Romanization

Languages can be
romanized in a number of
ways, as shown here with
Mandarin Chinese

Romanization or romanisation, in linguistics, is the conversion of writing from a different writing

system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include
transliteration, for representing written text, and transcription, for representing the spoken word, and
combinations of both. Transcription methods can be subdivided into phonemic transcription, which
records the phonemes or units of semantic meaning in speech, and more strict phonetic
transcription, which records speech sounds with precision.

Methods

There are many consistent or standardized romanization systems. They can be classified by their
characteristics. A particular system’s characteristics may make it better-suited for various,
sometimes contradictory applications, including document retrieval, linguistic analysis, easy
readability, faithful representation of pronunciation.

Source, or donor language – A system may be tailored to romanize text from a particular
language, or a series of languages, or for any language in a particular writing system. A language-
specific system typically preserves language features like pronunciation, while the general one
may be better for cataloguing international texts.
 Target, or receiver language – Most systems are intended for an audience that speaks or reads a
particular language. (So-called international romanization systems for Cyrillic text are based on
central-European alphabets like the Czech and Croatian alphabet.)

Simplicity – Since the basic Latin alphabet has a smaller number of letters than many other
writing systems, digraphs, diacritics, or special characters must be used to represent them all in
Latin script. This affects the ease of creation, digital storage and transmission, reproduction, and
reading of the romanized text.

Reversibility – Whether or not the original can be restored from the converted text. Some
reversible systems allow for an irreversible simplified version.

Transliteration
…
If the romanization attempts to transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one
mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis on how the
result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language. For example, the Nihon-shiki
romanization of Japanese allows the informed reader to reconstruct the original Japanese kana
syllables with 100% accuracy, but requires additional knowledge for correct pronunciation.

Transcription
…
Phonemic
…
Most romanizations are intended to enable the casual reader who is unfamiliar with the original
script to pronounce the source language reasonably accurately. Such romanizations follow the
principle of phonemic transcription and attempt to render the significant sounds (phonemes) of the
original as faithfully as possible in the target language. The popular Hepburn Romanization of
Japanese is an example of a transcriptive romanization designed for English speakers.

Phonetic
…
A phonetic conversion goes one step further and attempts to depict all phones in the source
language, sacrificing legibility if necessary by using characters or conventions not found in the
target script. In practice such a representation almost never tries to represent every possible
allophone—especially those that occur naturally due to coarticulation effects—and instead limits
itself to the most significant allophonic distinctions. The International Phonetic Alphabet is the
most common system of phonetic transcription.

Trade-offs …
For most language pairs, building a usable romanization involves trade-offs between the two
extremes. Pure transcriptions are generally not possible, as the source language usually contains
sounds and distinctions not found in the target language, but which must be shown for the
romanized form to be comprehensible. Furthermore, due to diachronic and synchronic variance no
written language represents any spoken language with perfect accuracy and the vocal interpretation
of a script may vary by a great degree among languages. In modern times the chain of transcription
is usually spoken foreign language, written foreign language, written native language, spoken (read)
native language. Reducing the number of those processes, i.e. removing one or both steps of
writing, usually leads to more accurate oral articulations. In general, outside a limited audience of
scholars, romanizations tend to lean more towards transcription. As an example, consider the
Japanese martial art柔術: the Nihon-shiki romanization zyûzyutu may allow someone who knows
Japanese to reconstruct the kana syllables じゅうじゅつ, but most native English speakers, or
rather readers, would find it easier to guess the pronunciation from the Hepburn version, jūjutsu.

