudspeaker. Larger electric
megaphones may have a microphone attached by a cable, which enables a person to speak
without having their face obscured by the flared horn.

A woman using a small handheld

Small systems electric megaphone at a
demonstration in Portugal. Electric
The simplest, smallest PA systems consist of a microphone, an amplifier, and one or more megaphones use a type ofhorn
loudspeakers. PA systems of this type, often providing 50 to 200 watts of power, are often used loudspeaker called a reflex or
in small venues such as school auditoriums, churches, and coffeehouse stages. Small PA reentrant horn.
systems may extend to an entire building, such as a restaurant, store, elementary school or
office building. A sound source such as a compact disc player or radio may be connected to a
PA system so that music can be played through the system. Smaller, battery-powered 12 volt systems may be installed in vehicles such as tour
buses or school buses, so that the tour guide and/or driver can speak to all the passengers. Portable systems may be battery powered and/or
powered by plugging the system into an electric wall socket. These may also be used for by people addressing smaller groups such as
information sessions or team meetings. Battery-powered systems can be used by guides who are speaking to clients on walking tours.
 Public address systems consist of input sources (microphones, sound playback drvicrs,
etc), amplifiers, control and monitoring equipment (e.g., LED indicator lights, VU
meters, headphones), and loudspeakers. Usual input include microphones for speech or
singing, direct inputs from musical instruments, and a recorded sound playback device.
In non-performance applications, there may be a system that operators or automated
equipment uses to select from a number of standard prerecorded messages. These input
sources feed into preamplifiers and signal routers that direct the audio signal to selected
zones of a facility (e.g., only to one section of a school). The preamplified signals then
pass into the amplifiers. Depending on local practices, these amplifiers usually amplify
the audio signals to 50V, 70V, or 100V speaker line level.[15] Control equipment
Public address system in a school
monitors the amplifiers and speaker lines for faults before it reaches the loudspeakers.
This control equipment is also used to separate zones in a PA system. The loudspeaker
converts electrical signals into sound.

Large systems
Some PA systems have speakers that cover more than one building, extending to an entire
campus of a college, office or industrial site, or an entire outdoor complex (e.g., an athletic
stadium). A large PA system may also be used as analert system during an emergency.

Telephone paging systems

Some private branch exchange (PBX) telephone systems use a paging facility that acts as a
liaison between the telephone and a PA amplifier. In other systems, paging equipment is not built
into the telephone system. Instead the system includes a separate paging controller connected to a
trunk port of the telephone system. The paging controller is accessed as either a designated
directory number or central office line. In many modern systems, the paging function is
integrated into the telephone system, so the system can send announcements to the phone
speakers.

Many retailers and offices choose to use the telephone system as the sole access point for the
paging system, because the features are integrated. Many schools and other larger institutions are
no longer using the large, bulky microphone PA systems and have switched to telephone system
Public address system consisting
paging, as it can be accessed from many different points in the school.
of amplifiers, mixers, and routers
for a major international airport
PA over IP
PA over IP refers to PA paging and intercom systems that use an Internet Protocol (IP) network, instead of a central amplifier, to distribute the
audio signal to paging locations across a building or campus, or anywhere else in the reach of the IP network, including the Internet. Network-
attached amplifiers and intercom units are used to provide the communication function. At the transmission end, a computer application
transmits a digital audio stream via the local area network, using audio from the computer's
sound card inputs or from stored audio recordings.
At the receiving end, either specialized intercom modules (sometimes known as IP speakers) receive these network transmissions and
reproduce the analog audio signal. These are small, specialized network appliances addressable by an IP address, just like any other computer
on the network.[16]

WMT PA Systems
Wireless Mobile Telephony (WMT) PA Systems refers to PA paging and [intercom] systems that use any form of Wireless mobile telephony
system such as GSM networks instead of a centralized amplifier to distribute the audio signal to paging locations across a building or campus,
or other location. The GSM mobile Networks are used to provide the communication function. At the transmission end, a PSTN Telephone,
mobile phone, VOIP phone or any other communication device that can access and make audio calls to a GSM based mobile SIM card can
communicate with it. At the receiving end, a GSM transceiver receives these network transmissions and reproduce the analogue audio signal
via a Power Amplifier and speaker. This was pioneered by Stephen Robert Pearson of Lancashire, England who was granted patents for the
systems, which also incorporate control functionality. Using a WMT (GSM) network means that live announcements can be made to
anywhere in the world where there is WMT connectivity. The patents cover all forms of WMT i.e., 2G, 3G, 4G ..... xxG. A UK company
called Remvox Ltd (REMote VOice eXperience) has been appointed under license to develop and manufacture products based on the
technology.

