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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Physics & Aerodynamics

“... There are two ways to lead your life….

One is as though nothing is a miracle….
The other is as if everything is…. “
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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Course Outline

Assignment/Practical 50%
Quizzes/Midterm 20%
Final Examination 30%
18 weeks consisting of both lecturing and practical..

Note : Those who missed 10% of the class attendance

without any valid reason or justification will be Barred
from taking the final examination.
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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Topics to be covered:
1. Measurement & Unit
2. Matter & Energy
3. Work, Power, Force, and Motion
4. Thermodynamics
5. Pressure and Gas Law
6. Fluid Mechanics
7. Sound
8. Light
9. Airplanes
10. Aerodynamics
11. Helicopter Aerodynamics
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Topics for Research and Presentation:

1. Research on the principle of Newton’s laws and its application in
today's modern world
2. The use and application of gyroscopic principles
3. Research on the various methods of heat transfer and describe its
application and benefit in today’s world
4. Research on the application of Bernoulli’s theorem in today’s
modern world
5. Research on the aerodynamics principle on both fix wing aircraft and
rotary wing aircraft.
6. Study on the various engine cycles available. Brayton Cycles,
Rankine Cycles, and Joule Cycles.
NOT THIS SEMESTER!!!
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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

WHAT IS PHYSICS?

Physics is the study of the most

fundamental interactions between:

Time,, Space
Time Space,, Energy and
Matter..
Matter
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Why is PHYSICS so important?

Every aspect of our life involves with the
principle of physics! All modern technology ever
created by mankind deals with physics!
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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

The objectives of this subject are to:

Provide students with the fundamental knowledge of

various physics principles related to the aircraft
operation.
Teach students to solve engineering mathematical
problems in relation to physics and aerodynamics.
Provide students with the basic aerodynamic
knowledge of a fixed wing aircraft and a rotary wing
aircraft.
Expose students to the operation of aircraft weight and
balance.
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Upon completion of this subject, students should be able to:

Describe the various theories of physics

Perform calculations and solve engineering problems related to
physics and aerodynamics
Describe the difference between the 3 mechanics element which is
static's, dynamics, and kinetics.
Explain the various process of heat transfer.
Define and describe the various terms used in aerodynamics.
Illustrate the aerodynamic forces acting on aircraft.
Perform weight and balance operation on aircraft.
Calculate and identify the center of gravity of a given aircraft.
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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Chapter 1 : Measurement & Unit

1.1 Measurement
1.2 Unit
1.3 Dimensional Analysis
1.4 Scalar & Vector
1.5 Precision & Accuracy
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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Measurement
1. Physics is an experimental science which involves measurements.
2. Measurements are generally describe with the use of numbers.
3. Number that is used to describe a physical phenomenon quantitatively
is called a Physical Quantity.
4. Example: Give two physical quantities that describe yourself?

Units
1. When we use number to describe a physical quantity , we must always
specify the unit that we are using; to describe a distance of “23.02”
would not simply mean anything.
2. Engineers and Scientist around the world have adopted a system units
commonly called “ the metric system” but now commonly known as
“International System or SI unit
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Definition of the SI base units :

Unit of Length Meters m

Unit of Mass Kilogram kg

Unit of Time Second s

Unit of Electric Current Ampere A

Unit of Thermodynamic Kelvin K

temperature
Unit of amount of substance Mole mol

Unit of luminous intensity Candela cd

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Imperial systems :

Basic quantities Imperial system S.I Metric System

Length Inches Meter (m)
Mass Pound Kilogram (Kg)
Time Second Second (s )
Temperature Fahrenheit Celsius ( ْ◌ C )
Current A Ampere (A)
No of Atom mol Mole (mol)
Luminous intensity No of candles Candela (cd)
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SI derived Units:

Area Square meter m2

Volume Cubic meter m3
Speed, Velocity Meter per second m/s
Acceleration Meter per second squared m/s2
Mass density Kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
Current density Ampere per square meter A/m2
Magnetic field strength Ampere per meter A/m
luminance Candela per square meter Cd/m2
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Conversions of Units
• Same quantity may be measured in different units. Therefore, it is important to know
how to convert from one unit to another.
E.g. 1
An aircraft is flying at a speed of 255 knots. How fast is it flying in meter per second?

E.g. 2
An aircraft carrying a fuel load of 300 gallons. What is the value of the fuel load in Liter?

E.g. 3
A speed trap mission in Utara Selatan Highway has determined the speed limit as 110
kilometer / hour. Express the speed in meter / second?

P/S: It is important to convert all units to SI units before solving any mathematical
problems.
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Prefixes of power of ten:

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Dimensional Analysis
Quantity and Dimension

QUANTITY DIMENSION SYMBOL

Mass [mass] M
Length [length] L
Time [time] T

Electric Current [current] A

Density [mass] / [length]3 ML
ML--3
Velocity [length] / [time] LT
LT--1
Acceleration [velocity] / [time] LT
LT--2
Force [mass] * [acceleration] MLT-
MLT-2
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Dimension Analysis can be used to:

1. Checking equation & units
2. Derive an equation

Dimension analysis cannot be used to:

1. Dimensionally correct does not mean the equation is correct!
2. Completeness of an equation
3. Whether the constant (in the equation) is correct

E.g. Verify the dimension analysis for velocity

V (velocity) = u (initial velocity) + a (acceleration)* t (time)
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Vector
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Vector
Scalar Quantity
1. Quantity (by a single number)
2. Number with units (+ve
(+ve,, -ve
ve,, 0)
3. Example: length, time, temperature, mass, density, volume

Vector Quantity
1. Quantity (by a number / magnitude and a direction)
2. Example: Force, momentum, velocity, displacement, acceleration
3. Acceptable symbol for vector is F
4. Magnitude of vector: |F| = F always +ve
+ve
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Vector Addition
If a particles undergoes a displacement A, followed by a second displacement B. The
final result is the same as if the particle had started at the same initial point and
undergone a single displacement C. We call the displacement C as Vector Sum or
Resultant.