Romanization of specific writing systems

The below listing may be incomplete, see also Category:Romanization

Arabic
…
The Arabic alphabet is used to write Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Pashto as well as numerous other
languages in the Muslim world, particularly African and Asian languages without alphabets of their
own. Romanization standards include the following:

Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (1936): Adopted by the International Convention of

Orientalist Scholars in Rome. It is the basis for the very influential Hans Wehr dictionary (ISBN 0-
87950-003-4).[1]

BS 4280 (1968): Developed by the British Standards Institution[2]

SATTS (1970s): A one-for-one substitution system, a legacy from the Morse code era

UNGEGN (1972)[3]

DIN 31635 (1982): Developed by the Deutsches Institut für Normung (German Institute for
Standardization)

ISO 233 (1984). Transliteration.

Qalam (1985): A system that focuses upon preserving the spelling, rather than the pronunciation,
and uses mixed case[4]

ISO 233-2 (1993): Simplified transliteration.

 Buckwalter transliteration (1990s): Developed at Xerox by Tim Buckwalter;[5] doesn't require
unusual diacritics[6]

ALA-LC (1997)[7]

Arabic chat alphabet

Persian
…

Armenian
…
This section needs expansion.
Learn more

Georgian
…
This section needs expansion.
Learn more

Greek
…
There are romanization systems for both Modern and Ancient Greek.

ALA-LC[8]

Beta Code[9]

Greeklish

ISO 843 (1997)[10]

Hebrew
…
The Hebrew alphabet is romanized using several standards:

ANSI Z39.25 (1975)

UNGEGN (1977)[11]

ISO 259 (1984): Transliteration.

ISO 259-2 (1994): Simplified transliteration.

ISO/DIS 259-3: Phonemic transcription.

ALA-LC[12]

Indic (Brahmic) scripts

…
The Brahmic family of abugidas is used for languages of the Indian subcontinent and south-east
Asia. There is a long tradition in the west to study Sanskrit and other Indic texts in Latin
transliteration. Various transliteration conventions have been used for Indic scripts since the time of
Sir William Jones.[13]

ISO 15919 (2001): A standard transliteration convention was codified in the ISO 15919 standard.
It uses diacritics to map the much larger set of Brahmic consonants and vowels to the Latin
script. See also Transliteration of Indic scripts: how to use ISO 15919.[14] The Devanagari-specific
portion is very similar to the academic standard, IAST: "International Alphabet of Sanskrit
Transliteration", and to the United States Library of Congress standard, ALA-LC,[15] although there
are a few differences

The National Library at Kolkata romanization, intended for the romanization of all Indic scripts, is
an extension of IAST

Harvard-Kyoto: Uses upper and lower case and doubling of letters, to avoid the use of diacritics,
and to restrict the range to 7-bit ASCII.

ITRANS: a transliteration scheme into 7-bit ASCII created by Avinash Chopde that used to be
prevalent on Usenet.

ISCII (1988)
Devanagari–nastaʿlīq (Hindustani)
…
Hindustani is an Indo-Aryan language with extreme digraphia and diglossia resulting from the
Hindi–Urdu controversy starting in the 1800s. Technically, Hindustani itself is recognized by neither
the language community nor any governments. Two standardized registers, Standard Hindi and
Standard Urdu, are recognized as official languages in India and Pakistan. However, in practice the
situation is,

In Pakistan: Standard (Saaf or Khaalis) Urdu is the "high" variety, whereas Hindustani is the "low"
variety used by the masses (called Urdu, written in nastaʿlīq script).

In India, both Standard (Shuddh) Hindi and Standard (Saaf or Khaalis) Urdu are the "H" varieties
(written in devanagari and nastaʿlīq respectively), whereas Hindustani is the "L" variety used by the
masses and written in either devanagari or nastaʿlīq (and called 'Hindi' or 'Urdu' respectively).

