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1. Hardware basics
Last modified by Dmitry Shumilov (/bin/view/XWiki/dshumilov) on 2019/08/15 10:17

Lecture content:
Main components
Motherboard
BIOS - Basic Input-Output System
UEFI - Unified Extensive Firmware Interface
CPU Socket
CPU - Central Processing Unit
RAM - Random-access memory
Other devices and interfaces
PCI - Peripheral component interconnect
PATA/IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics
SATA - Serial ATA
SCSI - Small Computer System Interface
SAS - Serial Attached SCSI
RAID
USB - Universal Serial Bus
Ethernet
Fiber channel & Fibre channel
Tape Devices
NAS - Network Attached Storage

Main components

Motherboard
What is Is the main printed circuit board (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board) (PCB) containing the principal components of a computer or other device.

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Role A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate. Unlike a backplane, it also contains the central p

It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit (https://en.wikipedia.org/
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_memory) , and provides connectors for other peripherals (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripherals) . Unlike a backplan
usually contains significant sub-systems such as the central processor, the chipset's input/output and memory controllers, interface connectors, and other compo

Also, it changes the power needed for specific components from the default (for example processor needs just 1 volt).

The standard for ATX power supply unit with 24pin:

It has 2 main parts. The northbridge (well known as host bridge). And southbridge (well known as I/O Co

Northbridge is connected directly to the CPU via the front-side bus (FSB) and is thus responsible for task

The southbridge typically implements the slower capabilities of the motherboard. A southbridge chipset h

Types
It differences only by Form-Factors. The form factor is a standard that describes the physical size, shape, component placement, power supply connectors etc.

In a nutshell, smaller size keeps the basic rear layout but reduce the size of the board and the number of expansion slots.

The most common motherboard design is ATX (Advanced Technology EXtended)

BIOS - Basic Input-Output System

What is Also known as the System BIOS, ROM BIOS or PC BIOS. As you remember, computer consists of physical (hardware) and software components. In a nutshel
runtime services for operating systems and programs.

Role The BIOS firmware comes pre-installed on a computer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer) 's system board, and it is the first software to run when
mass memory device which then initializes an operating system (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system) .

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Types The BIOS itself is an application that is located on its own chipset. Just in case, the chipset is a set of electronic components chip (microcircuit performing some

The BIOS inluds 2 parts:

Read Only Memory (ROM ) - BIOS firmware is stored in a ROM chip on the PC motherboard. Nonvolatile part of chipset stores booting and loading instr
how to work with all other devices attached to the motherboard. In a nutshell, the driver is like a translator that allows physical chipsets to speack with eac

Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) - energy-dependent part of BIOS. Holds BIOS settings that can be modified by the user, such as

-Configuring the hardware components, including setting their various operating modes and frequencies (for example, selecting how the storage controlle

-Setting the system clock (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_clock)

-Enabling or disabling system components

-Selecting which devices are potential boot devices, and in which order booting from them will be attempted

-Setting various passwords, such as a password for securing access to the BIOS user interface.

-etc...

Totaly CMOS size is just 256bite. It eats very low power (less than 1 microampere), that is why it is enough rechargeable battery with standard 2032 for a

Advanced Historically, the original BIOS had no user interface. All drivers were in BIOS CMOS and ROM of the video adapter. If you changed the adapter you used special
info friendly. In times that were changed by the application that BIOS uses to scan ROM on all devices.

In the BIOS you can find the application called POST, that starts right once you click to start a computer.

The computer POST (https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/post.htm) (power-on self-test) checks a computer's internal hardware for compatibility and conn
process. If the computer passes the POST, the computer may give a single beep (some computers may beep twice) as it starts and continue to boot. However, if
not beep or generate a beep code that tells the user the source of the problem.

Beep codes depend on the motherboard manufactory, some examples: 1 short (DRAM refresh failure.),

5 short (Process Failure), 1 long and 3 short beeps (Enhanced Graphics Adapter (http://i.viglink.com/?

key=465d199b7e31f3de1a83cff6e99f9e55&insertId=76ba7e4d9acb296d&type=H&mid=40980&exp=60%3ACI1C55A%3A11&libId=juo2ktwi01001il7000DAbo4o
3-0-to-hdmi-dvi-multi-display-graphics-adapter-up-to-pixels-2048-1152-v344.html&ref=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.google.com%2F&title=PC%20Hell%3A%20BIOS%

UEFI - Unified Extensive Firmware Interface

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What is UEFI, it a past its just EFI, is a specification (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification) that defines a software interface (https://en.wi
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware) . In a nutshell, UEFI it is an old EFI with new interface.