A C
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EQUILIBRANT Force
1. A single force that can hold the original system of forces in equilibrium is
known as the EQUILIBRANT
EQUILIBRANT..
2. It is equal in magnitude to the resultant but it is opposite in sense.

A
A C
B

Equilibrant Force
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A UniKL Miat student walks 12 km east one day and 5km east the following day. Find
the resultant vector for the journey of the student?

First day 12 km Second day 5 km

17 km to the east

A UniKL Miat student walks 12km east one day and 5km west the next day. Find the
resultant vector for the journey of the student?
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Find the Resultant of the following vectors:

A1 A3
A2
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A2

A1
A1 A3
A3
A2

Resultant Resultant

Resultant
A1
A2 A3
A3
Resultant
A1
A2
Regardless of the arrangement of the vectors, the resultant will remain the same!!
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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Vectors in 2 Dimension form. (axis – x and axis – y)

A vector in two dimensions may be resolved into two component vectors acting along
any two mutually perpendicular directions.
+y

A = Ax + Ay
Ax = Acos θ
Ay = Asin θ

A Magnitude, |A| = √(Ax2 + Ay2)

Ay
Direction, tan θ = Ay / Ax
θ
+x
Ax
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Component vector along x and y axis depend on the angle, θ

Bx – Negative A
By - Positive B Ax – Positive
Ay - Positive

C D
Dx – Positive
Cx – Negative
Dy - Negative
Cy - Negative
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Obtain the Resultant Force of the Following Vectors?

|B| = 180 N
θ = 25o |A| = 150 N

θ = 20o
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Obtain the Resultant Force of the Following Vectors?

|A| = 60 N

θ = 35o

θ = 30o

|B| = 80 N
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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Obtain the Resultant Force of the Following Vectors?

|C| = 60 N
|A| = 160 N

θ = 40o θ = 35o

θ = 30o

|B| = 80 N
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STATICS
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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

STATICS
STRESS

• It’s internal force that opposed the external force act on a body
or
• The force that tries to prevent outside force changing its shape

• Unit : lb/sq-in
lb/sq- or lb/sq--ft
lb/sq

• Stress = External Force

Area of applied force

• There are five (5) types of stress, namely

1. TENSION
2. COMPRESSION
3. TORSION
4. BENDING
5. SHEAR
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TENSION

The force that tries

to pull an object apart
Eg. Flexible steel cable
in flight control system
designed to withstand
the tension load.

Tension Load

If a force tends to
stretch the material
the force is called
a tensile force and
the material is said
to be in tension.
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COMPRESSION

The resistance to an external force

that tries to push an object together.
Eg. Rivet (one end is hammered with
a rivet gun, while a heavy steel buckling
bar is held tight against other end.
The force between them.
Compress the rivet, making the middle
of the rivet (rivet shank) expands
until it fills the hole form a butt
to hold material together.

Compression Load
If a force tends to compress
or squeeze a material the force
is called a Compressive.
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TORSION

• The stress inside an object that tries to twist it.

• It’s the combination of tension and compression.
• Eg. Act in the shaft of a crank. A piston pushing down the connecting rod rotates
the crankshaft against the opposition caused by propeller.
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BENDING

• Tries to push down or pull up on one end of the beam,

while other end is held still
• In flight, force of lift tries to bend wing upward
• Skin on top is subjected to a compression force
• Skin below is pulled by a tension force
• On ground, reverse the condition
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SHEAR

• Stress tries to slice a body apart.

• Eg. Clevis bolt-
bolt- designed
to withstand sheer load
• Fork fitting fastened onto
one end of cable. An eye is
fastened to the structure.
• Fork and eye held together
by clevis bolt. Cable is pulled,
shearing action tries
to slide the bolt apart.

Shear Load

A material is said to be in
shear if the forces applied
to it tend to slide one face
of the material over an
adjacent face..
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STRAIN
• Physics change or deformation of an object that is caused by stress.
• Strain = Change in Length / Original length.

• HOOKE'S LAW : Stress/Strain = Constant (Young’s Modulus)

• It says stress proportional to strain ~ Strain does not exceed the elastic limit
(boundary of stress)

• If exceed, material is permanently deformed and will not return to original shape
when stress is removed eg. Spring
• Therefore beam or spring can be used as measuring devices
Eg. Hand Torque Wrench
• Its deformation/bending directly proportional to the strain.
• Amount of torque deflection can be measured and use as indication amount of
stress on a bolt.
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STATICS
Strength of Materials

1. Whenever a force is applied to a solid, deformation takes place.

2. When the deformation of the material is temporary the material is said to be
Elastic.
3. The response of a material to the application of a force depends on the size and
direction of the force and the period of time during which it acts, the type of
material and the area on which the force acts.
4. When a material changes shape either elastically or permanently it is said to
STRAIN.
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Hooke’s Law

1. During loading many materials initially

behave as if they are elastic, but become
plastic as the load increases.
2. If represented graphically, it produces a
straight line graph up to a certain point
known as “limit of proportionality”.
3. The point which the material ceases to be
elastic is known as the “Elastic Limit”.

stress
= a constant E
strain

1. This constant is known as ‘Young’s

Modulus of elasticity and has the same
units as stress Pascals (N/m2)
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Exercise Question

1. A tie rod of rectangular cross-

cross-section 60mm x 10mm and carries a
tensile load of 30kN. Calculate the tensile stress in N / mm2.

2. What diameter of circular bar is required to carry a load (f) of 38.5

kN if the stress is 40 N / mm2?