50|Creative Commons Attribution b

https://doi.org/10.3311/PPar.13040

Periodica Polytechnica Architecture, 50(1), pp. 50–62, 2019

Discussion of the Structural Irregularities in the Plan for

Architectural Design within the Scope of Earthquake Codes

Zeynep Yeşim İlerisoy1*

1
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Gazi University, Eti Mah., Yükseliş Sok., No:5, Maltepe,
06560 Ankara, Turkey
*
Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]

Received: 31 August 2018, Accepted: 31 January 2019, Published online: 05 March 2019

Abstract
Earthquake codes are legal documents that set the minimum conditions for the construction of seismically safe buildings, and each
country has different restrictions under different subheadings, depending on the seismic history of the region and the economic
situation of the country. The biggest contribution to architectural design in earthquake codes is under the heading of "structural
irregularity". If the design of a structure is regular, the behaviour of the structure under the earthquake effect becomes more rational,
the resistance against the dynamic loads of the structure is increased, resulting in a better economic performance compared to the
irregular buildings. To examine the visual expression techniques necessary for architects to be able to understand earthquake codes,
eight different seismic codes for countries on active fault lines with different seismic histories were discussed, and it was revealed
that limit values for irregularity definitions differed among them. The design decisions that will cause irregularities in the plan are
considered comprehensively, and the precautions that can be taken against these irregularities are explained to architects in order to
create awareness. In addition, because of the improved comprehension of visual forms in human perception, the subject is illuminated
with simple but descriptive drawings. In conclusion, this study can be considered as a source for understanding regulations for seismic
design, revealing information about architecture in the face of the ever-changing reality of an earthquake, and the possession of the
tools that architects can use effectively in this regard.
Keywords
earthquake code, earthquake resistant design, horizontal structural irregularity

1 Introduction
Numerous earthquakes have occurred in countries that is related to the engineering profession (Özmen, 2008).
are on the most active fault lines in the world. In these However, examinations made after major earthquakes
regions, earthquakes have caused the loss of many lives over the last 20 years have shown that this is not correct,
and property, even though they have become com- and when building damage is examined, many structures
mon events (Allen, 2007). As a result of the experiences have become unusable due to decisions made during the
obtained, the design of the earthquake-resistant structure architectural design process (İnan and Korkmaz, 2011;
becomes a necessity to minimise the damage that occurs Özmen, 2008; Öztürk, 2011).
in these structures. The purpose of earthquake-resistant Maver (1970) and Peña and Parshall (2001) defined
structure design, is to prevent the loss of life by ensur- architectural design as a trial-and-error process, which
ing that the load-bearing system remains undamaged consists of several variables related to economy, aesthetics,
or slightly damaged as a result of small-scale or large- functionality, and strength. The architectural design pro-
scale earthquakes, accordingly. The earthquake-resis- cess is the stage of construction where the various features
tant structure design comprises events that are generally of the building are identified, and decisions are made con-
uncertain. The most important uncertainty in this regard, cerning building characteristics that affect the building's
is which discipline will carry out the design process of structural behaviour. In this phase, earthquake-resistant
these structures. In general, there is widespread belief structure design should be considered if the structures are
that the production of earthquake-resistant structures constructed in regions of high earthquake risk. A suitable

Cite this article as: İlerisoy, Z. Y. (2019) "Discussion of the Structural Irregularities in the Plan for Architectural Design within the Scope of Earthquake
Codes", Periodica Polytechnica Architecture, 50(1), pp. 50–62. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPar.13040
 |51
İlerisoy
Period. Polytech. Arch., 50(1), pp. 50–62, 2019

structural system for architectural and functional design dramatically in their nature and in principle, are very difficult
is determined by architects during the preliminary design to define. However, in the simplest sense, irregular buildings
phase (İlerisoy and Tuna, 2018a). Architects need to com- are defined as insecure buildings with a poor performance
prehend the concepts of the necessary structural system against earthquakes (Harmankaya and Soyluk, 2012).
and earthquake-resistant design to produce quality struc- Regarding buildings, for practical purposes, major seismic
tures. Earthquakes usually cause damage to weak spots in codes distinguish irregularities in plan (horizontal) and in
the configuration of a building. If the decisions taken in the elevation (vertical) (De Stefano and Pintucchi, 2008).
architectural design phase, which are crucial for the build- Seismic codes do not require regular building, although
ing’s behaviour against earthquakes, are based on the right it is desirable to build regular buildings according to their
information and using the right methods, design success definitions, only imposing a penalty on irregular build-
will be increased, and a long-lasting and sustainable struc- ings. This penalty method is mostly to refine the calcula-
ture against earthquakes will be achieved. At this point, it is tion methods and thus to increase dynamic forces on the
possible to say that the most acceptable design of the earth- structural elements. These different loading calculations
quake-resistant structure can be achieved by the efforts of allow designers to create irregular buildings that remain
the architects. Architects should remember that in the con- safe. However, the building cost, which is an important
figuration of a building, they will determine where the seis- parameter in evaluating the function and performance of a
mic damage should occur in the building (NZSEE, 2007). building, is increased. Buildings differ from other sectors'
Every country that has experienced major earthquakes products because they incur high costs and are unique and
has developed earthquake codes based on its own experi- irreversible. Achieving a building at the most reasonable
ences regarding the implementation of design principles for cost is crucial for many people or organisations involved
earthquake-resistant structures. Earthquake codes are legal in the construction sector, regarding making appropri-
documents that set minimum conditions for the construc- ate decisions and using the budget in the most efficient
tion of seismically safe and functional buildings. The pur- way (İlerisoy and Tuna, 2018a).
pose of these codes is to prevent unfavourable conditions In this study, the aim is to create a consciousness about
under the dynamic loading for the area where the struc- how design decisions are handled in available earthquake
tures are located, taking into account the earthquake risk. codes and to provide a guiding resource for architectural
The seismic codes comprise a technical language and mostly disciplines regarding irregularities, which are often inevi-
address the working areas of civil engineers (Özmen and table because of building use and architectural necessities.
Ünay, 2007). However, since the structure of the building is
formed during the architectural design stage and the general 2 Method
rules are provided by the architects, the codes should also be Since earthquake codes address a wide area, the study
guiding technical specifications for the architects. is restricted to explanations under the title of "structural
Earthquake codes, which are directly related to design irregularity", which is closely related to architectural
and construction, address a wide area (analytical methods, design. Structural irregularities can be divided into two
reinforced concrete buildings, steel buildings, masonry groups as horizontal and vertical irregularities. In this
buildings, foundations, evaluation and strengthening of study, limitations on the structural irregularities in plan
existing buildings). At this point, it is useful to under- (horizontal) have been investigated. The most common
stand the philosophy of the codes according to the field use of creativity in the planning and application phases
of the person concerned. It is very important to under- of a structure is, of course, the configuration of the plan
stand the earthquake codes to reinterpret information geometry and then the functional solutions.
about architecture in the case of an earthquake, which is For this reason, horizontal irregularities due to deci-
an unchanging reality, to enable architects to use the right sions made on the plan are the limitations that must be
tools effectively in this matter. taken into account in the first stage of architectural design.
In the earthquake codes, architectural design is mostly Horizontal irregularities, which both make buildings vul-
discussed under the title of "structural irregularity". nerable to lateral forces and cause additional increases in
Structural irregularities are the applications that nega- terms of cost, are not completely forbidden in the earth-
tively affect the behaviour or strength of the structure under quake codes but are put under deterrent conditions. Most of
static and dynamic loads. Structural irregularities may vary the horizontal irregularities are defined only according to
52|İlerisoy
Period. Polytech. Arch., 50(1), pp. 50–62, 2019