The digraphia renders any work in either script largely inaccessible to users of the other script,
though otherwise Hindustani is a perfectly mutually intelligible language, essentially meaning that
any kind of text-based open source collaboration is impossible among devanagari and nastaʿlīq
readers.
Initiated in 2011, the Hamari Boli Initiative[16] is a full-scale open-source language planning initiative
aimed at Hindustani script, style, status & lexical reform and modernization. One of primary stated
objectives of Hamari Boli is to relieve Hindustani of the crippling devanagari–nastaʿlīq digraphia by
way of romanization.[17]

Chinese
…
Romanization of the Sinitic languages, particularly Mandarin, has proved a very difficult problem,
although the issue is further complicated by political considerations. Because of this, many
romanization tables contain Chinese characters plus one or more romanizations or Zhuyin.

Mandarin
…
ALA-LC: Used to be similar to Wade–Giles,[18] but converted to Hanyu Pinyin in 2000[19]

EFEO. Developed by École française d'Extrême-Orient in the 19th century, used mainly in France.

Latinxua Sin Wenz (1926): Omitted tone sounds. Used mainly in the Soviet Union and Xinjiang in
the 1930s. Predecessor of Hanyu Pinyin.

Lessing-Othmer: Used mainly in Germany.

Postal romanization (1906): Early standard for international addresses

Wade–Giles (1892): Transliteration. Very popular from the 19th century until recently and
continues to be used by some Western academics.

Yale (1942): Created by the U.S. for battlefield communication and used in the influential Yale
textbooks.

Legge romanization: Created by James Legge, a Scottish missionary.

Mainland China
E…
Hanyu Pinyin (1958): In mainland China, Hanyu Pinyin has been used officially to romanize
Mandarin for decades, primarily as a linguistic tool for teaching the standardized language. The
system is also used in other Chinese-speaking areas such as Singapore and parts of Taiwan, and
has been adopted by much of the international community as a standard for writing Chinese
words and names in the Latin script. The value of Hanyu Pinyin in education in China lies in the
fact that China, like any other populated area with comparable area and population, has
numerous distinct dialects, though there is just one common written language and one common
standardized spoken form. (These comments apply to romanization in general)

ISO 7098 (1991): Based on Hanyu Pinyin.

Taiwan
E
 E…
1. Gwoyeu Romatzyh (GR, 1928–1986, in Taiwan 1945–1986; Taiwan used Japanese Romaji
before 1945),

2. Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (MPS II, 1986–2002),

3. Tongyong Pinyin (2002–2008),[20][21] and

4. Hanyu Pinyin (since January 1, 2009).[22][23]

Singapore
E…
Cantonese
…
Barnett–Chao

Guangdong (1960)

Hong Kong Government

Jyutping

Meyer–Wempe

Sidney Lau

Yale (1942)

Cantonese Pinyin
Min Nan or Hokkien
…
̍ -ōe-jī (POJ), once the de facto official script of the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (since the
Peh
late 19th century). Technically this represented a largely phonemic transcription system, as Min
Nan was not commonly written in Chinese.
See also Comparison of Hokkien writing systems.
Teochew
E…
Guangdong (1960), for the distinct Teochew variety.
Min Dong
…
Foochow Romanized
Min Bei
…
Kienning Colloquial Romanized

Japanese
…
Romanization (or, more generally, Roman letters) is called "rōmaji" in Japanese. The most common
systems are:
 Hepburn (1867): transcription to Anglo-American practices, used in geographical names

Nihon-shiki (1885): transliteration. Also adopted as (ISO 3602 Strict) in 1989.

Kunrei-shiki (1937): transliteration. Also adopted as (ISO 3602).

JSL (1987): transcription. Named after the book Japanese: The Spoken Language by Eleanor
Jorden.

ALA-LC: Similar to Modified Hepburn[24]

Wāpuro: ("word processor romanization") transliteration. Not strictly a system, but a collection of
common practices that enables input of Japanese text.

