Basics well logging

(fields Applications(
Abbas Radhi Abbas
‫عباس راضي عباس‬
Iraq 2016
 Contents
1. Introduction
 Define of well logging
 Uses of well logging in petroleum engineering
 Who use logs?
 who responsible for well logging?

2. Type of well logging

 Open hole logging
-Conventional logs ( SP , GR , CAL , DLL , MSFL , Density ,
Neutron , sonic)
-High tech logs : ( NMR , FMI , MDT ,SWC , VSP )
 Cased hole logging
- Cement bond log ( CBL and Image log )
- Production logging tools ( PLT )
- Reservior saturation log ( RST )
- casing inspection log ( MIT , MFC)
3. Log interpretation
 interpretation Procedure
 interpretation steps
 Calculation Petrophysical parameters (Vsh , φ , K , SW )
4. Some pictures for logging truck and logging tools

2 1
 Contents

1. introduction

2. Type of well logging

3.Log interpretation

4.Some pictures for logging truck and logging tools

3 2
 Well Logs :
are measurements
of physical properties of
the rock type ( porosity ,
permeability , volume of
shale , water saturation )
related to depth by
using ( Resistivity ,
Density , neutron ,
acoustic , SP , GR
properties , etc ).

4 3
 2-Uses of well logging in petroleum engineering

1. Rock typing
2. Identification of geological environment
3. Reservoir fluid contact location
4. Fracture detection
5. Estimate of hydrocarbon in place
6. Estimate of recoverable hydrocarbon
7. Determination of water salinity
8. Reservoir pressure determination
9. Porosity/pore size distribution
determination

5 4
 Many Engineers use logging depend
his requirements :
1. Geologist
2. Geophysics
3. Petrophysics Engineer
4. Reservoir Engineer
5. Drilling Engineer
6. Workover Engineer
7. Completion Engineer

6 5
 Petrophysics Engineer
responsible for all logging :

1. design types of logging ( open Hole

and cased Hole ) in vertical and
directional wells .
2. Supervision during run logging tools
in well site
3. Check all Quality of logging in well
site
4. Do log interpretation by using
interpretation software

7 6
 Contents

1. introduction

2. Type of well logging

3.Log interpretation

4.Some pictures for logging truck and logging tools

8 7
 Vertical well Horizontal well

nI ofm
r atoin
Management,
DrilnigEngnieernig,
DaatMudolggnig, DrilnigDynamcis
Rgi-SiteSupervsioin
DrilnigFul diSysetms

High Tech Conventional Fom

r atoin
EvaulatoinMWD

logs logs Hgih

Perofm
r anceBits
Seterabel
Drilnig
Systems

9 8
Conventional logs High tech logs Cased Hole logging
1. Lithology logs : 1. Nuclear magnetic 1. Cement evaluation
 SP resonance log (NMR) log :
 GR 2. Modular formation (A) normal CBL , VDL ,
dynamic tester (MDT) GR , CCL
3. Micro resistivity (B) Image cement
2. Porosity logs : Imaging evaluation
 Density 4.Sidewall core  SBT
 Neutron 5. Vertical seismic  URS
 Sonic profile (VSP)  CBMT

3. Resistivity logs : 2. production logging

 Resistivity tools ( PLT)
3. Oil saturation log
 Induction
4. Casing inspection log

4. Caliper log

10 9
 Open Hole logging

Vertical well Horizontal well

Information
Management,
DrillingEngineering,
DataMudlogging, DrillingDynamics
Rig-SiteSupervision
DrillingFluidSystems

Formation
EvaluationMWD

High Tech Convention High

PerformanceBits

logs al logs Steerable

Drilling
Systems

11 10
 Conventional
logs
1. Lithology logs :
 SP
 GR

2. Porosity logs :
 Density
 Neutron
 Sonic

3. Resistivity logs :
 Resistivity
 Induction

4. Caliper log

12 11
 SP
-100 0 100
5185
5195

Useful for: 5205

Shale
 Detecting 5215
5225
permeable beds
5235
and it thickness.
5245
5255 Sandstone
 Determining 5265
formation water 5275
salinity . 5285
5295 Shale
 Qualitative 5305
5315
indication of bed
5325
shaliness.
5335