the physical properties of the building. The purpose of this architectural design process. The use of visual expression
study is to evaluate the limits of the plan irregularities. techniques for the design configurations described by these
First, a comprehensive classification of the irregularities codes, which have a technical language, will help to under-
caused by the design decisions in the plan was made. stand the application of images created during the mental
In this study, the current seismic codes data of the coun- process of architectural design. Similarly, visual models
tries in the official website of the International Association help the designer in the decision-making phase, as well as
for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE) were utilised. in terms of their educational functions, making it easier
Regarding the examined codes, earthquake codes writ- for students to explain what they are doing (Özcan, 1994).
ten only in the language of that country (Croatia, Pakistan, In order to draw attention to the necessity of earthquake
Singapore, Armenia, Ukraine, Canada and Montenegro), codes and address architects alongside engineering dis-
and codes that are inaccessible on the internet (Spain, ciplines in order to be understood by architects in light
Ecuador, Russia, Colombia, Thailand, Dominic Republic, of this information, the existing visual expressions of the
Colombia) were not investigated in this study. Also, the given irregularity definitions are examined and the present
contents of the seismic codes are also different. For exam- situation evaluated. Subsequently, all the design decisions
ple, since, in the codes of Nepal, Argentina, Romania, that could result in irregularity and additional stresses on
Ghana, Uganda, Switzerland, Egypt, Taiwan, Nicaragua a structure, and the measures taken against these irregu-
and Japan, structural irregularities are not mentioned, these larities, were taken into consideration. The aim being to
codes are not investigated in this study. As a result, in this generate an awareness for architects is achieved by simple
study, codes of the countries with different seismic expe- but descriptive drawings suggested by the author.
riences; Turkey (AFAD, 2018), China (MOHURD, 2010),
Iran (BHRC, 2007), New Zealand (NZSEE, 2014), 3 Investigation of horizontal irregularities given
Mexico (FDGM, 1995), India (BIS, 2002) and earthquake in different earthquake codes
code of the European Union countries located on active The title, horizontal irregularity, focuses upon plan config-
fault lines, (Eurocode-8 (CEN, 2004)) and ASCE/SEI uration; namely the floor plan geometry and sizes of a build-
7-10 (ASCE, 2016), have been examined in detail (Fig. 1). ing as well as its structural layout in plan. Each building
Definitions of irregularities in the seismic codes are tabu- requires a horizontal system that resists and then distributes
lated and compared. Thus, the study, which deals with eight inertial forces into the vertical structure (columns, shear
codes in total, reveals the intersection points and differ- walls) provided, in a given direction (Charleson, 2008).
ences in descriptions resulting from different experiences. An irregularity in this system distorts the stability of the
After graduating from university, architects in work- building (De Stefano and Pintucchi, 2008). Various factors,
ing life expressed that they faced a "wall" when it came such as the architectural design concept, the compatibility
to earthquake codes, which were never mentioned in with the site, the building programme, the desirability of
their education (Ankara Chamber of Architects, 2007). introducing natural light and ventilation, and exploiting
Understanding, learning and overcoming this wall is a potential views cause the buildings to move away from the
prerequisite for every architect. The greatest challenge regular configuration (Charleson, 2008). These plan deci-
for individuals facing earthquake codes is to interpret the sions, which are important in meeting the spatial require-
limitations introduced by definitions and formulas and ments, are important when creating safe buildings in the
effectively integrate them into the product design in the design of the earthquake-resistant structure.
Horizontal irregularities may occur due to different
structural causes. In this study, in the light of the exten-
sive literature survey, torsional irregularity, diaphragms
discontinuity, and geometric irregularities were exam-
ined. The geometric irregularities can be divided into four
groups as re-entrant corners irregularity, dimensions ratio
irregularity, nonparallel system irregularities and out of
plane-offset irregularity. During the review, the impor-
tance of each title is first outlined, followed by the defi-
Fig. 1 Map of global seismic hazards and countries covered by the nitions in the codes. Later, details of visual expression for
study (Alden, 2017) architects are revealed.
 İlerisoy
Period. Polytech. Arch., 50(1), pp. 50–62, 2019 |53

