Bonic Body

ABSTRACT

In digital era it is not necessary to human being for intractable

pain and incontinence, this is possible by a bionic body. Bionics seeks to
transcend our biological nature by replacing biological parts with artificial parts
("deflesh"), or by translating the human mind into information in a
computer(Uploading). These processes are naturally highly speculative so far,
since we are still far from this technological level.

However, in the field of connecting artificial limbs and other

systems to nerves, some promising advances have already happened or seem
probable in the near future. The transfer of technology between life forms and
synthetic constructs is desirable because evolutionary pressure typically forces
natural systems to become highly optimized and efficient. In the field of computer
science, the study of bionics has produced cybernetics, artificial neurons, artificial
neural networks, and swarm intelligence. .

Evolutionary computation was also motivated by bionics ideas but it

took the idea further by simulating evolution in silicon and producing well-
optimized solutions that had never appeared in nature. In this paper our aim is
to highlight the artificial organs through bionic body.

Keywords: Bionics, Biomimetics, Artificial Intelligence, Artificial

Neurons.

Department of C.S.E, MeRITS, Udayagiri.

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1. INTRODUCTION

Bionics (also known as biometrics, bio gnosis, bio mimicry, or

biotical creativity engineering) is the application of methods systems found in
nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology.
Also a short form of biomechanics, the word 'bionic' is actually a portmanteau
formed from biology (from the Greak word "βιος", pronounced "vios", meaning
"life") and electronic.The transfer of technology between life forms and synthetic
constructs is desirable because evolutionary pressure typically forces natural
systems to become highly optimized and efficient.

A classical example is the development of dirt- and water-repellent

paint (coating) from the observation that the surface of the lotus flower plant is
practically unstuck for anything (the lotus effect). Examples of bionics in
engineering include the hulls of boats imitating the thick skin of dolphins, sonar,
radar, and medical ultrasound imaging imitating the echolocation of bats.

In the field of computer science, the study of bionics has produced

cybernetics, artificial neurons, artificial neural networks, and swarm intelligence.
Evolutionary computation was also motivated by bionics ideas but it took the idea
further by simulating evolution in silico and producing well optimized solutions
that had never appeared in nature.

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2.INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL ORGANS

2.1ARTIFICIAL ARMS

Figure 2. Showing artificial arm.

The above placed figure shows five different mechanisms for artificial
arms and the details are explained below as,

What would it be like to lose a hand, a foot, or even an entire arm or leg?
Scary, that's for sure. How can amputees pick up things or walk or play soccer or

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write a letter? Although nothing is as good as the original flesh and bone, doctors
can provide artificial replacements, called prostheses, for some damaged body
parts. In addition to replacing lost functions, prostheses can result in cosmetic
improvements for the patient and build self-confidence.

Simple prostheses like peg legs have been around for centuries. If they
do not use sophisticated electronics, these artificial limbs are called static
prostheses. One kind of artificial arm, for example, ends in a pair of hooks rather
than a hand. The other end is attached to the remaining portion of the patient's
arm, and then to a harness that straps over the shoulders. By moving the
shoulder, the patient can pull on the harness, which in turn pulls on flexible
cables to open and close the hooks, allowing the person to grasp objects. There is
no sense of touch in this type of prosthesis, so the user has to watch closely what
he or she is doing

Paper Identification Number: SC-1.4

This peer-reviewed paper has been published by the Pentagram
Research Centre(P)Limited. Responsibility of contents of this paper rests upon the
authors and not upon Pentagram Research Centre (P) Limited. Copies can be
obtained from the company for a cost International Conference on Systemic,
Cybernetics and Informatics.

2.1.1. THE SURGERY

Doctors rewired four nerves that once connected to Jesse Sullivan's arm
and transferred them to his chest muscles. Brain signals fire the nerves and
trigger electrodes affixed to his chest. A computer converts the data into action.

2.1.2. THE SHOULDER

The world's only motorized shoulder is made of aluminium and carbon fiber and
weighs 1.8 pounds. A 14.8-volt lithiumion battery drives a motor and gearbox.

2.1.3. THE HUMORAL ROTATOR

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This one-motor joint enables Sullivan to move his forearm close to his midline,
simplifying tasks such as buttoning a shirt.

2.1.4. THE CONTROL UNIT

A 64-bit microprocessor embedded in the forearm coordinates movement of five

motorized joints.