Sandstone
5345
5355
5365
5375
5385
5395
5405 Shale
5415

13 12
 GAMMA RAY LOG (GR)

GR
-100 0 100 200
5185
• Gamma ray log is 5195
measurement of natural 5205
Shale
radioactivity in formation 5215
5225
• It measures the 5235

radiation emitting from 5245

naturally occurring U, 5255

Sandstone
5265
Th, and K. 5275

• GR log is indictor for 5285

shale 5295
Shale
5305
• Correlation between 5315

wells, 5325
5335
• Depth control for log all 5345
logs and perforation 5355

• GR log can be run in 5365

Sandstone
5375
both open and cased 5385
hole 5395
5405
5415 Shale

14 13
 Correlation between wells by GR

15 14
 SP , GR , CAL -Log

16 15
 The acoustic/sonic log
is a porosity log that
measures the interval
transit time of a
compressional wave
traveling through one
foot of formation. The
logging sonde consists
of one or more
transmitters, and two
or more receivers.
Modern acoustic/sonic
logs are borehole
compensated devices.

17 16
 The formation density log is
a porosity log that measures
the electron density of the
formation. The density
logging tool consists of a
radioactive source that
emits gamma rays into the
formation and one or more
gamma ray detectors,
located a fixed distance from
the source.

‫وهذا المجس يقيس كثافة الصخور والتي لها عالقة عكسية مع المسامية اذا كلما‬
‫ازدادت المسامية كلما قلت الكثافة ويعتبر االنهيدرايت من اكثر الصخور كثافة اما‬
. ‫اقلها كثافة فهي الحجر الكلسي المسامي والدلومايت ذو الفجوات‬

18 17
 ‫‪Neutron logs are‬‬
‫‪porosity logs that‬‬
‫‪essentially measures‬‬
‫‪the hydrogen‬‬
‫‪concentration in a‬‬
‫”‪formation. In “clean‬‬
‫‪formations, where the‬‬
‫‪pore spaces are filled‬‬
‫‪with water or oil, the‬‬
‫‪neutron log measures‬‬
‫‪liquid-filled porosity.‬‬

‫وهذا المجس يقيس المسامية ايضا ولكن بصورة غير مباشرة اذا انه يقيس عدد ذرات‬
‫الهيدروجين في الصخرة والتي لها عالقة بالمسامية عن طريق مصدر سيل من النيوترونات‬
‫التي تصطدم بالهيروجين الموجود في الصخرة وكل ذرة هيدروجين موجودة في الصخرة‬
‫تؤدي الى اصطياد نيوترون يصطدم بها وهكذا من معرفة عــدد النيوترونات التي اصطيدت‬
‫نستطيع تقديــر عدد ذرات الهيدروجين في الصخرة وبالتالي المسامية لتلك الصخرة ‪.‬‬

‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬
20 19
 Lithology Using Porosity Log Combinations

21 20
 Lithology Using Neutron-density cross plot

Cross plot of Neutron-Density cross plot of Neutron-Density

-Sandstone) Limestone)

22 21
 Density and neutron behavior

23 22
  Use to measure the resistivity of
the formation, and thus the
possibility of hydrocarbon shows.

 Many types of resistivity log use ,

but the famuse are ( MSFL , DLL)

DLL : Dual Laterolog Resistivity( long “ RD”

, short “ RS” )
MSFL : Micro Spherical Focused Laterolog

24 23
 MSFL

SFL

1. High resistivity mean:

• Hydrocarbon
• Tight zone ( low porosity
)

2. Low resistivity mean:

• Shale
Formation Fluid
• water
different from
Drilling Fluid
3. Separation between
resistivites mean
• Formation fluid is
different from drilling
fluid .