3.1 Torsional Irregularity Turkey (AFAD, 2018), China (MOHURD, 2010),

Because of the destructive effect it creates, one of the most India (BIS, 2002) and ASCE/SEI 7-10 (ASCE, 2016) con-
frequently observed types of irregularity in earthquake cal- sider the torsional irregularity according to relative dis-
culations is torsional irregularity (Özmen, 2004). The main placements of the floors. In this calculation method, earth-
factors affecting torsional irregularity are the planar distribu- quake design criteria of the codes are used, and torsional
tion of the stiffness variation of vertical structural elements irregularity is defined according to the dynamic behaviour
and the planar geometry of the structure. In the floor plan, of the structure. However, according to the codes of New
it is important to keep the eccentricity between the rigid- Zealand (NZSEE, 2014), Mexico (FDGM, 1995) and
ity centre and the mass centre to a minimum. In the case of Eurocode-8 (CEN, 2004), the definition of irregularity is
eccentricity between the rigidity centre and the mass centre made according to the distance between the centre of mass
under the effect of the lateral forces, torsion moment occurs and rigidity. The Iranian seismic code (BHRC, 2007)
at the floor level. The torsional moment tends to cause addi- defined the torsional irregularity according to the dis-
tional shear forces in the columns (Döndüren et al., 2007; tance between the centre of mass and rigidity as well
Özmen, 2004). The effect of these additional shear forces as relative floor displacements. Additionally, the New
on columns subjected to high shear forces under earthquake Zealand and ASCE/SEI 7-10 codes have rated this irreg-
loads is undesirable. The relevant definitions under the head- ularity regarding structural performance based on the
ing of torsional irregularity in the seismic codes examined in values obtained. From an architectural point of view, the
this study are given in Table 1. descriptive images that offer interactive learning possi-
In the light of the collected data, all the seismic bilities and increase the understanding of those studying
codes give importance to this irregularity. However, it the torsional irregularity are only found in the codes of
is defined using different methods. For example; Turkey, New Zealand and India (Fig. 2).

Table 1 Definitions of torsional irregularity in different earthquake codes.

Definitions
The case where Torsional Irregularity Factor ηbi, which is defined for any of the two orthogonal earthquake directions as the
TURKEY ratio of the maximum storey drift at any storey to the average storey drift at the same storey in the same direction, is greater
than 1.2. Storey drifts shall be calculated by considering the effects of ± 5 % additional eccentricities.
Under the action of specified horizontal force, the maximum elastic horizontal displacement or (storey drift) of a storey is
CHINA
larger than 1.2 times the elastic horizontal displacement (or storey drift) at both ends of this storey.
In each story, the maximum drift, including accidental torsion, at one end of the structure shall not exceed 20 % of the average
IRAN of the story drifts of the two ends of the structure. In each story, the distance between the centres of mass and stiffness in each
orthogonal direction shall not exceed 20 % of the building dimension in that direction.
Mass to centre of rigidity offset > 0.5 width (severe)
Mass to centre of rigidity offset > 0.3 width (significant)
NEW ZEALAND
Mass to centre of ≤ 0.3 width or effective torsional resistance available from elements orientated
perpendicularly (insignificant).
MEXICO At any story, the torsional eccentricity es shall not exceed 10 per cent of the in-plan dimension parallel to the eccentricity.
Torsional irregularity to be considered to exist when the maximum storey drift, computed with design eccentricity, at one end
INDIA
of the structures transverse to an axis is more than 1.2 times the average of the storey drifts at the two ends of the structure.
At each level and for each direction of analysis x and y, the structural eccentricity eo and the torsional radius r shall be in
accordance with the two conditions below, which are expressed for the direction of analysis y:
eox ≤ 0.30. rx; rx ≥ ls
EUROCODE-8
where; eox is the distance between the centre of stiffness and the centre of mass, measured along the x direction, which is
normal to the direction of analysis considered; rx is the square root of the ratio of the torsional stiffness to the lateral stiffness
in the y-direction; ls is the radius of gyration of the floor mass in plan
Torsional irregularity is defined to exist where the maximum story drift, computed including accidental torsion with Ax = 1.0,
at one end of the structure transverse to an axis, is more than 1.2 times the average of the story drifts at the two ends of the
structure. Torsional irregularity requirements in the reference sections apply only to structures in which the diaphragms are
rigid or semirigid.
ASCE/SEI 7-10
Extreme torsional irregularity is defined to exist where the maximum story drift, computed including accidental torsion with
Ax = 1.0, at one end of the structure transverse to an axis is more than 1.4 times the average of the story drifts at the two ends
of the structure. Extreme torsional irregularity requirements in the reference sections apply only to structures in which the
diaphragms are rigid or semirigid.
54|İlerisoy
Period. Polytech. Arch., 50(1), pp. 50–62, 2019

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 2 Images related to torsional irregularity in the codes of (a) Turkey, (b) New Zealand and (c) India

3.2 Diaphragms discontinuity irregularity structures under horizontal loading in the seismic codes of
The horizontal loads on the buildings are mainly concen- different countries are given in Table 2.
trated at the slabs, and the horizontal loads are distributed In the light of the examinations, in all the seismic
to the vertical structural elements by the slabs. For this codes, the diaphragms discontinuity was completely eval-
reason, it is necessary to transfer the inertial forces caused uated according to the plan geometry, and it was empha-
by the earthquake effects to the slabs and the structural sised that an irregularity might occur resulting from the
system elements such as beams, columns and shear walls sudden stiffness change in the plan. However, limit val-
from the slabs (Terzi and Elçi, 2006). There are openings ues differ among codes. The ratio of openings in slabs
in slabs of varying shapes and sizes for architectural rea- is limited to 20 %, 30 %, 33 % in the earthquake codes
sons such as lighting, gallery space, or mechanical reasons of Mexico (FDGM, 1995), China (MOHURD, 2010) and
such as elevator bucket, installation shafts in the build- Turkey (AFAD, 2018) accordingly. In other codes, this ratio
ings (Öztürk, 2011). If they exceed certain ratios, these is limited to 50 %. In the New Zealand code (NZSEE, 2014)
openings in the slab prevent the earthquake forces from and Eurocode-8 (CEN, 2004), there is no description under
being transmitted to the structural members, and hence the heading of this irregularity. When examining how this
cause diaphragms discontinuity irregularity. Stress con- irregularity, which is defined with equations and texts,
centration occurs in this case. The definitions of this addresses the architects, explanatory visuals of the given
irregularity, which becomes effective in the behaviour of irregularity were found only in the Turkish code (Fig. 3).