Korean
…
While romanization has taken various and at times seemingly unstructured forms, some sets of
rules do exist:

McCune–Reischauer (MR; 1937?), the first transcription to gain some acceptance. A slightly
changed version of MR was the official system for Korean in South Korea from 1984 to 2000, and
yet a different modification is still the official system in North Korea. Uses breves, apostrophes
and diereses, the latter two indicating orthographic syllable boundaries in cases that would
otherwise be ambiguous.
What is called MR may in many cases be any of a number of systems that differ from each other
and from the original MR mostly in whether word endings are separated from the stem by a
space, a hyphen or – according to McCune's and Reischauer's system – not at all; and if a hyphen
or space is used, whether sound change is reflected in a stem's last and an ending's first
consonant letter (e.g. pur-i vs. pul-i). Although mostly irrelevant when transcribing uninflected
words, these aberrations are so widespread that any mention of "McCune-Reischauer
romanization" may not necessarily refer to the original system as published in the 1930s.
There is, for example, the ALA-LC / U.S. Library of Congress system, based on MR but with
some deviations. Word division is addressed in detail, with a generous use of spaces to
separate word endings from stems that is not seen in MR. Syllables of given names are
always separated with a hyphen, which is expressly never done by MR. Sound changes are
ignored more often than in MR. Distinguishes between ‘ and ’.[25]

Several problems with MR led to the development of the newer systems:

Yale (1942): This system has become the established standard romanization for Korean among
linguists. Vowel length in old or dialectal pronunciation is indicated by a macron. In cases that
would otherwise be ambiguous, orthographic syllable boundaries are indicated with a period.
Indicates disappearance of consonants.
 Revised Romanization of Korean (RR; 2000): Includes rules both for transcription and for
transliteration. South Korea now officially uses this system that was approved in 2000. Road
signs and textbooks were required to follow these rules as soon as possible, at a cost estimated
by the government to be at least US$20 million. All road signs, names of railway and subway
stations on line maps and signs etc. have been changed. The change has been either ignored or
grandfathered in some cases, notably the romanization of names and existing companies. RR is
generally similar to MR, but uses no diacritics or apostrophes, and uses distinct letters for ㅌ /ㄷ
(t/d), ㅋ/ㄱ (k/g), ㅊ/ㅈ (ch/j) and ㅍ/ㅂ (p/b). In cases of ambiguity, orthographic syllable
boundaries were intended to be indicated with a hyphen, but this is inconsistently applied in
practice.

ISO/TR 11941 (1996): This actually is two different standards under one name: one for North
Korea (DPRK) and the other for South Korea (ROK). The initial submission to the ISO was based
heavily on Yale and was a joint effort between both states, but they could not agree on the final
draft.[26]

Lukoff romanization, developed 1945–47 for his Spoken Korean coursebooks[27]

Philippine languages
…
Almost all Languages of the Philippines (including Tagalog, Ilokano, the Bicol languages, Cebuano
and other Visayan languages, Kapampangan, and the Spanish-based creole Chavacano) use the
Modern Filipino Alphabet.

When Spain colonised the Philippines in the late 16th century, the numerous languages of the
Philippines were written in various scripts, such as Baybayin. These were initially promoted by the
colonists but later replaced by Spanish transcriptions, which are still evident in place names and
surnames. Letters such as C, Ll, and Ñ were considered Hispanic additions and removed in the
Abakada, an attempt at a more indigenous alphabet devised by Lope K. Santos in 1940. These were
eventually superseded by the Pilipino Alphabet and by the 28-letter, Modern Filipino Alphabet, which
adds Ñ and the native Ng to the standard, 26-letter Latin alphabet.

While the Spanish language itself uses a very phonemic spelling, the romanised spelling created for
Philippine languages is even more so. For example, the Spanish caballo ([kaˈβa.ʎo], "horse"), the
same word in Tagalog is kabayo (demonstrating yeismo in the pronunciation of the Spanish "Ll"
digraph).

Thai
…
Thai, spoken in Thailand and some areas of Laos, Burma and China, is written with its own script,
probably descended from mixture of Tai–Laotian and Old Khmer, in the Brahmic family.