Formation Fluid
similar to
Drilling Fluid

25 24
26 25
 Induction logs are used in
wells that do not use water or
mud, but oil-based drilling
fluids or air. They are non-
conductive and therefore
cannot use electric logs
instead they use magnetism
and electricity to measure
resistivity.

27 26
 Rm – resistivity of the drilling mud
Rmc – resistivity of the mud cake
Rmf – resistivity of mud filtrate
Rs – resistivity of shale
Rt – resistivity of uninvited zone(true
resistivity)
Rw – resistivity of formation water
Rxo – resistivity of flushed zone

28 27
 Caliper Log
1-A caliper log is a well logging tool that provides a
continuous measurement of the size and shape of a
borehole along its depth The measurements that are
recorded can be an important indicator of caving

2- this log use by cementing engineer to calculate the

volume of cement .

29 28
30 29
 A caliper log in horizontal
well can not get it by wire
line because wireline can
cover to about 60 degree
, after 60 degree can use
another tools by LWD
called ultra sonic caliper ,
this tools can give caliper
log 2D and 3D

31 30
 ultra sonic caliper , Example : this tools can give
caliper log 2D and 3D

32 31
33 32
 Classification of the wells

Well types

Drilling Drilling Well

purpose depth trajectory

- Exploration
well
- Appraisal - short depth - Vertical
well - Medium well
- Developmen depth
t well (
- Directional
- Deeper well
producer ,
water
injection well)

34 33
 Example :wire line logging program
( in vertical wells)
No. Interval Depth(m) Logging items
17-1/2"
120-2287 1) DLL*/MSFL/DT/GR/SP/CAL
1 （OH）
13.375”(CH) 0-2287 1)CBMT/VDL/CCL/GR
12-1/4"
2287-2893.8 1) DLL*/MSFL/DT/GR/SP/CAL
（OH）
2
9.625”(CH) -2893.8 1)CBMT/VDL/CCL/GR

8-1/4"（OH） 2893.8-3208 1) DLL*/MSFL/XDT/DEN/CNC/GR /SP/CAL

3
6.625”(CH) -3208 1)CBMT/VDL/CCL/GR

35 34
 DLL : Dual Laterolog Resistivity
MSFL : Micro Spherical Focused Laterolog
DT : Digital sonic
GR : Gamma Ray
SP : spontaneous potential log
CAL : Caliper Log
CBMT : Cement Bond Imaging log
VDL : Variable Density log
CCL : casing-collar locator
XDT : Cross Dipole Sonic
DEN : Density Log
CNC : Compensated Neutron log

36 35
 Run(1): GR/SP/CAL/DLL/MSFL/XDT
Run(2): GR/DEN / CNS

37 36
 Depth of investigation of logging tools

38 37
 Common logs and what they measure

39 38
 Open Hole logging

Vertical well Horizontal well

Information
Management,
DrillingEngineering,
DataMudlogging, DrillingDynamics
Rig-SiteSupervision
DrillingFluidSystems

Formation
EvaluationMWD

High Tech Convention High

PerformanceBits

logs al logs Steerable

Drilling
Systems

40 39
 1. Nuclear magnetic resonance log (NMR)
2. Modular formation dynamic tester (MDT)
3. Micro resistivity Imaging (FMI)
4.Sidewall core (SWC)
5. Vertical seismic profile (VSP)

41 40
 Application
-Effective Porosity
- Capillary Bound Water
- Free Fluid
- Clay Bound Water
- Total Porosity

42 41
43 42
 Micro Resistivity imaging log (FMI)

Application
 Fracture identification and characterization
 Thin-bed analysis
 Characterization of sedimentary bodies
 Structural analysis
 Secondary porosity evaluation

44 43
 Example :Micro Resistivity imaging log

In this interval XRMI

fractures are fitted
with coring fractures

45 44
 MDT ( Modular formation dynamic tester)

46 45
 MDT

• MDT:-
Modular Dynamic Formation Tester is the
tool through which we can test the
formation and measure the formation
pressure, temperature and get the pure
reservoir fluid and water samples.