Table 2 Definitions of diaphragms discontinuities in different earthquake codes

Definitions
In any floor; (i) The case where the total area of the openings including those of stairs and elevator shafts exceeds 1/3 of
TURKEY the gross floor area, (ii) The cases where local floor openings make it difficult the safe transfer of seismic loads to vertical
structural elements, (iii) The cases of abrupt reductions in the in-plane stiffness and strength of floors.
The size of floor slab and the rigidity of plane change rapidly, for instance, the effective width of floor slab is less than 50 % of
CHINA the typical width of floor slab at this storey, or the opening area is larger than 30 % of the floorage of this storey or great
split-storey exists.
Abrupt variation in diaphragm stiffness relative to the adjacent stories shall not exceed 50 %. Moreover, the total area of
IRAN
openings in each diaphragm shall not be greater than 50 % of the total area of the diaphragm.
Voids in roof or floor slabs shall have dimensions smaller than 20 per cent of the plan dimension of the void considered.
MEXICO Voids must not introduce significant asymmetry, and their position must not vary from floor to floor. The area of voids need not
exceed 20 per cent of the total area of the floor slab of interest.
Diaphragms with abrupt discontinuities or variations in stiffness, including those having cut-out or open areas greater than
INDIA 50 per cent of the gross enclosed diaphragm area, or changes in effective diaphragm stiffness of more than 50 per cent from one
storey to the next.
Diaphragm discontinuity irregularity is defined to exist where there is a diaphragm with an abrupt discontinuity or variation in
ASCE/SEI 7/10 stiffness, including one having a cut-out or open area greater than 50 % of the gross enclosed diaphragm area, or a change in
effective diaphragm stiffness of more than 50 % from one story to the next.
 |55
İlerisoy
Period. Polytech. Arch., 50(1), pp. 50–62, 2019

and different reactions to dynamic forces. Thus, some

load-bearing system elements may be exposed to exces-
sive stresses. In this study, geometrical irregularities in
the plan, which are physically different from each other in
behaviour and physics are re-entrant corners irregularity,
dimensions ratio irregularity, non-parallel system irregu-
larity, and out of plane offset irregularity.

3.3.1 Re-entrant corner irregularity

Fig. 3 Images in Turkish earthquake code related to In architectural planning, setbacks on the facade, sections or
diaphragms discontinuity parts placed at different angles, different plan solutions com-
pared to basic geometries to adapt to the land are common
3.3 Horizontal geometric irregularities design choices. The shape of H, L, T, U, Y, cross, or a combi-
The behaviour of a building during an earthquake first nation of these forms are the typical examples of building con-
depends on the general shape that influences the design figuration which have projections or wings in plan constitut-
of the vertical structural members, geometry and size ing re-entrant corners (Mendi, 2005). The building corners
of the building. A simple arrangement of the struc- formed inwards, or outwards are one of the most common
ture allows a high earthquake resistance, and avoiding applications of geometric irregularities. These applications
the irregularities that can occur in the plan geometry are subject to energy concentrations under the dynamic
during the design phase is crucial regarding structural earthquake effects, resulting in severe stress concentration
behaviour (Ahmed et al., 2016). in the corners. Table 3 contains the definitions of the codes
Structural behaviours of buildings with irregular geom- for the presence of the projections. Definitions of irregu-
etry in plan can be negatively affected due to the following larities for the presence of re-entrant corners in the studied
reasons: time-dependent deformation such as temperature codes were generally made based on the dimensions in the
difference, creep and shrinkage, different settlements, plan geometry, but the limit values differ.

Table 3 Definitions of re-entrant corners irregularity in the plan in different earthquake codes
Definitions
The cases where projections beyond the re-entrant corners in both of the two principal directions in plan exceed the total plan
TURKEY
dimensions of the building in the respective directions by more than 20 %.
CHINA The sunken size of plane is larger than 30 % of the overall size in the corresponding projection direction.
In case there is any setback or projection, their dimension in each direction shall not exceed 25 % of the respective building
IRAN
dimension in that direction.
L-shape, T-shape, E-shape;
NEW Two or more wings length / width > 3.0, or one wing length / width > 4 (severe)
ZEALAND One wing length / width > 3.0 (significant)
All wings length / width ≤ 3.0 (insignificant)
The plan shall not have protruding or re-entrant portions with dimensions larger than 20 per cent of the plan dimension
MEXICO
measured parallel to the direction of the protruding portion or re-entrance considered.
Plan configurations of a structure and its lateral force resisting system contain re-entrant corners. Where both projections of the
INDIA
structure beyond the re-entrant corner are greater than 15 per cent of its plan dimension in the given direction.
If in plan set-backs (re-entrant corners or edge recesses) exists, regularity in plan may still be considered as being satisfied,
provided that these set-backs do not affect the floor in-plan stiffness and that, for each set-back, the area between the outline of
the floor and convex polygonal line enveloping the floor does not exceed 5 % of the floor area.
The in-plan stiffness of the floors shall be sufficiently large in comparison with the lateral stiffness of the vertical structural
EUROCODE-8
elements so that the deformation of the floor shall have a small effect on the distribution of the forces among the vertical
structural elements. In this respect, the L, C, H, I, and X plan shapes should be carefully examined, notably as concerns the
stiffness of the lateral branches, which should be comparable to that of the central part, in order to satisfy the rigid diaphragm
condition. The application of this paragraph should be considered for the global behaviour of the building.
Re-entrant corner irregularity is defined to exist where both plan projections of the structure beyond a re-entrant corner are
ASCE/SEI 7/10
greater than 15 % of the plan dimension of the structure in the given direction.
56|İlerisoy
Period. Polytech. Arch., 50(1), pp. 50–62, 2019

Limit values of the ratios of the re-entrant cor- Table 4 Definitions of dimensions ratio irregularity in different
ner width to the plan width are 30 %, 25 %, 20 %, and earthquake codes
15 %, in China (MOHURD, 2010), Iran (BHRC, 2007), Definitions
Turkey (AFAD, 2018), Mexico (FDGM, 1995), Long narrow building where spacing of lateral
load resisting elements is …
India (BIS, 2002) and ASCE (ASCE, 2016), respectively. NEW
> 4 times building width (severe)
ZEALAND
In Eurocode-8 (CEN, 2004), this irregularity is expressed > 2 times building width (significant)
by the area value and the limit is 5 %. Also, L, C, H, I, ≤ 2.0 times building width (insignificant)

and X plan shaped buildings need more careful exam- MEXICO The ratio of length to width must be less than 2.5.

