A Short Review of The Muslim Rule

A Short View of the Muslim rule
(from 712-1857).
Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi (31 December 695–18
July 715) :
Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi (31 December 695–18 July
715) Umayyad General Iraq Governor, Hijaj bin Yousaf Married
his Daughter Zubaida Foundation of Islamic Rule in Subcontinent
Causes of Sindh Invasion:

Causes of Sindh Invasion Attacked by Raja Dahir’s forces on
Muslim’s ship The Arab were imprisoned later on by the Debal
Governor, Partaab Raye Refusal of Raja Dahir Hijaj sent
Muhammad Bin Qasim for this expedition in 711 A.D
Third Expedition Makran Arman Belah (lasbela) Debal (Karachi)

Sadusan (Sehwan), Nerun (Hyd), Brahamnabad (Shehdad Pur)
Ar-rur (Rohri,Nawabshah) met by Dahir's forces Captured
(Multan)
Reason for Success:

Reason for Success Superior military equipment Troop discipline
and leadership. [4] The concept of Jihad as a morale booster. [4]
Religion; the widespread belief in the prophecy of Muslim
success. [4] [12] The ‘Samanis” the majority of the population was
Buddhist who were dissatisfied with their rulers, who were Hindu.
[12]
Death:
Death Revolt in Umayyad Death of Hijaj bin Yousaf M.B Qasim
Return Murdered on way
Sultan Mehmood Ghaznavi (November 2, 971 - April 30,
1030):
Sultan Mehmood Ghaznavi (November 2, 971 - April 30, 1030)
Son of Sabuktagin Ruled from 997 to 1030 Dynasty (Afghanistan,
Eastern Iran, Pakistan, North Eest India) 17 expeditions on India
Campaign:
Campaign Started from (Khorsan, Balkh, Herat, Merv)
Afghanistan, from Samanids in 999 Seistan (Iran) 1000
Ghandhara (Peshawar) defeats Jaypal 1001 Multan, Ismail shah
& Anandapala Expeditions in India against Rajput (Ujjain, Gwalior,
Kalinjar, Kannauj, i Ajmer, Kangra. HP) 1008.
Takes Lahore on his return Nehrwala, Kathiawar, Somnath This

raid was his last major campaign. Somnath 1025: killing over
50,000 people who tried to defend it Sultan Mahmud died on April
30, 1030 at Ghazni
Sultan Muhammad Shahabu-ddin Ghori (1150 – 15

March 1206) :
Sultan Muhammad Shahabu-ddin Ghori (1150 – 15 March 1206)
Mu'izzuddīn Muḥammad Bin Sām Born in Ghor, Afghanistan
Brother Ghayassu-ddin Ghorid’s Dynasty (Afghanistan, Pakistan,
North East India)
Multan & Uch 1175 Attacked Gujrat 1178, defeated by Rajput

Bhimdev Solanki II Capture Lahore 1181 Conquered Sialkot 1181
Attacked Terrain (Delhi) against Prithvi Raj Chohan (Rajput)
1191, Loss Attacked Terrain 1192 again, become Victorious
Moved to Ajmer + North Rajasthan Attacked Ayodhya temple,

capture Delhi 1193 Made Qutbuddin Aibak his Deputy of
Sultanate Conquered Bengal 1204 Murdered by Hindu warrior
near Jhelum 1206
The Great Mughal Empire 1526-1707
Introduction:
The Mughals were descendants of two great rulers. From their
mother’s side they were descendants of Genghis Khan, ruler of
the Mongol tribes, China & Central Asia. From their father’s side
they were the successors of Timur, the ruler of Iran, Iraq &
Modern-day Turkey.
Mughal Empire:
Mughal Empire Under the Mughals, India was the heart of a great
Islamic empire and a prolific center of Islamic culture and
learning. Dynasty was the greatest, richest and longest lasting
Muslim dynasty to rule India. Mongol Descendents The Great
Mughal Emperors were: Babur (1526-1530) The First of the
Mughals Humayun (1530-1556) The Luckless Leader Akbar
(1556-1605) The Great Jehangir (1605-1627) The Paragon of
Stability Shah Jehan (1627-1658) The Master Builder Aurangzeb
(1658-1707) The Intolerant
Babur 1526 - 1530 The First of the Mughals:

Babur 1526 - 1530 The First of the Mughals Born on 14 Feb 1483
Uzbekistan Babur was a direct descendant of the Turkish
Ghengis Khan and Timur from Tamerlane. Defeated the Delhi
Sultanate (Ibrahim Lodhi at Panipat 1526 & Rana Sanga rajput
1527 ) & established the Mughal Empire. Gained control of the
whole northern India Made Agra capital He reigned for 4 short
years and died at age 47 in 1530. Did not enact new laws or
organization in the empire due to early his death Buried in Kabul
Humayun 1530 - 1556 :

Humayun 1530 - 1556 After Babur died, he was succeeded by his
son Humayun in 1530. Humayun was 23 years old. He was not a
soldier and unlike his father, neither skilled nor a wise leader.
Inherited a disunited and disorganized empire. In 1540, Sher
Shah Suri defeated Humayun and took over the Mughal Empire.
The Empire was lost from 1540-1545. He was exiled but later
regained power in 1555, defeating Feroz shah Suri. Humayun
died in 1556 after falling down the steps of his library.
Akbar 1556 - 1605 The Great:

Akbar 1556 - 1605 The Great Akbar become the new Mughal
ruler at the age of 14. Akbar was an ambitious and noble
commander Built the largest army ever in the empire. Helped to
conquer nearly all of modern-day northern India and Pakistan.
Great administrator developed a centralized government It
delegated 15 provinces each under a governor and each province
into districts and each district was further sub-divided into smaller
sections. Best known for tolerance of his subjects (especially
Hindus) Invited religious scholars to debate him in his private
chambers. Developed his own faith call Din Ilahi. Din Ilahi was a
mixture of the other religions Akbar had studied from those
debates. Religion never caught on Died and Buried at Sikandra
(agra)
Jehangir 1605 - 1627 The Paragon of Stability:

