MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila

CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City

Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-6697 (Cebu)

Review MODULE – ELEMENTARY AND HIGHER SURVEYING

CORRECTIONS APPLIED IN DISTANCE MEASUREMENT PROBABLE ERRORS

1. Temperature Correction (add or subtract) PROBABILITY – defined as the number of times something will
Ct = αL∆T probably occur over the range of possible occurrences.

where: 𝛼 = 0.0000116/𝑚℃ ; ∆T = Tf − Ti 1. Probable Error of Single Observation

2. Correction due to Pull (add or subtract) ∑ V2
PEs = 0.6745√
∆𝑃𝐿 n-1
Cp =
𝐴𝐸 where: Pes = probable error; n–no. of observations
3. Correction due to Sag (to be subtracted only) ∑ 𝑉 2 = sum of the square of the residuals.

𝜔2 𝐿3 2. Probable Error of the Mean

Cs =
24𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 2
where: 𝜔 – weight per tape length =
𝑊 ∑ V2 PEs
𝐿 PEm = 0.6745√ =
n(n - 1) n
4. Correction due to Slope (to be subtracted only)
3. Standard Deviation
ℎ2
Cslope = ; 𝐻 = 𝑆 – 𝐶𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 ∑ V2
2𝑆
Standard Deviation= √
Note: You could also use trigonometry for corrections due to slope. (n - 1)

5. Normal Tension – the pull used to compensate the correction

4. Standard Error
due to sag. Standard Deviation
0.204𝑊√𝐴𝐸
Standard Error =
Csag = 𝐶𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 ; P𝑁 = √n
√𝑃𝑁 −𝑃1

6. Sea Level Correction SITUATION. From the measured values of distance AB, the following
ℎ trials were recorded.
Lc = L (1 − ) Trial Distance (m)
𝑅
1 120.68
2 120.84
SITUATION. A 50 m tape was standardized and was found to be 3 120.76
0.0042 m too long than the standard length at an observed
temperature of 58 °C and a pull of 15 kg. The same tape was used to 1. Determine the most probable value.
measure a certain distance and was recorded to be 673.92 m long at 2. Determine the probable error of the mean.
an observed temperature of 68° at standard pull. 3. Find the standard deviation.
1. Determine the standard temperature of the tape. 4. Find the standard error.
2. Determine the total correction to be applied on the measured
distance.
WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS
3. Determine the true length of the line.
1. The weights are directly proportional to the number of
Problem 4. A 100-m tape weighing 5.08 kg was used to measure a observations.
line. It was supported at the end points and the tension applied is 60 2. The weights are inversely proportional to the square of the
N. If the total measured distance is 2345.76 m, what is the correct corresponding probable errors.
distance of the line? 3. The errors are directly proportional to the square roots of the
distances.
Problem 5. Determine the normal tension which will be applied to a
tape supported over two supports in order to make the tape equal to Problem 1. From the following tabulated data, several lines of levels
its nominal length when supported only at end points. The steel tape are run over different routes from BM1 to BM2. Determine the most
is 30 m long and weighs 0.84 kg when supported throughout its length probable value of the difference in elevation between BM1 and BM2.
under a standard pull of 5.6 kg, with the modules of elasticity of 2 x 106 Difference in
Route Distance
kg/cm2 and area of 0.06 cm2. Elevation
A 120.742 m 6.32 km
Problem 6. Compute the sea level distance of a line which measures B 120.825 m 8.46 km
9567.21 m if it was measured in Baguio City (Elevation 1525 m). The C 120. 863 m 10.53 km
average radius of curvature of the area is 6400 km.
Problem 2. The following interior angles of a triangle traverse were
measured with the same precision.
Station Value (Degrees) No. of Measurements
A 39 3
B 65 4
C 75 2
Determine the most probable value of angle C.
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-6697 (Cebu)

DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING
Problem 3. There are 3 hills in a row Palaven, Thesia, and Sur’kesh
SITUATION. From the given data of a differential leveling as shown in having elevations 660 m, 630 m and 600 m respectively. The distance
the tabulation: from Palaven to Thesia is 10 km and the distance from Thesia to
STA. B.S. F.S. ELEV. Sur’kesh is 12 km. Find the obstruction of the line of sight at Thesia
1 5.87 392.25 when observing Sur’kesh from Palaven.
2 7.03 6.29
3 3.48 6.25 COMPASS SURVEYING
4 7.08 1.501 m
It is the branch of surveying in which the position of an object is located
1. Determine the difference in elevation of Sta. 2 and Sta. 4. using angular measurements determined by a compass and linear
2. Find the elevation of Station 3. measurements using a chain or tape.

Problem 3. A line of levels, 6 km long is run between A and B with Angle Measurement:
average backsight and foresight distances of 150 m. The average ▪ Bearing – an angle less than 90° within a quadrant defined by the
backsight reading is 3.8 m and each time it is taken the rod is inclined cardinal directions.
sideward from the vertical by 5 degrees. Determine the correct ▪ Azimuth – an angle between 0° and 360° measured clockwise
elevation of B if its recorded elevation is 425.16 m. from South.

TWO PEG TEST SITUATION. Rick and Morty, using the portal gun, travels back in time
around 1890. Using a magnetic compass, they obtain a bearing of a
SITUATION. In a two-peg test, the following observations were taken line N 32°12’ E. The magnetic declination in the locality at that time is
Instrument at P Instrument at Q 1°12’ W. They return to the current time and notice that the magnetic
Rod reading on A 1.103 0.568 declination in the same locality becomes 2°32’ E.
Rod reading on B 0.991 0.289 1. Compute the true bearing of the line.
2. Compute the magnetic azimuth of the line in the current time.
Point P is equidistant from A and B and Q is 12 m from A and 72 m
from B. TRAVERSE SURVEYING: ERROR OF CLOSURE
1. Determine the difference in elevation between A and B.
2. Determine the correct reading at B for a horizontal line of sight with It is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks.
the instrument still at Q. Latitude – projection of north and south line.

BUBBLE SENSITIVITY Departure – projection of the east and west line.

SITUATION. Using an engineer’s level, the reading on a rod 80m away For a closed traverse, the sum of the latitudes and departures should
was observed to be 2.81 m. The bubble was leveled thru 5 spaces on be equal to zero.
the level tube and the rod reading increased to 2.874 m. Error of Closure = √∑ ErrorL 2 + ∑ ErrorD 2
1. Determine the angle that the bubble tube was deviated due to an
increase in the rod in seconds of arc. Error of closure
2. Determine the angular value of one space of the tube in seconds Relative Error=
Perimeter of all courses
of arc.
3. Determine the radius of curvature of the level tube if one space on
SITUATION. From the data below:
the tube is 0.60 mm long.
LINE DISTANCE BEARING
1-2 60.32 m N 53°27’ E
EFFECT OF EARTH’S CURVATURE AND REFRACTION 2-3 70.58 m S 66°54’ E
Curvature Effect (for correction, the effect must be subtracted): 3-4 75.62 m S 29°08’ W
HC = 0.0785 k2 4-1 98.75 m N 52°00’ W
Refraction Correction (for correction, the effect must be added): 1. Determine the linear error of closure
HR = 0.0112 k2 2. Determine the relative error.
Combined Correction (for correction, the effect must be
subtracted): TRAVERSE SURVEYING: BALANCING DATA
HCR = 0.067 k2 Compass Rule – the correction to be applied to the latitude or
where: HC , HR , & HCR are in meters, departure of any course is to the total correction in latitude or departure
k is in kilometers as the length of the course to the length of traverse.
Problem 1. Shortly after they start their voyage, Edward Kenway looks Transit Rule – the correction to be applied to the latitude or departure
back and he barely saw the tip of the lighthouse from their base. His of any course is to the total correction in latitude or departure as the
eye level is 3.20 m from the sea level. If the lighthouse is 25 km from latitude or departure of that course is to the arithmetical sum of all the
Edward, find the elevation of the tip of the lighthouse? latitudes or departures in the traverse without regards to sign.
Problem 2. The top of a tower at B 3000 m away from A where the
transit is set, has a vertical angle of 5º30’. The height of the mast is 15
m and the height of the instrument at A is 1.10 m. If the elevation of
the base of the instrument is 135 m, determine the elevation of the
base of the tower.
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-6697 (Cebu)