Many name of this tools depend of

companies (MDT, RFT RDT, RCI)

Application
1. Identify the pressure test
2. Identify the permeability
3. Identify the fluid contact (OWC)
4. Identify fluid type (Oil or Water)

47 46
 MDT System

48 47
 MDT Tool

49 48
 MDT Technique

50 49
 MDT Job Planning

MDT job is designed after evaluating the open

hole logs. There are few main points which
should be keep in mind before planning the
job.

1. Select the depth points for formation pressure.

2. Select at least three (3) pressure points in one bed.
3. Pressure points should fall in oil/gas zones and
water bearing zone.
4. Select the oil/gas sample point, which should be
clean and try to get it from top of the reservoir.
5. Also select a point for water sample in water
bearing zone.
6. MDT oil/gas sample is very suitable for PVT analysis.

51 50
 MDT INTERPRETATION

Interpretation of MDT data is very interesting.

For interpretation you have to make a graph
between the formation pressure and depth.
When you plot the formation pressure against
the depth you will get the density gradient,
values of which are given as under:
Oil, Gas and Water has different gradients.

1-Gas = 0.55 g/cc

2-Oil = 0.88 g/cc
3-Water = 1.0 g/cc

52 51
 Density calculation by MDT

53 52
 Identify OWC by MDT

MDT

54 53
 Identify Fluid Type by MDT

55 54
56 55
57 56
 Rotary Sidewall Coring system

58 57
59 58
60 59
 Core analysis can be divided into two
types:
1. Conventional core analysis .
2. Special core analysis .

1. Conventional core analysis .

Provide information about lithology ,
residual fluid saturation , porosity and
permeability .

61 60
 2. Special core analysis .
• Porosity and permeability at elevated
confining stress .
• Electrical properties such as formation
factor and. resistivity index .
• Capillary pressure.
• Wettability and relative permeability.
• Mechanical rock properties such as
compressibility.
• Water food sensitivity for infectivity
and well performance.

62 61
Drilling coring SWC
Advantage: Advantage:
the core is regular, Easy, fast ,Low cost.
cylindrical and little formation
pollution.
The core can be used for
many different analysis.
Disadvantage: Disadvantage:
High cost In the most case the core is
irregularly ,small and destroyed.
Complex
 The explosive device must be
Affecting drilling speed used in SWC operation, which is
dangerous.
Low recovery rate, Especially
in hard formation.

63 62
 VSP : Vertical seismic profiles, as the name
suggests, are run vertically in a wellbore to
obtain detailed seismic response near the
wellbore. After correcting for the very
different geometry of such a survey, the
results are presented in seismic section
format. They can be correlated with
conventional seismic data and with synthetic
seismograms made from the sonic and
density logs in the same wellbore.

64 63
 Open Hole logging

Vertical well Horizontal well

High Tech Convention

logs al logs

65 64
 Information
Management,
Drilling Engineering,
Data Mudlogging,
Drilling Dynamics
Rig-Site Supervision

Drilling Fluid Systems

Formation
Evaluation MWD

High
Performance Bits

Steerable
Drilling
Systems

66 65
 Logging design and procedure

67 66
 Logging design and procedure

68 67
69 68
 Some available measurement in LWD
technology
1. Gamma Ray
2. Resistivity
3. One porosity log (Density & neutron & sonic)
4. Borehole caliper (Ultra sonic azimuthal caliper)

Information
Management,
DrillingEngineering,
DataMudlogging, DrillingDynamics
Rig-SiteSupervision