ination regarding the general behaviour of the building The slenderness λ = Lmax / Lmin of the building
in plan shall be not higher than 4, where Lmax
because of the presence of the wings. The New Zealand EUROCODE-8 and Lmin are respectively the larger and smaller
Code (NZSEE, 2014) has devised a detailed description in plan dimension of the building, measured in
orthogonal directions.
of this irregularity under the heading of composite geom-
etry and defined it using the ratio of the plan dimensions.
When examined regarding the components that will help 3.3.3 Non-parallel system irregularity
in visualising the definitions, only Turkey, India, and New The symmetry of structures is important in the concept of
Zealand codes contain descriptive images (Fig. 4). structural engineering. Non-parallel system irregularity
exists if the vertical lateral force-retaining elements are nei-
3.3.2 Dimensions ratio irregularity ther parallel nor symmetric with main orthogonal axes of
If the dimensions of the structures are close to each the earthquake-retaining axis system (Teddy et al., 2017).
other, the structure exhibits a stable behaviour under the This type of irregularity is commonly seen as a result of
influence of horizontal loads. Increasing the difference the street intersections or requirements of the space organ-
between the dimensions increases the slenderness in the isation in design. Architects generally begin planning
plan, and the effect of the slenderness in the plan cre- according to the parcel form. Their main goal for doing
ates different behaviours in the structure due to vibration, this is to take advantage of the maximum parcel area in
heat, shrinkage and different settlements. Table 4 shows line with owner requirements (İnan and Korkmaz, 2011).
the definitions of the dimensions ratio irregularity in var- This irregularity, generated by these requirements that are
ious seismic codes. very difficult to change during design, causes the build-
Under the irregularity heading, only three of the ings to experience torsion or local stresses concentrations.
examined codes contain definitions based on the plan Table  5 contains definitions of the non-parallel system
geometry, but the limit values differed in these codes. irregularities in the seismic codes. The codes should com-
According to the Mexican seismic code (FDGM, 1995) prise directions regarding this irregularity to designers cre-
and Eurocode-8 (CEN, 2004), the limit of the slender- ating awareness of the earthquake behaviour of buildings.
ness ratio is 2.5 and 4, respectively. In the New Zealand Definitions of the non-parallel system irregularities are
code (NZSEE, 2014), this irregularity is examined addressed in the seismic codes of China (MOHURD, 2010),
according to the ratio of the structural system axis spac- Iran (BHRC, 2007), Mexico (FDGM, 1995), ASCE/SEI
ing to the building width at different ranges of values in 7/10 (ASCE, 2016) and India (BIS, 2002). In general,
detail. None of the codes contain explanatory visuals that it has been mentioned that the vertical structural ele-
increase the level of perception and provide interactive ments being parallel or symmetrical with respect to two
learning opportunities for architects. orthogonal axes. However, no limitation is made on this

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 4 Images related re-entrant corner irregularity in the codes of (a) Turkey, (b) India and (c) New Zealand
 |57
İlerisoy
Period. Polytech. Arch., 50(1), pp. 50–62, 2019

Table 5 Definitions of non-parallel system irregularity situation Table 6 Definitions of out of plane offset irregularity in different
in different codes and standards standards and codes
Definitions Definitions
The plan layout of its lateral-force-resisting component Discontinuities in a lateral force resistance path, such
CHINA INDIA
should be regular and symmetric. as out-of-plane offsets of vertical elements.
The plan of the building shall be symmetric or almost Out-of-plane offset irregularity is defined to
IRAN symmetric about its principal axes, where the lateral ASCE/SEI exist where there is a discontinuity in a lateral
load resisting elements are generally aligned. 7/10 force-resistance path, such as an out-of-plane offset
of at least one of the vertical elements.
The plan must be nearly symmetric with respect to two
MEXICO orthogonal axes. This condition applies to masses as
well as all kinds of resisting elements.
safe against earthquake. For this reason, detailed definitions
The vertical elements resisting the lateral force are not
INDIA parallel to or symmetric about the major orthogonal of irregularities in the plan are included in the earthquake
axes or the lateral force resisting elements. codes of the countries. It is considered that the criteria for
Nonparallel system irregularity is defined to exist structural irregularities in most of the earthquake codes are
ASCE/SEI where vertical lateral force-resisting elements are not
7/10 parallel to the major orthogonal axes of the seismic-
similar. However, depending on the seismic history of the
force-resisting system. regions, the economic situation of the countries, and their
attitudes towards earthquake-resistant structure design, each
country has different restrictions under different sub-head-
subject. The other codes do not mention the definition of ings. In this study, codes of the countries of different seis-
non-parallel system irregularity. In addition, no visuals mic experiences; India (BIS, 2002), Mexico (FDGM, 1995),
that will aid in perception by visualising the context have New Zealand (NZSEE, 2014), Iran (BHRC, 2007),
been used in any of the codes. China (MOHURD, 2010) and Turkey (AFAD, 2018), and
earthquake codes of the European Union countries located
3.3.4 Out of plane-offset irregularity on active fault lines (Eurocode-8 (CEN, 2004)) and ASCE/
The placement of the structural elements on the axes and the SEI 7-10 (ASCE, 2016) have been examined in detail.
continuation of these axes along the height of the building is In Table 7, all irregularities that can occur resulting from
an important criterion for the rational structure behaviour. design decisions on the plan level are categorised for the
Unlike the vertical member discontinuity irregularity of the examined seismic codes. In addition, it was also assessed
structural system, out of plane-offset irregularity refers to in this table that if the examined codes were supported by
the fact that the vertical members bearing horizontal force explanatory visuals, it would help architects.
are located on another axis rather than its own axis continu- These design decisions, which will create irregular-
ing along the height of the structure. Divergence from the ity, are considered, and the precautions that can be taken
axis causes the building to shift its centre of rigidity in a cer- against horizontal irregularities are explained as follows
tain direction. Also, the displaced floor resulting from the in order to create awareness for architects. Also, because
movement on the boundary axis creates a stiffness gradient of the better comprehension of visual forms in human
between the bottom and upper floors. Table 6 lists the defini- perception, the subject is illuminated with simple but
tions of different countries' seismic codes dealing with this descriptive drawings:
irregularity that cause excessive stresses during the trans- • Torsional irregularity is mentioned in all codes, and
mission of horizontal forces. calculation methods are given in detail. In addi-
In the light of the collected data, this irregularity has tion to the detailed technical explanations given in
only been addressed in the ASCE/SEI 7-10 (ASCE, 2016) Table 1, the illustrations and graphics that are helpful
and the Indian (BIS, 2002) codes. In these codes, it has for understanding are only used in the three codes.
been mentioned that if the vertical structural elements are In case of eccentricity between the centre of rigid-
out of plane, this irregularity will occur, no limit values ity and centre of mass under the effect of horizon-
have been given. Also, these codes do not include explan- tal forces (Fig. 5a), the most basic solution to avoid
atory images on this irregularity. this disorder, which creates a torsional moment at
the floor level, is to approach or match the centre of
4 Discussion mass and the centre of rigidity. It is very difficult
Plan designs that resist the lateral forces and determine the to alter the centre of mass of a structure. However,
load distribution are important to ensure that the structure is by modifying the location of the structural elements
58|İlerisoy
Period. Polytech. Arch., 50(1), pp. 50–62, 2019

Table 7 Presence of conditions related to irregularities in the plan and explanatory visuals

NEW ASCE/SEI
TURKEY CHINA IRAN MEXICO INDIA EUROCODE-8
ZEALAND 7-10
Torsional irregularity √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Diaphragms discontinuity √ √ √ - √ √ - √
Re-entrant corners √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Dimensions ratio
- - - √ √ - √ -
irregularity
Geometrical
irregularity Non-parallel system
- √ √ - √ √ - √
irregularity
Out of plane offset
- - - - - √ - √
irregularity
Explanatory visual for the irregularity was used.