Royal Thai General System of Transcription

ISO 11940 1998 Transliteration

ISO 11940-2 2007 Transcription

ALA-LC [28]

Cyrillic
…
In English language library catalogues, bibliographies, and most academic publications, the Library
of Congress transliteration method is used worldwide.

In linguistics, scientific transliteration is used for both Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets. This applies
to Old Church Slavonic, as well as modern Slavic languages that use these alphabets.

Belarusian
…
BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian, 1979 (United States Board on Geographic Names and
Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use)

Scientific transliteration, or the International Scholarly System for linguistics

ALA-LC romanization, 1997 (American Library Association and Library of Congress):[29]

ISO 9:1995

Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script, 2000
Bulgarian
…
A system based on scientific transliteration and ISO/R 9:1968 was considered official in Bulgaria
since the 1970s. Since the late 1990s, Bulgarian authorities have switched to the so-called
Streamlined System avoiding the use of diacritics and optimized for compatibility with English. This
system became mandatory for public use with a law passed in 2009.[30] Where the old system uses
<č,š,ž,št,c,j,ă>, the new system uses <ch,sh,zh,sht,ts,y,a>.

The new Bulgarian system was endorsed for official use also by UN in 2012,[31] and by BGN and
PCGN in 2013.[32]

Kyrgyz
…
This section is empty.
Macedonian
…
This section is empty.

Russian
…
There is no single universally accepted system of writing Russian using the Latin script—in fact
there are a huge number of such systems: some are adjusted for a particular target language (e.g.
German or French), some are designed as a librarian's transliteration, some are prescribed for
Russian travellers' passports; the transcription of some names is purely traditional.   All this has
resulted in great reduplication of names.   E.g. the name of the Russian composer Tchaikovsky may
also be written as Tchaykovsky, Tchajkovskij, Tchaikowski, Tschaikowski, Czajkowski, Čajkovskij,
Čajkovski, Chajkovskij, Çaykovski, Chaykovsky, Chaykovskiy, Chaikovski, Tshaikovski, Tšaikovski,
Tsjajkovskij etc. Systems include:

BGN/PCGN (1947): Transliteration system (United States Board on Geographic Names &
Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use).[33]

GOST 16876-71 (1971): A now defunct Soviet transliteration standard. Replaced by GOST 7.79,
which is an ISO 9 equivalent.

United Nations romanization system for geographical names (1987): Based on GOST 16876-71.

ISO 9 (1995): Transliteration. From the International Organization for Standardization.

ALA-LC (1997)[34]

"Volapuk" encoding (1990s): Slang term (it's not really Volapük) for a writing method that's not
truly a transliteration, but used for similar goals (see article).

Conventional English transliteration is based to BGN/PCGN, but doesn't follow a particular

standard. Described in detail at Romanization of Russian.

Streamlined System[35][36][37] for the romanization of Russian.

Comparative transliteration of Russian[38] in different languages (Western European, Arabic,

Georgian, Braille, Morse)
Syriac
…
The Latin script for Syriac was developed in the 1930s, following the state policy for minority
languages of the Soviet Union, with some material published.[39]

Ukrainian
…
Ukrainian personal names are usually transcribed phonetically; see the main article section
Conventional Romanization of proper names. The Ukrainian National system is used for geographic
names in Ukraine.

ALA-LC[40]

ISO 9

Ukrainian National transliteration[41]

Ukrainian National and BGN/PCGN systems, at the UN Working Group on Romanization

Systems[42]

Thomas T. Pedersen's comparison of five systems[43]

See also: Ukrainian Latin alphabet

Overview and summary …

The chart below shows the most common phonemic transcription romanization used for several
different alphabets. While it is sufficient for many casual users, there are multiple alternatives used
for each alphabet, and many exceptions. For details, consult each of the language sections above.
(Hangul characters are broken down into jamo components.)
 Russian
Romanized Greek Hebrew Arabic Persian Katakana Hangul Bopomofo
(Cyrillic)