DrillingFluidSystems

Formation
EvaluationMWD

High
PerformanceBits

Steerable
Drilling
Systems

70 69
The following is a list of available
measurement in LWD:
1-Natural gamma ray 12-Resistivity at the drill
2-Spectral gamma ray bit
3-Azimuthal gamma ray 13-Deep directional
4-Gamma ray close to drill resistivities
bit. 14-Compressional
5-Density and photoelectric slowness
index 15-Shear slowness
6-Neutron porosity 16-Density borehole
7-Borehole caliper images
8-Ultra sonic azimuthal 17-Resistivity borehole
caliper images
9-Density caliper 18-Formation tester and
10-Attenuation and phase sampler
shift 19-Formation pressure
resistivities at different 20-Nuclear magnetic
transmitter resonance
11-spacings and frequencies 21-Seismic while drilling
22-Vertical seismic
profile

71 70
72 71
73 72
 GR & Resistivity distance from bit

74 73
 Example : LWD for SLB

LWD procedure :
1. Real time ( GR ,
Resistivity )
2. Porosity trip log (one
porosity log )/ GR,
sonic or neutron)

75 74
 Vertical well Horizontal well

nI ofm
r atoin
Management,
DrilnigEngnieernig,
DaatMudolggnig, DrilnigDynamcis
Rgi-SiteSupervsioin
DrilnigFul diSysetms

High Tech Conventional Fom

r atoin
EvaulatoinMWD

logs logs Hgih

Perofm
r anceBits
Seterabel
Drilnig
Systems

76 75
77 76
 (2)Cased Hole logging
Cement evaluation log :
(A) normal CBL , VDL , GR

1 , CCL
(B) Image cement
evaluation
SBT ,URS ,CBMT

2 production logging tools ( PLT)

Cased
Hole
logging
reservoir saturation
3 log (RST)

4 Casing inspection
log (MIT)

78
77
 Cement Bond Log (CBL &CBMT)

79 78
 Three types for cement log run in missan oil
bellow table: fields , see

No LOG Long name Casing Company

size
1 CBL Cement Bond Log 13-3/8” BHDC , COSL ,
WFD
2 CBM Cement Bond 9- 5/8” BHDC , COSL
T Image Tool 6-5/8”

3 URS Ultra sonic redial 9- 5/8” WFD

scanner 6-5/8”

80 79
 13-3/8” CBL , VDL , GR , CCL

Evaluation Criterion:
• V.Good Cement CBL≤5%
• Good Cement 5%< CBL≤15%;
• Medium Cement 15%< CBL≤25%
• Poor Cement CBL>25%.

81 80
 (CBL) Cases

82 81
 Cement Bond Image Log (CBMT)

Evaluation Criterion: depend on ( ATAV)

Free pipe ( 0 to≤ 2) db/ft
· Poor cement (>2 to≤ 6) db/ft
· Medium cement (>6 to≤10)db/ft
· Good cement (>10 to≤12) db/ft
· Very Good cement (>12 to 20) db/ft

83 82
 Example : (CBMT)

Attenuation
Array
VDL
Variable
Attenuat Variable
ion Map Density Casing wave
Log
Bad cement

Medium cement

Bad cement

Medium cement

Bad cement

Very Good cement

Formation
wave

84 83
 Ultra sonic redial scanner(URS)

Evaluation Criteria: depend on IMPD

• ( IMPd<=0.38,"gas“
• ( IMPd>0.38, IMPd<=2.3),"liquid gas-Fresh Wtr",
• ( IMPd>2.3, IMPd<=2.7),"Heavy drill fluid",
• ( IMPd>2.7, IMPd<=3.85),"low IMPd",
• ( IMPd>3.8, IMPd<=5),"medium IMPd",
• ( IMPd>5),"good IMPd")

85 84
 Production Logging Tools -PLT

86 85
 Production Profile Log
Purpose
a. Calculate water, oil and gas rate of each pay zone.
b. Judge whether the sliding sleeve shuts or not and
estimate which zone is primary water production layer.
c. Determine gas production zone.
d. Make sure the fluid level and production pressure by
measuring whole interval.
e. Make sure whether there is crossflow in the shut-in
state.