2.1.5. THE HAND

Hailing from Shanghai, the hand is the only such device to feature a
flexible, motorized wrist. Fingertip sensors enable pressure sensation. If you're
fortunate enough have all of your arms and legs, chances are that you take them
for granted. The human body is a remarkable piece of biological machinery, and
your limbs are no exception. For example, consider the delicate and complex
tasks hands can perform, such as writing in calligraphy or playing the violin. At
the same time, hands have the strength and durability required to grip heavy
objects and withstand impacts. Legs are equally impressive, enabling a person to
run long distances without tiring and navigate across uncertain terrains.

Figure 3. Artificial arm

2.2 ARTIFICIAL EAR

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Bonic Body

Figure 4 Artificial Ear

A cochlear implant (CI) is a surgically implanted electronic device that
provides a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf or severely hard of
hearing. The cochlear implant is often referred to as a bionic ear.
Placement of Cochlear Implant People who lose all their hearing need
a Cochlear implant Instead of just making sounds louder, a Cochlear implant
actually talks directly to the brain. There are three main parts to the Cochlear
setup: the implant Itself (which is surgically placed inside your ear), a sound
processor that fits over your ear, and an electrode array.

The Processor translates sounds into digital information and sends it to

the implant through an antenna. The implant changes this information into
electrical signals and sends these signals to the electrode array. The electrode
array sends the electrical signals to the auditory nerve. And the auditory nerve
passes this sound information to the brain.

2.3 ARTIFICIAL EYE

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Bonic Body

Figure 5. Artificial eye

An artificial eye is a camera attached to the optic nerve as are placement for
a real eye. It does not function as well as the real eye, and does not have crystal-
clear vision (as it is only a camera). Currently a camera of 100x100 pixels has
been implemented successfully. This eye is actually a very powerful tool, though
it seems that it is not very effective, it is a huge step to even give sight to the
blind. The ability to give sight to a blind person via an artificial eye depends on
the circumstances surrounding the loss of sight. If the optic nerve was damaged
after birth, it may be possible. If the person was born without sight, the optic
nerve may never have developed at all.

Researchers worldwide are trying to find ways to use electronics to improve

visual recognition. Last year, MIT announced it had developed a chip implant that
could restore vision in some patients. MIT’s eyeball design holds a microchip that
connects to an external coil on a pair of glasses. The chip receives visual
information and activates electrodes that, in turn, fire the nerve cells that carry
visual input to the brain. Burkett says other groups in Germany and Japan are
working on similar projects. The difference largely lies in the number of
electrodes used, the configuration of the electrodes and how the data is
transmitted.

2.4 ARTIFICIAL KNEE

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Bonic Body

Figure 6 . Artificial Knee

The strategically placed sensor technology on this leg comprises

gyrometers and pressure cells and load cells. With every step that amputees take
with their sound leg, the sensors constantly and accurately measure motion,
position and velocity of the sound side, providing feedback to the artificial
intelligence (AI).Consequently the AI is able to anticipate the motion on the
prosthetic side even before the next step takes place. Transferred via Bluetooth,
this data enables a direct connection between the user and the prosthesis. The
result is that for the first time the two legs function harmoniously and together
once more in the same proactive and anticipatory fashion as human legs.

2.5 ARTIFICIAL SKIN:

Figure 7:artificial skin

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Bonic Body

An artificial version of the body's largest organ consists of the lower layer
of human skin combined with a synthetic upper layer. This can be used as a
temporary cover for burns, protecting the wounds from fluid loss and reducing
the risk of infection. A form of “Artificial Skin” has been demonstrated which is
created out of flexible semiconductor materials that can sense touch. The artificial
skin is anticipated to augment robotics in conducting rudimentary jobs that would
be considered delicate and require “touch”. It is also expected that the technology
can be further advanced to be used on prosthetic limbs to restore a sense of
touch.

2.6 ARTIFICIAL HEART

Figure 8. Artificial Heart

An artificial heart is a prosthetic device that is implanted into the body to

replace the original biological heart. It is distinct from a cardiac pump, which is an
external device used to provide the functions of both the heart and the lungs.
Thus, the cardiac pump need not be connected to both blood circuits.

Also, a cardiac pump is only suitable for use not longer than a few hours,
while for the artificial heart the current record is 17months. This synthetic
replacement for an organic mammalian heart (usually human), remains one of
the long-sought Holy Grails of modern medicine. Although the heart is
conceptually a simple organ (basically a muscle that functions as a pump), it

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embodies complex subtleties that defy straightforward emulation using synthetic

materials and power supplies. The obvious benefit of a functional artificial heart
would be to lower the need for heart transplants, because the demand for donor
hearts (as it is for all organs) always greatly exceeds supply.