Jehangir 1605 - 1627 The Paragon of Stability Jehangir (Prince
Salim) succeeded his father Akbar in 1605. Opposite of his father
Poor monarch and warrior but good at maintaining the status quo.
He continued many of Akbar’s policies . Freedom of worship. Fair
treatment of Hindus. Continued friendship and alliance with
Rajputs. Allowed foreigners like the Portuguese and English into
India for trade. Jehangir married Nur Jahan. She became the real
ruler of the empire until the death of her husband.
Jehangir Issues (specific):

Jehangir Issues (specific) Under the influence of his wife and
many others, Jehangir was not an able ruler like his father. He
loved to drink and enjoy himself. He had to suppress many
rebellions . Important posts in the court were given to families,
friends, and especially those close to his wife, Jahan.
Shah Jehan 1627 - 1658 The Master Builder:

Shah Jehan 1627 - 1658 The Master Builder Shah Jehan (Prince
Khurram) succeeded his father in 1627. Better ruler than
Jehangir. Restored the efficiency of government. Recovered
territories . Maintained peace Foreign traders were allowed into
India and trade increased considerably. The empire was
expanded. Shah Jehan was a patron of the arts Built many great
architecture buildings including the Taj Mahal
Shah Jehan:
Shah Jehan Taj Mahal ( Mumtaz ) Built in honor of his wife
( Arjuman Bano ) who died during childbirth. 1657 - Shah Jehan
became seriously ill and a dispute over the succession of the
throne between his three sons. Aurangzeb depose Shah Jehan in
1658. Shah Jehan was imprisoned in the Octagonal Tower of the
Agra Fort from which he could see the Taj Mahal . He died in
1666 and was buried next to his wife in the Taj Mahal .
Aurangzeb 1658 - 1707 The Intolerant:

Aurangzeb 1658 - 1707 The Intolerant Aurangzeb ascended the
throne after disposing his father and beating out his two brothers.
Dictator severely mistreated Hindus of Northern India. Empire
declines under his reign He removed the tax-free status (Jizya)for
Hindus Destroyed their temples Crushed semi-autonomous Hindu
states Primary Interest - Promote Islam
Aurangzeb:
Aurangzeb Aurangzeb over expanded the empire and strained his
resources. Large sums of money and manpower were lost. He
lost the support of the Hindu people. The over expansion of his
empire weakened his administration. Aurangzeb died in 1707 Son
Bahadur Shah succeeded him., he only managed to live a few
more years. But at this point in time, the government was so
unstable and so weak, the empire become an easy target of
invasion and exploitation, first by the Persians, and then by the
British. The death of Aurangzeb, the empire started its gradual
decline
1526-1530 Babur’s victory at Panipat in 1526 established the

Mughal Empire and ended the reign of the Delhi Sultanate. The
rise of the great Mughal Dynasty in India began with Babur. 1530-
1556 Humayun succeeded his father Babur and became
emperor. He was defeated and dislodged by insurrections of
nobles from the old Lodi regime. In 1540, the Mughal domain
came under control of Farid Khan Sur (Shir Shah Sur). Humayun
died at the age of 48 when he fell down the steps of his library.
1556-1605 Akbar, the most sophisticated Mughal commander and
leader, was only 14 years of age when he succeeded his father
Humayun. Under Akbar's reign, Muslims and Hindu’s received the
same respect. Summary: The Dynasty of the Great Mughals in
India
Summary: The Dynasty of the Great Mughals in India:

Summary: The Dynasty of the Great Mughals in India 1605-1628
Jehangir succeeded his father, Akbar. 1628-1658 Prince Khurram
was 35 years old when he ascended the throne as Shah Jehan,
King of the World. 1659-1707 In the summer of 1659, Aurangzeb
held a coronation in the Red Fort where he assumed the title of
Alamgir (World Conqueror). After a bitter struggle with his two
brothers, Aurangzeb was the victor who took the throne. 1857
Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor, was deposed in 1858.
India was brought under the direct rule of the British Crown. This
brought the end of the Mughal Empire.
British Rule:
British Rule East India Company 1601 James Lancaster
(Commander) Trade (Cotton, Silk, Salt, Tea) Surat, Madras,
Bombay Calcutta… Trading zone Well Established in 1690 Battle
of Palessy 1757 was the major offense by Company against
Nawab Sirajudolla of Bengal Captured Bombay from Marathas
Conquered Mysore by defeating Tipu Sultan, Battle of
Seringapatam 1799
War Of Independence 1857:

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A Short View of the Muslim rule

Causes of Sindh Invasion:

Third Expedition Makran Arman Belah (lasbela) Debal (Karachi)

Reason for Success:

Takes Lahore on his return Nehrwala, Kathiawar, Somnath This

Sultan Muhammad Shahabu-ddin Ghori (1150 – 15

Multan & Uch 1175 Attacked Gujrat 1178, defeated by Rajput

Moved to Ajmer + North Rajasthan Attacked Ayodhya temple,

Babur 1526 - 1530 The First of the Mughals:

Humayun 1530 - 1556 :

Akbar 1556 - 1605 The Great:

Jehangir 1605 - 1627 The Paragon of Stability:

Jehangir Issues (specific):

Shah Jehan 1627 - 1658 The Master Builder:

Aurangzeb 1658 - 1707 The Intolerant:

1526-1530 Babur’s victory at Panipat in 1526 established the

Summary: The Dynasty of the Great Mughals in India:

War Of Independence 1857:

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