A A А ַ, ֲ, ָ َ, ‫ا‬ ‫ آ‬,‫ا‬ ア ㅏ ㄚ
AE ΑΙ ㅐ
AI ‫ַי‬ ㄞ
B ΜΠ, Β Б ‫בּ‬ ‫بﺑﺒﺐ‬ ‫بﺑ‬ ㅂ ㄅ
C Ξ ㄘ
CH TΣ̈ Ч ‫צ׳‬ ‫چ‬ ㅊ ㄔ
CHI チ
D ΝΤ, Δ Д ‫ד‬
‫ ض ﺿ‬,‫— ﺪ‬ ‫د‬
‫ﻀﺾ‬
‫د‬ ㄷ ㄉ
DH Δ ‫ֿד‬ ‫— ﺬ‬ ‫ذ‬

DZ ΤΖ Ѕ

E Ε, ΑΙ Э , ֱ, ‫ י‬,ֵ ,ֵֶ ‫ֶ י‬ エ, ヱ ㅔ ㄟ
EO ㅓ
EU ㅡ
F Φ Ф
‫( פ‬or its final
form ‫) ף‬
‫فﻓﻔﻒ‬ ‫ف‬ ㄈ
FU フ
G
ΓΓ, ΓΚ,
Γ
Г ‫ג‬ ‫گ‬ ㄱ ㄍ
GH Γ Ғ ‫ ֿע‬, ֿ‫ג‬ ‫غﻏﻐﻎ‬ ‫قغ‬

H Η Һ ‫ ה‬,‫ח‬
‫ ح ﺣ‬,‫ه ﻫ ﻬ ﻪ‬
‫ﺤﺢ‬
‫هحﻫ‬ ㅎ ㄏ
HA ハ
HE ヘ
HI ヒ
HO ホ
I
Η, Ι, Υ,
ΕΙ, ΟΙ
И, І ִ, ‫ִ י‬ ‫ِد‬ イ, ヰ ㅣ ㄧ
IY ‫ِدي‬
J TZ̈ ДЖ, Џ ‫ג׳‬ ‫جﺟﺠﺞ‬ ‫ج‬ ㅈ ㄐ
JJ ㅉ
K Κ К ‫כּ‬ ‫كﻛﻜﻚ‬ ‫ک‬ ㅋ ㄎ
KA カ
KE ケ
‫ ֿח‬,‫( כ‬or its
KH X Х ‫خﺧﺨﺦ‬ ‫خ‬
final form ‫) ך‬

KI キ
KK ㄲ
KO コ
KU ク
L Λ Л ‫ל‬ ‫لﻟﻠﻞ‬ ‫ل‬ ㄹ ㄌ
M Μ М
‫( מ‬or its final
form ‫) ם‬
‫مﻣﻤﻢ‬ ‫م‬ ㅁ ㄇ
MA マ
ME メ
MI ミ
MO モ
MU ム
N Ν Н
‫( נ‬or its final
form ‫) ן‬
‫نﻧﻨﻦ‬ ‫ن‬ ン ㄴ ㄋ
NA ナ
NE ネ
NG ㅇ
NI ニ
NO ノ
NU ヌ
O Ο, Ω О , ֳ, ֹ ‫וֹ‬ ُ‫ا‬ オ ㅗ
OE ㅚ
P Π П ‫פּ‬ ‫پ‬ ㅍ ㄆ
PP ㅃ
PS Ψ

Q Θ ‫ק‬ ‫قﻗﻘﻖ‬ ‫غق‬ ㄑ

R Ρ Р ‫ר‬ ‫— ﺮ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ㄹ ㄖ
RA ラ
RE レ
RI リ
RO ロ
RU ル
S Σ С ‫ שׂ‬,‫ס‬
,‫س ﺳ ﺴ ﺲ‬
‫صﺻﺼﺺ‬
‫سثص‬ ㅅ ㄙ
SA サ
SE セ
SH Σ̈ Ш ‫שׁ‬ ‫شﺷﺸﺶ‬ ‫ش‬ ㄕ
SHCH Щ