Long line PA
A Long-Line Public Address (LLPA) system is any public address system with a distributed
architecture, normally across a wide geographic area. Systems of this type are commonly found
in the rail, light rail, and metro industries, and let announcements be triggered from one or
several locations to the rest of the network over low bandwidth legacy copper, normally PSTN
lines using DSL modems, or media such as optical fiber, or GSM-R, or IP-based networks.[17]

Rail systems typically have an interface with a passenger information system (PIS) server, at
each station. These are linked to train describers, which state the location of rolling stock on the
London Underground employee
making a Long Line Public network from sensors on trackside signaling equipment. The PIS invokes a stored message to
Address system announcement play from a local or remote digital voice announcement system, or a series of message fragments
using an RPA01 Radio to assemble in the correct order, for example: " / the / 23.30 / First_Great_Western /
Microphone at Bank Station Night_Riviera_sleeper_service / from / London_Paddington / to / Penzance / .... / will depart
from platform / one / this train is formed of / 12_carriages /." Messages are routed via an IP
network and are played on local amplification equipment. Taken together, the PA, routing, DVA,
passenger displays and PIS interface are referred to as the customer information system (CIS), a term often used interchangeably with
passenger information system.

Small venue systems

Small clubs, bars and coffeehouses use a fairly simple set-up, with front of house speaker cabinets (and subwoofers, in some cases) aimed at
the audience, and monitor speaker cabinets aimed back at the performers so they can hear their vocals and instruments. In many cases, front of
house speakers are elevated, either by mounting them on poles or by "flying" them from anchors in the ceiling. The Front of House speakers
are elevated to prevent the sound from being absorbed by the first few rows of audience members. The subwoofers do not need to be elevated,
because deep bass is omnidirectional. In the smallest coffeehouses and bars, the audio mixer may be onstage so that the performers can mix
their own sound levels.[18] In larger bars, the audio mixer may be located in or behind the audience seating area, so that an audio engineer can
listen to the mix and adjust the sound levels. The adjustments to the monitor speaker mix may be made by a single audio engineer using the
main mixing board, or they may be made by a second audio engineer who uses a separate mixing board.

Large venue systems

For popular music concerts, a more powerful and more complicated PA System is used to
provide live sound reproduction. In a concert setting, there are typically two complete PA
systems: the "main" system and the "monitor" system. Each system consists of a mixing board,
sound processing equipment, amplifiers, and speakers. The microphones that are used to pick up
vocals and amplifier sounds are routed through both the main and monitor systems. Audio
engineers can set different sound levels for each microphone on the main and monitor systems.
This small venue's stage shows a
For example, a backup vocalist whose voice has a low sound level in the main mix may ask for a
typical PA system.
much louder sound level through her monitor speaker
, so she can hear her singing.

The "main" system (also known asFront of House, commonly abbreviated FOH),
which provides the amplified sound for the audience, typically uses a number of powerful amplifiers that drive a range of
large, heavy-duty loudspeakers—including low-frequency speaker cabinets called subwoofers, full-range speaker cabinets,
and high-range horns. A large club may use amplifiers to provide 3000 to 5000 watts of power to the "main" speakers. An
outdoor concert may use 10,000 or more watts.
The monitor system reproduces the sounds of the performance and directs them towards the onstage performers (typically
using wedge-shaped monitor speaker cabinets), to help them to hear the instruments and vocals. In British English, the
monitor system is referred to as the "foldback". The monitor system in a large club may provide 500 to 1000 watts of power
to several foldback speakers; at an outdoor concert, there may be several thousand watts of power going to the monitor
system.
At a concert using live sound reproduction, sound engineers and technicians control the mixing boards for the "main" and "monitor" systems,
adjusting tone, levels, and overall volume.

Touring productions travel with relocatable large line-array PA systems, sometimes rented from an audio
equipment hire company. The sound equipment moves from venue to venue along with various other
equipment such as lighting and projection.

Acoustic feedback
All PA systems have the potential for audio feedback, which occurs when a microphone picks up sound
from the speakers, which is re-amplified and sent through the speakers again. It often sounds like a loud
high-pitched squeal or screech, and can occur when the volume of the system is turned up too high.
Feedback only occurs when the loop gain of the feedback loop is greater than one, so it can always be
stopped by reducing the volume sufficiently.
A line array speaker
system and subwoofer
Sound engineers take several steps to maximize gain before feedback, including keeping microphones at a
cabinets at a live music
distance from speakers, ensuring that directional microphones are not pointed towards speakers, keeping concert
the onstage volume levels down, and lowering gain levels at frequencies where the feedback is occurring,
using a graphic equalizer, a parametric equalizer, or a notch filter. Some 2010s-era mixing consoles and
effects units have automatic feedback preventing circuits.

Feedback prevention devices detect the start of unwanted feedback and use a precise notch filter to lower the gain of the frequencies that are
feeding back. Some automated feedback detectors require the user to “set” the feedback-prone frequencies by purposely increasing gain
(during a sound check) until some feedback starts to occur. The device then retains these frequencies in its memory and it stands by ready to
cut them. Some automated feedback prevention devices can detect and reduce new frequencies other than those found in the sound check.

See also
Announcer
Instrument amplifier
Sound reinforcement system

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External links
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