Fig. 5 Explanatory figures for torsional irregularity suggested in this study

or their cross-sections, the centre of rigidity can be

changed. Instead of a small number of large shear
walls, a large number of smaller shear walls is pre-
ferred (Fig. 5b). Using a small number of large shear
walls is always dangerous as any shear wall damage
can cause the building to collapse. Choosing a large
number of small shear walls that can do the same
tasks as the small number of large shear walls will
reduce the risk of collapse. It is also an ideal solution
to make the geometry of the plan simple and to place
the vertical structural elements symmetrically in
every direction (Fig. 5c). In this study, it is suggested
that it will be easier to understand this irregularity
with the drawings similar to that given in Fig. 5. Fig. 6 Explanatory figures for diaphragms discontinuity irregularity
• Diaphragms discontinuity irregularity is the most suggested in this study
often emphasised title of irregularities among the
eight codes. However, this irregularity does not exist columns and beams will be inevitable because the
in New Zealand seismic code (NZSEE, 2014) and beams that are discontinuous will move in differ-
Eurocode-8 (CEN, 2004). The visual presentation ent directions due to the earthquake forces (Fig. 6a),
that will provide an effective way of understand- since the operation of the slab, as a whole, will be
ing this irregularity by architects was found only significantly affected by the openings in the slab.
in Turkish codes (AFAD, 2018). However, with the Also, that the slab does not work as a rigid dia-
drawings as in Fig. 6, more understandable infor- phragm due to the presence of openings, has a large
mation transfer will be provided. Damage to the effect on the torsional irregularity.
 |59
İlerisoy
Period. Polytech. Arch., 50(1), pp. 50–62, 2019

During an earthquake, it is desirable that the open-

ings in the slabs be as small, symmetrical, and even
as possible so as not to adversely affect the behaviour
of the building (Fig. 6b). If there is no important rea-
son, continuing only the boundary beam along the
opening shows better behaviour than that of the dis-
continuous beam. If this is not the case, the rigid-
ity of the columns and beams around the openings
should be increased, or shear walls should be placed
around the openings to prevent any differences
between the slabs (Fig. 6c).
• The situation of re-entrant corners, referred to in
all earthquake codes, is an important decision in
the design of the building form and has a funda-
mental effect on the behaviour of the building.
Drawings and graphics are used in only three seis- Fig. 7 Explanatory figures for re-entrant irregularity
mic codes, which make it easier for architects to suggested in the study
understand the subject. However, with the drawings
as in Fig. 7, more understandable information trans-
fer will be provided. The buildings having projec-
tions (or wings) have often been severely damaged in
earthquakes. The negative effects of this irregularity
can be summed up in two parts. Firstly, at the corner
points where the notches are joined, stress concentra-
tion occurs due to different stiffnesses and different
movements of these parts of the building (Fig. 7a-b).
The second effect is torsional forces, which tend to
distort the form and are very difficult to analyse and
predict. It is not possible for the centre of mass and
the rigidity centre to match each other geometrically
for all possible earthquake directions in buildings
having re-entrant corners (Arnold et al., 2001).
The solutions for re-entrant corners in the buildings
are as follows: (i) using dilatations in a structurally
meaningful manner to obtain completely separate
and regular forms (Fig. 7c), (ii) using vertical struc-
tural elements to provide stiffness to the structure
in response to torsional and separation behaviour
of the corners (Fig. 7d), (iii) providing significantly Fig. 8 Explanatory figures for dimensions ratio irregularity
suggested in this study
smoother transitions rather than right angles at the
corners (Fig. 7e) (Arnold et al., 2001; Mendi, 2005).
• Dimensions ratio irregularity is an important consid- different ground movements, and structures may
eration for seismic performance of a building. As the exhibit different behaviour along their lengths.
ratio of a dimension length to its width in plan increases, Furthermore, due to differences in geological condi-
a building may experience problems in responding to tions, different displacements and different stresses
the dynamic ground movements as a whole, even if it is can be experienced (Dowrick, 1987). Only three of
symmetrical and simple (Fig. 8a) (Arnold et al., 2001). the eight seismically active countries' codes (New
This is because earthquakes are likely to have Zealand (NZSEE, 2014), Mexico (FDGM, 1995)
60|İlerisoy
Period. Polytech. Arch., 50(1), pp. 50–62, 2019

and Eurocode-8 (CEN, 2004)) have directions on the floors, and even torsional effects will be experienced
dimensions ratio irregularity, but this is not supported in the floors where there is a discontinuity in the
by visuals. However, it has been revealed in a study by flow of the lateral forces to the foundation (Fig. 10).
İlerisoy and Tuna (2018b) that the structures contain- The most important way of avoiding this irregular-
ing simple geometric dimensional differences in the ity, which has a similar effect to vertical structural
plane of the plan will cause a change in the structural elements discontinuity irregularity, is not to change
system calculations and hence the cost values in differ- axes of column and shear walls.
ent orders, even though they do not result in significant
architectural differences. All these important design precautions are explained
The measures to be taken in order to improve seismic with simple but descriptive drawings. If a similar way
behaviour when such a long building is required as a is followed in the codes, explanation of these irregulari-
design requirement can be listed as follows; (i) with dil- ties, both text and visuals, will help architects apply these
atation joints, the building can be divided into shorter, directions more easily in practice.
more compact, independent forms (Fig. 8b), (ii) addi-
tion of vertical structural system elements (shear walls
and columns) that will not adversely affect a build-
ing's resistance to torsion, and will exhibit more resis-
tant stiffness to lateral forces (Fig. 8c), (iii) using the
more rigid foundation types, the adverse effects can be
essentially damped (Dowrick, 1987).
• The non-parallel system irregularity resulting from
the fact that the axes of the structures are not per-
pendicular or parallel to each other is mentioned
in the seismic codes of China (MOHURD, 2010),
Iran (BHRC, 2007), Mexico (FDGM, 1995),
India (BIS, 2002) and ASCE/SEI 7-10 (ASCE, 2016),
but it is not supported by visual expression techniques.
Care should be taken to place the vertical structural
elements in a parallel axis system that is perpendic-
ular to each other or at least similar to each other.
Randomly placed axes will interfere with the rational
transfer of loads between the columns and beams to
one another, and thus the seismic performance of the
structure will be reduced (Fig. 9a). Moreover, this dif- Fig. 9 Explanatory figures for non-parallel system irregularity
ference will increase the risk of torsion as it prevents suggested in this study

the centre of mass and rigidity from overlapping.