SITUATION: Given the latitude and departure of the closed traverse:

Problem 1. An engineer’s level with a stadia constant of 0.3 m was
LINE DISTANCE BEARING LATITUDE DEPARTURE set up on the line between two points, A and B, and the following hair
1-2 60.32 m N 53°27’ E 35.922 48.457 readings were observed.
2-3 70.58 m S 66°54’ E -27.691 64.921 ROD HAIR READINGS
3-4 75.62 m S 29°08’ W -66.053 -36.815 POSITION UPPER MIDDLE LOWER
4-1 98.75 m N 52°00’ W 60.797 -77.816 Rod held at A 1.830 m 1.660 m 1.490 m
1. Determine the corrected latitude of line 1-2 using compass rule. Rod held at B 1.985 m 1.743 m 1.501 m
2. Determine the corrected departure of line 3-4 using compass rule. If the stadia interval factor of the level is 99, determine the length of
3. Determine the corrected latitude of line 4-1 using transit rule. the line AB.
4. Determine the corrected departure of line 4-1 using transit rule.
Problem 2. A stadia instrument (height of instrument is 1.60 m) is set
TRAVERSE SURVEYING: AREA CALCULATIONS up at point A whose elevation is 40 m having a height of instrument
equal to 1.60 m. The stadia intercept with the rod at B was taken as
Double Meridian Distance (DMD) Method:
1.40 m with the vertical angle 3°30’ at 2.0 m. Stadia interval factor is
Rule 1: The DMD of the first course is equal to the departure of the 100 and (f + c) is 0.30 m. What is the elevation of point B?
course.
Rule 2: The DMD of any course is equal to the DMD of the preceding Problem 3. A subtense bar 2 meters long is set up near the middle of
course, plus the departure of the preceding course, plus the departure a traverse line AB. At A, the angle subtended is 38’05” while 63’16” at
of the course itself. B. Find the length AB.
Rule 3: The DMD of the last course is numerically equal to the
departure of that course, but with the opposite sign.
DOUBLE AREA = DMD x Adjusted Latitude

Double Parallel Distance (DPD) Method:

Rule 1: The DPD of the first course is equal to the latitude of the
course.
Rule 2: The DPD of any course is equal to the DPD of the preceding
course, plus the latitude of the preceding course, plus the latitude of
the course itself.
Rule 3: The DPD of the last course is numerically equal to the latitude
of that course, but with the opposite sign.
DOUBLE AREA = DPD x Adjusted Departure

Problem 1. A lot has the following dimensions. Determine the missing

line.
LINE Bearing Distance
A-B N 55°30’ W 145.10
B-C
C-D S 40°45’ E 62.50
D-A N 27°10’ E 250.00

Problem 2. Given the traverse, determine the area of the lot.

LINE LATITUDE DEPARTURE
1-2 3.473 m 19.696 m
2-3 14.095 m 5.130 m
3-1 -17.568 m -24.826 m

TACHEOMETRY
It is a system of rapid surveying, by which the horizontal and vertical
positions of points on the earth's surface relative to one another are
determined without using a chain or tape, or a separate leveling
instrument.

Horizontal Distance:
H = KS cos2θ + C cosθ

Vertical Distance:
V = 0.5 KS sin2θ + C sinθ