Прим

Role UEFI is an alternative to BIOS. It is playing the same role, but with more functionality.

Intel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel) developed the original Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) specification. But today you can f

Overview Physically the EUFI is a table with a set of API calls, that should execute something with a list of OS that supports the calls.

The main idea, like as an operations system that should not think about how to work with methods, class, codes, etc... With the PC we a

In a nutshell, the processor should perform some actions, for example, perform mathematics\logic functions. That functions are made di
windows 10 on your Apple smartphone, as it uses UEFI.

As well as BIOS, EUFI is saved in ROM.

UEFI advantages Advantages of UEFI over BIOS

Breaking Out Of Size Limitations : The UEFI firmware can boot from drives of 2.2 TB or larger with the theoretical upper limit b
table, thereby dramatically expanding the possible boot-device size.
Speed and performance : UEFI can run in 32-bit or 64-bit mode and has more addressable address space than BIOS, which me
More User-Friendly Interface : Since UEFI can run in 32-bit and 64-bit mode, it provides better UI configuration that has better g
Security: UEFI also provides the feature of Secure Boot. It allows only authentic drivers and services to load at boot time, to mak
countering piracy and boot-sector malware.

UEFI doesn’t require a Boot-Loader, and can also operate alongside BIOS, supporting legacy boot, which in turn, makes it compatible w

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Additional The UEFI specifications can be found here:

http://www.uefi.org/specifications

It cant be changed, but using those specifications you can create your own application using EUFI.

CPU Socket

What is
CPU socket or CPU slot contains one or more mechanical components providing mechanical and electrical connections between a microprocessor (https://en.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit) (CPU) without soldering.

It is made of plastic, and often comes with a lever or latch, and with metal contacts for each of the pins or lands on the CPU. Many packages are keyed to ensu
are inserted into the socket and, if included, the latch is closed. CPUs with an LGA (land grid array) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_grid_array) package a
place, pressing the CPU's contacts firmly against the socket's lands and ensuring a good connection, as well as increased mechanical stability.

Role

Types

Advanced It is very interesting to look at the processor socket histor (https://tedium.co/2018/11/27/processor-socket-history/) y.

info

CPU - Central Processing Unit

What is The best place where you can read more about CPU is Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit)

Role It is the main resource application needed.

Types You can find a lot of CPU manufacturers,like Nvidia, Samsung, Apple, MediaTek. But the main for laptops and servers are AMD and Intel.

The main differences are processors architecture. They are 8, 16, 32, 64 bits, and even super new 128-bit. Every CPU represents numerical values in a specific
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal) (base 10) numeral system (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_system) values, and others have employed more un
modern CPUs represent numbers in binary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system) form, with each digit being represented by some two-valued
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit#cite_note-67)

Related to numeric representation is the size and precision of integer numbers that a CPU can represent. In the case of a binary CPU, this is measured by the n
commonly called word size (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_(data_type)) , bit width, data path width, integer precision, or integer size.

For example, an 8-bit (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-bit) CPU can directly manipulate integers represented by eight bits, which have a range of 256 (28) discre

It means that 32bit CPU can't use more than 3.8GB ram.

What is the x86?

x86 is a family of instruction set architectures (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture) [a] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86#cite_note-2) based on the In
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088) variant. The 8086 was introduced in 1978 as a fully 16-bit (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-bit) extension of Intel's 8-
with memory segmentation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_memory_segmentation) as a solution for addressing more memory than can be covered by a pla
processor end in "86", including the 80186 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80186) , 80286 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286) , 80386 (https://en.wik

Процессоры состоят из многих элементов, впечатанных в кремневые пластины. Размер же этих элементов определяет форм-фактор литографии. В да
(http://ark.intel.com/ru/products/94456/Intel-Core-i7-6950X-Processor-Extreme-Edition-25M-Cache-up-to-3_50-GHz) . Many additions and extensions have bee
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86#cite_note-3) The architecture has been implemented in processors from Intel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corporation) , Cyrix (h

many other companies; t

Also you can find differences between laptop and servers CPU. For example in servers CPU you can find more features like AMD-V™ (http://www.amd.com/ru-r
technology.html) that helps working with virtualization.