The Abercorn heart weighs about 2 pounds and is made of titanium and
plastic. It can pump more than 10 litters of blood per minute, which is enough for
everyday stuff like walking. The Abercorn works in a different way from a real
heart. A real heart can pump blood to the lungs and the body on each beat. The
Abercorn sends blood to the lungs and then to the body every other beat, instead
of both at the same time. This helps to keep the artificial heart small, and there is
still plenty of blood flow for normal life.

2.7 ARTIFICIAL LIMBS:

Figure 9. Artificial Limbs

For congenital (from birth) defects the terms are used to refer to the
body part that would be amputated. For example if one of the limbs is very short
and the foot is at the level of the 'normal' shin then the prosthesis would be
described as a transtibial prosthesis even though the tibia is fully intact. Any
artificial limb is attached to a person's body to replace a missing part of the body.
They used to be made from wood and certain types of metal, but have now been
replaced with more lightweight material such as fibreglass. Limbs and
appendages are moved by muscles, which are stimulated by very small amounts
of electricity (microvolt’s) from the nervous system. Even if the limb or

Department of C.S.E, MeRITS, Udayagiri.

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appendage is absent, the nerves and impulses controlling the missing limb are
(usually) still there, and the brain can send microvolt’s of electricity to guide a
"phantom" limb. If these currents are amplified and sent to a motor in the
artificial limb, that limb can be moved via the same method used to control
natural limbs.

2.8 ARTIFICIAL LUNG:

An artificial lung is a prosthetic device that is implanted into the

body to replace the biological lung(s). It is different from a heart-lung machine in
that it is internal and designed to take over the functions of the lungs for long
periods of time rather than on a temporary basis. Recent developments include a
device that uses small hollow fibres and the heart's own pumping power to
oxygenate blood.

Bartlett's presentation will be part of a larger ASAIO session on

artificial lung technology that he will chair. The session will also focus on a
University of Pittsburgh device, called IVOX, that is placed within a vein and
supports 50 percent of lung function. The U-M lung attaches to the pulmonary
artery, can be used in or outside the body, and replaces 100 percent of lung
function.

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Bonic Body

"This generation of long-term, bridge-to-transplant implantable

artificial lungs is on the verge of reaching the patients who need it most, and
have no other options," says Bartlett, a professor of surgery, director of critical
care and head of the extracorporeal life support team at UMHS. "We've overcome
the technical hurdles and now must confirm that it can truly take over for failing
lungs for a longer time, and with less risk, than current life-support technology.
As transplant program leaders tell us, we've never needed these devices more.
More than 13 million Americans have chronic respiratory diseases, such as
pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema, for which the only effective treatment is lung
transplant. But the shortage of donated lungs means that patients sick enough
for a transplant wait an average of two years for an organ, and 80 percent die
before receiving one. Currently, 4,000 Americans are waiting for a lung or heart-
lung transplant, a number that rises sharply each year. About 1,000 lungs are
transplanted in the U.S. each year, alone or in tandem with a heart transplant.

2.9 ARTIFICIAL URINARY BLADDER:

Figure 10. Artificial Urinary bladder

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Bonic Body

New procedure for creating artificial bladders for humans was developed in 2000.
This procedure is called an orthotopic neobladder procedure. This procedure
involves shaping a part (usually 35 to 40 inches) of a patient's small intestine to
form a new bladder. First a CT scan of the patient is taken, to determine the
shape of the bladder that must be created. Next a tissue sample is taken from the
patient's bladder. These cells are grown (this part of the process usually takes 4
weeks), and then layered onto a biodegradable "scaffold" in the shape that the
required bladder is to take. Finally, the transplant procedure takes place. The
entire bladder along with the biodegradable "scaffold" is transplanted. Over time,
the biodegradable "scaffold" will degrade within the patient's body.

A small percentage of bladder control problems may be associated with

bladder cancer. Treatment may include removal of tumours, extensive bladder
reconstruction, or even surgery to remove the bladder altogether. These
surgeries are typically more involved and extensive than those procedures for
incontinence. Below you'll find a breakdown of types of incontinence bladder
surgery and bladder cancer treatment. Presuming incontinence isn't due to some
other treatable cause, incontinence patients may choose to undergo bladder
surgery after exhausting therapeutic and non-surgical medical options. A wide
range of surgeries are available that can repair or strengthen bladders, depending
on the causes of the incontinence.

3.IN MEDICINE

Bionics means the replacement or enhancement of organs or other

body parts by mechanical versions. Bionic implants differ from mere prostheses
by mimicking the original function very closely, or even surpassing it.Bionics'
German equivalent, bionic always adheres to the broader meaning, in that it tries
to develop engineering solutions from biological models. This approach is
motivated by the fact that biological solutions will usually be optimized by
evolutionary forces.