In this case, the building should be separated into sim-
ple and regular forms with seismic joints in order to
reduce the effects of torsion (Fig. 9b) (Mendi, 2005)
or torsion should be prevented by adding strong
vertical elements to the axis, which weakens this
system (Fig. 9c).
• Out of plane offset irregularity, mentioned only
in India seismic code (BIS, 2002) and ASCE/SEI
7-10 (ASCE, 2016), occurs where there is a discon-
nection of the horizontal forces transferred to the
foundation by the structural system. Unfavourable Fig. 10 Explanatory figures for out of plane offset irregularity
stress concentrations, stiffness change between suggested in this study
 |61
İlerisoy
Period. Polytech. Arch., 50(1), pp. 50–62, 2019

5 Conclusion of the countries located on active fault lines and hav-

When the causes of damage resulting from earthquakes ing different seismic histories were compared and the
are examined, the failure of a structure under earthquake results evaluated regarding the irregularities in the plan.
loads usually begins in the architectural design process. First, the literature survey yielded a total of six criteria,
Decisions regarding the configuration of the structural which would result in irregularity in plan. Three of these
system, which is the most important step in the design of criteria are defined and explained in the seismic codes
the earthquake-resistant structure, are taken in the archi- of Turkey (AFAD, 2018), New Zealand (NZSEE, 2014)
tectural design phase. Similarly, it is emphasised in the lit- and Eurocode-8 (CEN,  2004); while four are defined for
erature that the stage that has the highest chance of affect- China (MOHURD, 2010) and Iran (BHRC, 2007) and five
ing the building cost is this design phase. In order to be for Mexico (FDGM, 1995), India (BIS, 2002) codes and the
able to implement a structure in an ideal way, it is nec- ASCE/SEI 7-10 (ASCE, 2016). However, the seismic codes
essary to avoid the situations that are not very necessary are lacking connection with architects. At this point, all
and affect the costs negatively in the projects. Structural responsibility is given to the civil engineer. This leads to a
irregularities in buildings located in earthquake zones fragmentary approach rather than being integral to building
should be discussed regarding cost reduction. As a result, production. It has been observed that there are no drawings
the more regular the system becomes, the more rational for the designs proposed in the earthquake codes of China,
behaviour of the building under the effects of earthquake. Iran, Mexico, Eurocode 8 and ASCE/SEI 7-10 regarding
The strength of construction is increased against these the auxiliary visuals; this is a necessary tool especially for
dynamic loads, and more economical applications are the codes to act as guidelines for architectural disciplines.
obtained compared to irregular buildings. However, the earthquake acts as a whole to the building and
Earthquake codes bring various requirements, with the does not distinguish between the elements designed by the
more sensitive calculations for the buildings having irreg- architect or the engineer. Turkey, New Zealand and India
ularities in their structural system. Although some of the seismic codes include visuals, and it has been observed
irregularities can be eliminated during the dimensioning that even the drawings are in similar subjects. These three
of the structural elements’ sections, they are not econom- codes contain images regarding torsional irregularity and
ical, and some cannot be eliminated. The negative effects the presence of re-entrant corners irregularity. In addition
of irregularities in the structures can only be avoided in to these, the Turkish code includes visuals of diaphragms
the architectural design phase; once the design is com- discontinuity. This study, which comprehensively discusses
plete, it becomes increasingly difficult to prevent them the situations that are expected to create horizontal irregu-
during the construction stage. larities, provides detailed descriptions of the visual expres-
In this study, which examines how design decisions sions and recommends some solutions for these irregulari-
in plan level are addressed in existing earthquake codes, ties. In conclusion, this study can be considered as a source
the aim has been to create awareness in the context of the for understanding earthquake codes, revealing information
handling of this subject by architects in terms of design- about architecture in the face of the ever-changing reality
ing regular structure regarding geometry and stiffness dis- of earthquake, and giving architects the tools that they can
tribution. For this purpose, eight different seismic codes use effectively in this regard.

References
AFAD (Prime Ministry Disaster and Emergency Management Alden, A. (2017) "The World's Major Earthquake Zones", [online]
Authority) (2018) "Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TDBY- Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/seismic-hazard-maps-
2018)", Prime Ministry Disaster and Emergency Management of-the-world-1441205 [Accessed: 20 August 2018]
Authority, Ankara, Tukey. Allen, R. M. (2007) "4.21 - Earthquake Hazard Mitigation: New Direction
Ahmed, M. M. M., Raheem, S. E. A., Ahmed, M. M., Abdel-Shafy, A. and Opportunities", Treatise on Geophysics, 4, pp. 607–647.
G. A. (2016) "Irregularity Effects on the Seismic Performance https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044452748-6/00083-3
of L-Shaped Multi-Story Buildings", Journal of Engineering Ankara Chamber of Architects (2007) "Sürekli Mesleki Gelişim Merkezi
Science Assiut University Faculty of Engineering, 44(5), pp. 513– Öneri Eğitim Programları", (Continuing Professional Development
536. [online] Available at: http://www.aun.edu.eg/journal_ Centre Suggestion Training Programs) [online] Available at: www.
files/504_J_6 621.pdf [Accessed: 15 August 2018] mimarlarodasiankara.org/dosya/SMGM-kitap.doc [Accessed: 20
August 2018] (in Turkish)
62|İlerisoy
Period. Polytech. Arch., 50(1), pp. 50–62, 2019