Three-phase flow

87 86
Shut-in
 Production Profile
Log
Production profile logging ：
Obtain the variation of the
flow rate in each perforation,
water production intervals
and gas inlets etc, thus
providing basis for taking
stimulation treatments.

Injection profile logging ：

Obtain the movement of the
inject fluid or gas, the
absorption quantity in each
perforation and analysis of
injection-production relation.

88 87
 Production Profile Log

89 88
 PLT-Quantitative interpretation

90 89
 PLT-Quantitative interpretation

91 90
 PLT-Quantitative interpretation

92 91
 PLT-Tool introduction

 Flowmeter
 Continuous spinner
flowmeter
 Fullbore spinner flowmeter
 Basket spinner flowmeter
 Radioactivity fluid density
 Water hold-up
 Temperature and Pressure
 Spontaneous Gamma ray and
Cased Collar Located
 Caliper, Electromotion
Centralizer and so on

Surface Read-Out Production Logging

Memory Production Logging

93 92
 PLT-Quality control
GR: Repeat measurements curves have similar shape, and the
curves are consistent with the original gamma curves

CCL: Curves change significantly, downhole tools such as sleeves

and packers have obvious characteristics.

Spinner: Good correlation, stability logging speed and no cross

and abnormal.
Density: Good repeatability, curves change significantly around
the interface of oil and water, gas and water, oil and gas and the
gas outlet orifice.

Capacitance: Curves change stable in the zero-flow interval, in

the oil-water interface, gas-water interface have significant
changes.
Pressure: Good repeatability, no significant abnormality.
Temperature: Have significantly change in the liquid outlet
orifice, shut-in curves have the same trend with the temperature
curves when the well is produce
.

94 93
 PLT-Qualitative analysis

spinn
er
Flowmeter
second

Main production zone:

flowmeter curves change main
great

The greater the

flowmeter curves
change, the more liquid
it produces or absorbs.

third

95 94
 PLT-Qualitative analysis

Density &
Capacitance

Oil & Gas:

Density decrease and
capacitance increase

Water:
Density increase and
capacitance decrease

96 95
 Example for PLT

Perforation interval Interpretation interval Water Oil

Zone Contributions by phase
Top m Bottom m Top m Bottom m B/D B/D
0.0 2000.0 4000.0
2972.0 2984.0
A 2993.0 2996.0 SSD 5.8 409.2 415.0B/D
3016.0 3019.0 Water
3045.0 3055.0 3045.0 3055.0 462.0 322.5 784.5B/D OIL

B 3066.0 3069.9 3.0 89.1 92.1B/D

3065.0 3083.0 3072.4 3077.0 43.1 197.9 241.0B/D
3079.9 3083.0 495.3 1697.6 2192.9B/D

97 96
 Prepare PLT-tools in well site

98 97
 reservoir saturation log (RST)
the reservoir saturation log (RST) makes both
formation sigma and C/O ratio measurements that
allow the calculation of water saturation without the
need for a resistivity log..

99 98
 reservoir saturation log (RST)

Reservoir saturation tools such as the pulsed

neutron (TDT) are still widely used. the reservoir
saturation log (RST) makes both formation sigma
and C/O ratio measurements that allow the
calculation of water saturation without the need
for a resistivity log..

In formations with high-salinity formation water, the

sigma measurement has been used for several decades
to determine water saturation. The C/O ratio
measurement can accurately evaluate water saturation
in moderate to high porosity formations regardless of
water salinity. This calculation is particularly helpful if
the water salinity is low or unknown. If the salinity of
the formation water is high, the Dual-Burst Thermal
Decay

100 99
 Reservoir saturation log (RST)

Time measurement is used. A combination

of both measurements can be used to
detect and quantify the presence of
injection water of a different salinity from
that of the connate water.

Time-lapse measurements of water

saturation can be used to monitor the
performance of a well or reservoir over
time. TDT logs have gone throufg many
evolutionary changes over the years so
reservoir monitoring is difficult, especial;;y
in low porosity reservoirs. Some age related
normalization and bore hole corrections are
often needed to makes sense of the data.