SHI シ
SO ソ
SS ㅆ
SU ス
T Τ Т ‫ ת‬,‫ תּ‬,‫ט‬
‫ ط ﻃ‬,‫ت ﺗ ﺘ ﺖ‬
‫ﻄﻂ‬
‫تط‬ ㅌ ㄊ
TA タ
TE テ
TH Θ ‫ֿת‬ ‫ثﺛﺜﺚ‬

TO ト
‫( צ‬or its final
TS ΤΣ Ц
form ‫) ץ‬

TSU ツ
TT ㄸ
U ΟΥ, Υ У , ֻ‫וּ‬ ُ‫د‬ ウ ㅜ ㄩ
UI ㅢ
UW ‫دُ و‬

V B В ‫ב‬ ‫و‬

W Ω ‫ וו‬,‫ו‬ ‫— ﻮ‬ ‫و‬

WA ワ ㅘ
WAE ㅙ
WE ㅞ
WI ㅟ
WO ヲ ㅝ
X Ξ, Χ ㄒ
Y Υ, Ι, ΓΙ Й, Ы, Ј ‫י‬ ‫يﻳﻴﻲ‬ ‫ی‬

YA Я ヤ ㅑ
YAE ㅒ
YE Е, Є ㅖ
YEO ㅕ
YI Ї

YO Ё ヨ ㅛ
YU Ю ユ ㅠ
Z Ζ З ‫ז‬
‫ ظ ﻇ ﻈ‬,‫— ﺰ‬ ‫ز‬
‫ﻆ‬
‫زظذض‬ ㄗ
ZH Ζ̈ Ж ‫ז׳‬ ‫ژ‬ ㄓ

See also …

Anglicisation

Cyrillization, expression of a language in Cyrillic letters

Francization

Gairaigo

Latinisation of names

Spread of the Latin script

 References …

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4. "Qalam: A Convention for Morphological rabic-Latin-Arabic Transliteration" . Eserver.org.

Archived from the original (TXT) on 2009-02-08. Retrieved 2015-07-02.

5. "Buckwalter Arabic Transliteration" . Qamus.org. Retrieved 2013-04-25.

. "Open Xerox: arabic-morphology Service Home Page" . Xrce.xerox.com. 2010-11-22. Archived

from the original on 2002-04-24. Retrieved 2013-04-25.

7. "Arabic" (PDF). Loc.gov. Retrieved 2015-07-02.

. "Greek" (PDF). Loc.gov. Retrieved 2015-07-02.

9. [1] Archived January 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine

10. [2] Archived December 10, 2004, at the Wayback Machine

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External links …

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Romanization.

About Romanization:

IPA for Urdu and Roman Urdu for Mobile and Internet Users (Download)

Microsoft Transliteration Utility  – A tool for creating, debugging and using transliteration
modules from any script to any other script.

Randall Barry (ed.) ALA-LC Romanization Tables U.S. Library of Congress, 1997, ISBN 0-8444-
0940-5. (One of the few printed books with lists of romanizations)

U.S. Library of Congress Romanization Tables in PDF format

UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems

Unicode Transliteration Guidelines

Romanization Online:

Chinese Phonetic Conversion Tool  – Converts between Pinyin and other formats

Cyrillic Transliteration and Transcription ONLINE (Cyrillic -> Latin)

eiktub  – An Arabic Transliteration Pad

Lingua::Translit  – Perl module covering a variety of writing systems e.g. Cyrillic or Greek.
Provides a lot of standards as well as common transliteration schemes.

Arabeasy  – Arabic Transliteration (free chrome extension exists, also works for Persian, Urdu)

Russianeasy  – Russian Transliteration (free chrome extension exists)