Arnold, C., FAIA, RIBA (2001) "Architectural Considerations", Maver, T. W. (1970) "A Theory of Architectural Design in which the Role
In: Naeim, F. (ed.) The Seismic Design Handbook, 2nd ed., of the Computer is Identified", Building Science, 4(4), pp. 199–207.
Springer, Boston, MA, USA, pp. 275–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-3628(70)90022-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1693-4_6 Mendi, H. E. (2005) "Evaluation of Architectural Consciousness and
ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) (2016) "Minimum Design Exploration of Architecture-Based Issues in Seismic Design",
Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE Standard ASCE/ MSc Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
SEI 7-10)", American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, USA. MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the
BHRC (Building and Housing Research Center) (2007) "Iranian Code People's Republic of China) (2010) "Code for Seismic Design of
of Practice for Seismic Resistant Design of Buildings (Standard Buildings (GB 50011-2010)", Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural
No. 2800)", Building and Housing Research Center, Tehran, Iran. Development of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) (2002) "Indian Standard Criteria NZSEE (New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering) (2007)
for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (IS 1893- "Architectural Design for Earthquake: A guide to the design of
Part 1)", Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New non-structural elements", [online] Available at: https://www.nzsee.
Delhi, India. org.nz/db/PUBS/ADE2007.pdf [Accessed: 21 August 2018]
CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (2004) "Eurocode 8: NZSEE (New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering) (2014)
Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance — Part 1: "Assessment and Improvement of the Structural Performance
General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings of Buildings in Earthquakes", [online] Available at: https://
(BS EN 1998-1:2004)", European Committee for Standardization, www.nzsee.org.nz/db/PUBS/2006AISBEGUIDELINESCorr3_
Brussels, Belgium. (incl_2014_updates).pdf [Accessed: 21 August 2018]
Charleson, A. (2008) "Seismic Design for Architects: Outwitting the Özcan, O. (1994) "Mimari Tasarım Acısından Bilgisayar Modeli,
Quake", 1st ed., Architectural Press, Oxford, UK. Maketin Yerini Alabilir mi?", (Can the Computer Model Replace
De Stefano, M., Pintucchi, B. (2008) "A review of research on seismic Real Models in terms of Architectural Design?) CAD+, 12,
behaviour of irregular building structures since 2002", Bulletin of pp. 34–37. (in Turkish)
Earthquake Engineering, 6(2), pp. 285–308. Özmen, C., Ünay, A. İ. (2007) "Commonly Encountered Seismic Design
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-007-9052-3 Faults due to the Architectural Design of Residential Buildings in
Dowrick, D. J. (1987) "Earthquake Resistant Design: For Engineers and Turkey", Building and Environment, 42(3), pp. 1406–1416.
Architects", 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, USA. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.09.029
Döndüren, M. S., Karaduman, A., Çöğürcü, M. T., Altın, M. (2007) Özmen, C. (2008) "A Comparative Structural and Architectural Analysis
"Yapılarda burulma düzensizliği", (Torsional Irregularity in the of Earthquake Resistant Design Principles Applied in Reinforced
Structures) Journal of Selcuk-Technic, 6(1), pp. 42–52. [online] Concrete Residential Buildings in Turkey", PhD Thesis, Middle
Available at: http://sutod.selcuk.edu.tr/sutod/article/view/35/576 East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
[Accessed: 15 August 2018] (in Turkish) Özmen, G. (2004) "Çok Katlı Yapılarda Burulma Düzensizliği",
FDGM (Federal District Government of Mexico) (1995) "Mexico City (Excessive Torsional Irregularity in Multi-Story Structures) Teknik
Building Code: Complementary Technical Norms for Earthquake Dergi, 15(1), pp. 3131–3144. [online] Available at: http://dergipark.
Resistant Design", [online] Available at: http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/ gov.tr/download/article-file/136721 [Accessed: 15 August 2018]
worldlist/Web/33_Mexico.htm [Accessed: 21 August 2018] in Turkish)
Harmankaya, Z. Y., Soyluk, A. (2012) "Architectural Design of Öztürk, T. (2011) "A study of the effects of slab gaps in buildings on
Irregular Buildings in Turkey", International Journal of Civil & seismic response according to three different codes", Scientific
Environmental Engineering (IJCEE-IJENS), 12(01), pp. 42–48. Research and Essays, 6(19), pp. 3930–3941.
[online] Available at: http://ijens.org/Vol_12_I_01/125001-9494- https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE10.076
IJCEE-IJENS.pdf [Accessed: 15 August 2018] Peña, W. M., Parshall, S. A. (2001) "Problem Seeking: An Architectural
IAEE (International Association for Earthquake Engineering) Programming Primer", 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New
"Regulations for Seismic Design - A World List (2016)", [online] York, USA.
Available at: http://www.iaee.or.jp/worldlist.html [Accessed: 20 Teddy, L., Hardiman, G., Nuroji, Tudjono, S. (2017) "The effect of
August 2018] earthquake on architecture geometry with nonparallel system
İlerisoy, Z. Y., Tuna, M. E. (2018a) "Effects of Height and Plan Geometry irregularity configuration", IOP Conference Series: Earth and
on the Costs of Tunnel Form Residential Buildings", Periodica Environmental Science, 99, article number: 012004.
Polytechnica Architecture, 49(1), pp. 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/99/1/012004
https://doi.org/10.3311/PPar.12384 Terzi, M., Elçi, H. (2006) "Çerçeve Tipi Betonarme Yapılarda Döşeme
İlerisoy, Z. Y., Tuna, M. E. (2018b) "Dikdörtgen Planlı Tünel Kalıp Süreksizliklerinin Kesit Tesirlerine Etkisi", (The Influences of
Kullanılan Betonarme Yapılarda Plan Boyutları ve Kat Adedinin the Slab Discontinuities on the Internal Forces at Frame Type
Maliyete Etkileri", (Effects of Plane Dimensions and Number of Reinforced Concrete Structures) Pamukkale University Engineering
Storeys On the Cost of Rectangular-Plane Buildings Constructed College Journal of Engineering Sciences, 12(3), pp. 341–349.
with Tunnel Form) Megaron, 13(4), pp. 559–568. (in Turkish) [online] Available at: https://www.journalagent.com/pajes/pdfs/
https://doi.org/10.5505/megaron.2018.98698 PAJES_12_3_341_349.pdf [Accessed: 15 August 2018] (in Turkish)
İnan, T., Korkmaz, K. (2011) "Evaluation of structural irregularities
based on architectural design considerations in Turkey", Structural
Survey, 29(4), pp. 303–319.
https://doi.org/10.1108/02630801111162378