101 100
 Application of RST

1. Formation evaluation behind casing

2. Sigma, porosity, and C/O measurement in one trip in
the wellbore
3. Water saturation evaluation in old wells where
modern open hole logs have not been run
4. Measurement of water velocity inside casing,
irrespective of wellbore angle (production logging)
5. Measurement of near-wellbore water velocity
outside the casing (remedial applications)
6. Formation oil volume from C/O ratio, independent
of formation water salinity
7. Capture yields (H, Cl, Ca, Si, Fe, S, Gd, and Mg)
8. Inelastic yields (C, O, Si, Ca, and Fe)
9. Borehole salinity

102 101
 Casing inspection log
(MIT)

103 102
 Casing insertion log (MIT)

MIT= multi – Finger imaging tool

(24 , 40 ,60 ) finger

Applications
• Monitoring internal casing corrosion
or scale buildup
• Evaluation of drilling wear
• Identification of split, parted, or
deformed casing
• Evaluation of deformation caused by
geomechanical factors

104 103
 Example :Casing insertion log (MIT)

105 104
 Contents

1. introduction

2. Type of well logging

3.Log interpretation

4.Some pictures for logging truck and logging tools

106 105
 (3) Log interpretation

107 106
 Petrophysical Interpretation

Qualitative: Assessment of
reservoir properties, fluid type
form log pattern.

Quantitative: Numerical
estimation of reservoir
properties of oil, water etc.

108 107
 Qualitative interpretation of well logging

• Estimation of effective porosity & permeability.

• Estimation of volume of shale.
• Estimation of hydrocarbon saturation.
• Determination of the depth and thickness of net pay
• Estimation of reserves of hydrocarbon.

109 108
 interpretation Procedure

The basic logs, which are required for the

adequate formation evaluation, are:
1. Permeable zone logs (SP, GR, Caliper)
2. Resistivity logs (MFSL, Shallow and Deep
resistivity logs),DLL
3. Porosity logs (Density, Neutron and Sonic).

Generally, the permeable zone logs are presented in

track one, the resistivity logs are run in
track two and porosity logs on track three.
Using such a set of logs, a log interpreter has to

solve the following problems,

(I). Where are the potential producing hydrocarbons
zones?
(II). How much hydrocarbons (oil or gas) do they
contain?

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 interpretation steps

First step: The first step in the log interpretation is to locate

the permeable zones. Scanning the log in track one and it has
a base line on the right, which is called the shale base line.
This baseline indicates shale i.e., impermeable zones and
swings to the left indicate clean zones- e.g., sand, limestone
etc. The interpreter focuses his attention immediately on
these permeable zones.

Next step: To scan the resistivity logs in track 2 to see which

of the zones of interest gives high resistivity readings. High
resistivities reflect either hydrocarbons in the pores or low
porosity.

Next step: Scan the porosity logs on the track 3 to see which
of the zones have good porosity against the high resistivity
zones. Discard the tight formations. Select the interesting
zones for the formation evaluation

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 Petrophysical parameters

Petrophysical parameters
determined From logs :

1.Vol. of shale (Vsh)

2.Porosity (φ) .
3.Permeability (K).
4.Water saturation (SW)

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Porosity: Is the percentage of voids to the
total volume of rock. It is measured as a percent
and has the symbol

The amount of internal space or voids in a given

volume of rock is measure of the amount of
fluids a rock will hold. The amount of void space
that is interconnected, and so able to transmit
fluids, is called effective porosity. Isolated pores
and pore volume occupied by adsorbed water
are excluded from a definition of effective
porosity.

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 Permeability: Is the property a rock has to transmit
fluids. It is related to porosity but is not always
dependent upon it. Permeability is controlled by the
size of the connecting passages (pore throats or
capillaries) between pores. It is measured in darcies or
millidarcies

absolute permeability : the ability of a rock to transmit

a single fluid when it is 100% saturated with that fluid

Effective permeability : refers to the presence of two

fluids in a rock, and is the ability of the rock to transmit
a fluid in the presence of another fluid when the two
fluids are immiscible

Relative permeability : is the ratio between effective

permeability of fluid at partial saturation, and the
permeability at 100% saturation (absolute
permeability).