While the technologies that make bionic implants possible are still in a
very early stage, a few bionic items already exist, the best known being the
cochlear implant, a device for deaf people. By 2004 fully functional artificial

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Bonic Body

hearts were developed. Significant further progress is expected to take place with
the advent of nanotechnologies. A well known example of a proposed nanodevice
is a reciprocate, an artificial red cell, designed (though not built yet) by Robert
Ferias.

Kwabena Boahen from Ghana was a professor in the Department of

Bioengineering at the University of Pennsylvania. During his eight years at Penn,
he developed a silicon retina that was able to process images in the same manner
as a living retina. He confirmed the results by comparing the electrical signals
from his silicon retina to the electrical signals produced by a salamander eye
while the two retinas were looking at the same image.

3.1 PLASTIC SURGERY

Figure 11.plastic surgery

Plastic Surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the correction or

restoration of form and function. While famous for aesthetic surgery, plastic
surgery also includes many types of reconstructive surgery, hand surgery,
microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. The word "plastic" derives from the
Greek plastics (πλαστικός) meaning to mould or to shape, thus plastic surgery
means "melding or shaping surgery" – its use here has no connection with
plastics in the sense of synthetic polymer material. Plastic Surgery can also be

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referred to as Cosmetic Surgery. Plastic surgery, as a specialty, evolved

remarkably during the 20th century in the United States. One of the founders of
the specialty, vila, was the first chief of the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive
Surgery at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. In one of his many areas
of clinical expertise, Blair treated World War I soldiers with complex maxillofacial
injuries, and his paper on "Reconstructive Surgery of the Face" set the standard
for craniofacial reconstruction.

3.1.1 RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY

Reconstructive plastic surgery is performed to correct functional impairments

caused by burns; traumatic injuries, such as facial bone fractures and breaks;
congenital abnormalities, such as cleft palates or cleft lips; developmental
abnormalities; infection and disease; and cancer or tumours. Reconstructive
plastic surgery is usually performed to improve function, but it may be done to

approximate a normal appearance.

3.1.2 COSMETIC SURGERY

Aesthetic plastic surgery involves techniques intended for the "enhancement" of

appearance through surgical and medical techniques, and is specifically
concerned with maintaining normal appearance, restoring it, or enhancing it
beyond the average level toward some aesthetic ideal.

Figure 12. cosmetic surgery.

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4. BIONIC LIMITATIONS

Running Speed: 66 mph Swimming Speed: 35 knots (40mph)

Jumping Height: 30 feet
Jumping Length: 45 feet
Lifting Weight w/arm: 1000 lbs
Lifting Weight w/legs: 4500 lbs
Applied Force using arm: 2100 ft-lb/sec.
Applied Force using legs: 9500 ft-lb/sec.
Bending Abilities: 1-inch thick steel
Penetrative Abilities: Able to punch or kick through at least 6 inches of concrete,
and punch or kick through thin plates of solid metal (say, 1/8 inch).
Zoom Distance: 200 yards (Steve’s eye) Hearing Distance: 1/2 mile (880 yards)
for a person speaking at normal volume (50 decibels).

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Bonic Body

5. CONCLUSION

Bionics is very much the present. From engineered organs to

dentures, bionic technology has quietly crept into our daily lives. What is in store
for the future may not so quietly occur. The advancement in neurobiology has
opened new doors as to what may be possible in bionics. Neural signals in the
brain have been captured with a device that is implanted into the brain. The
device consists of a glass cone, about the size of the tip of a ballpoint pen.

A wire is placed in the cone and surrounded by nervous tissue from

the patient’s leg. The tissue fuses with the wire enabling the wire to pick up
neural activity. At it’s current stage, patients, with practice, are able to control a
mouse cursor with their thoughts. When this technology improves, neural signal
may be captured and used to operate robotic legs for the paralyzed or maybe
connected to a camera to allow the blind to see. Experts all agree that this is
decades away. International Conference on Systemic, Cybernetics and
Informatics.

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Bonic Body

5.BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic
http://www.scq.ubc.ca/?p=321
http://www.rdg.ac.uk/biomimetics/about.html
http://www.biomimicry.net/biom_project.html
http://www.bionics2space.org/
http://lautaro.bionik.tu-berlin.de/institut/xstart.html
Artificial Intelligence I by W. Jones.
Artificial Intelligence II (David Marshall

Forester, C. S. Flying Colours. Little, Brown, 1938

Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/artificial-limb#ixzz1AnlgO27D

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