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 Permeability can determined from :
1. Core analysis
2. From log
3. Well test analysis ( Build up test )
4. Formation Tester (MDT , RFT )
5. NMR

Water saturation: Is the percentage

of pore volume in a rock which is
occupied by formation water.

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Well logging data should provide LAS
file in open hole to use it in software .

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 1.Shale volume from GR

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 1.1Shale volume from sp

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 2. porosity calculation

Ø = ((ØD 2 + ØN 2)/2)1/2
ØD =(ᵨma - ᵨb)(ᵨma - ᵨf) – Vsh – (ᵨma - ᵨsh)
/ (ᵨma - ᵨf)
ØN =(CN-LCOR-0.5*Vsh*Nsh)*0.01
-Nsh = Neutron value in shale
-ᵨma =Matrix density of formation
-ᵨb = Bulk density of formation
-ᵨf = Fluid density in borehole
-ᵨsh =Shale density
-CN-LCOR= Value of matrix
-ØD = Density porosity
-ØN = Neutron porosity

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 3. permeability calculation

Swb is set at (15 % - 25%)

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 4. water saturation calculation
Use Archie Equation

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 Effective
Effective Porosity :- porosity
The second step of shaly sand analysis is to determine the effective
porosity of the formation i.e. determining porosity of the formation if it
did not contain clay minerals.
Effective Porosity from Neutron-Density Combinations:

These values of neutron and density porosity corrected for the presence
of clays are then used in the equations below to determine the effective
porosity (-effective) of the formation of interest

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123 122
 Well logging data Result after interpretation
by software

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 Interval Thickness GR RT DT Neutron Density Por Perm Sw Vsh
ormation No. Result
m m API Ω.m us/ft % g/cc % mD % %
MA 31 3735.4 3736.6 1.2 22.2 10.8 62.2 10.9 2.52 9.8 6.5 45.6 5.8 Oil
32 3744.5 3751.7 7.2 24.1 17.1 70.0 16.7 2.4 15.2 52.4 27.1 6.9 Oil
MB11
33 3771.9 3774.3 2.4 26.5 9.1 66.4 15.7 2.5 13.4 28.8 41.4 8.7 Oil
34 3809.2 3811.3 2.1 15.7 17.1 61.6 10.8 2.6 9.6 5.7 39.8 2.3 Oil
MB21 35 3811.3 3825.7 14.4 11.3 102.2 73.8 18.0 2.4 18.6 99.4 7.6 1.0 Oil
36 3825.7 3903.9 78.2 27.5 7.6 70.8 17.5 2.4 15.4 43.9 31.2 9.3 Oil
hrif
37 3930.6 3939.2 8.6 14.6 3.2 68.8 18.0 2.4 17.8 82.6 40.8 1.7 Oil

MC1 38 3939.2 3940.8 1.6 19.9 1.1 67.1 17.2 2.4 15.3 42.8 78.6 4.4 Oil & Water

39 3942.3 3946.5 4.2 18.1 1.6 64.7 16.3 2.5 13.7 27.7 75.2 3.5 Oil & Water
40 3978.7 3982.1 3.4 20.8 3.2 64.5 13.5 2.5 11.6 12.6 66.7 4.9 Oil & Water
MC2 41 3983.4 4014.5 31.1 23.2 1.7 68.4 15.7 2.4 14.4 33.1 65.8 6.3 Oil & Water
42 4022.4 4030.5 8.1 21.5 2.0 61.2 12.6 2.6 9.6 5.5 86.5 5.3 Oil-bearing water

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 Contents

1. introduction

2. Type of well logging

3.Log interpretation

4.Some pictures for logging truck and logging tools

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 1 2

4 3

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