Advanced A brief history of CPUs for 31 years (http://www.pcgamer.com/a-brief-history-of-cpus-31-awesome-years-of-x86/) ;

info Processors history from 1823 to 2012: http://www.computerhope.com/history/processor.htm (http://www.computerhope.com/history/processor.htm) ;
CPU logic http://www.simplecpu.com/ (http://www.simplecpu.com/) (Russian version are здесь) (https://habrahabr.ru/post/240929/) ; (https://habrahabr
Good CPU FAQ (http://www.windxp.com.ru/cpu.htm) ;
How processors are made? (https://www.howtogeek.com/403953/how-are-cpus-actually-made/)

RAM - Random-access memory

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What is Random-access memory (RAM /ræm/ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ) is a form of computer data storage (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comp
used.

As usual, one of the best articles about RAM is on the WIkipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory) .

Role RAM is used as temporary storage when you run an application, suppose, for example, if you open MS word, the files which are required to run a certain task wi
accommodate the whole application, these files will be replaced by other files when the task is done. Simultaneously there will be many other applications that m

Why RAM is used because it is much faster than any HDD or SSD available and if the applications were to be run from the HDD it would take forever to load or d

But RAM is not enough in modern systems, and today engineers integrate super fast ram chips directly into CPU. That technology called CPU cache (https://en.

Types The history was started from 1950 from Magnetic-core memory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory) (see the end of this part). This is a
see modern SODIMM (for laptop) with a 16GB size (8 x 2gb chip) was manufactured in 2016.

Internet traffic in 2016 was 1zettabyte. DDR4 ram could copy that amount of data in 1483 years. If you might use a standard 100 mbit\sec network you will spend

The maximum you could find in 2019 is 256GB (https://www.tomshardware.com/news/samsung-256gb-ddr4-ram,37757.html) in one slot.

Advanced On the right photo you can see server's motherboard with 4 sockets, each socket has it's own RAM (8 slots). Also, note motherboard RAM slots are colored in pa
info it. Everything You Need to Know About the Dual-, Triple-, and Quad-Channel Memory Architectures (https://www.hardwaresecrets.com/everything-you-need-to-k
be identical in a system or else you will end up with some memory being potentially downclocked (or voltage/multiplier) to the lowest sticks specifications. Differe
sure you are installing them in the right position/order.

Interested in computer memory history, please look here (https://www.computerhope.com/history/memory.htm) !

Example of Magnetic-core memory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory) 1970 г.

Other devices and interfaces

PCI - Peripheral component interconnect

What is It is a hardware bus used for adding internal components to a computer. For example, a PCI card can be inserted into a PCI slot on a mo

Role
Very old time ago there were no standards on 3rd party components you may add to your PC. You were not able just bought a new card
and algorithms. Then in 1982 the Intel created a PCI, explaining that this is a new and absolutely free technology. All manufactory can u
will work on your motherboard.

The main important is that - PCI(-e) is not just a plastic slot. A PCI standard is working hard to provide an opportunity to speak with BIO
BIOS should use to communicate with other devices. That technology opened a dor to Plug and Play . That allows an opportunity to plu
and according received information operating system choosing the driver on the fly. Byt the way driver- is a software component that le

Types PCI-express (new version of PCI) has different form factors - PCIx1, PCIx2, PCIx4, PCIx8, PCIx12, PCIx16 и PCIx32 = the number of p
128GB\sec.

Advanced info You can find a million devices you can attach to the motherboard. But all of them will use the following logic path:

Application <-> OS <-> Driver <-> PCI <-> constoller SCSI <-> SCSI data channel (eg, copper cable) <-> SCSI device

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PATA/IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics

What is Integrated Drive Electronics -> is an interface (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_connector) standard (https://en.wikipedia.org/w
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storage) devices such as hard disk drives (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive) , flop
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive) in computers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer) .

IDE - ATA's father (Advanced Technology Attachment)

ATA is a parallel interface. And once was released SATA (see below) it was renamed to PATA (Parallel ATA).

IDE was a very slow interface (100-133 mb\sec) but it allows to connect 2 devises per a single cable. Using parallel connection divided th
the infomation you needed and even more can be found on Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_ATA) .

Role Protocol and data interface

Types

SATA - Serial ATA

What is Serial ATA (SATA, abbreviated from Serial AT Attachment) the most popular interface (as was the IDE some time ago) for today (at tim
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_adapter) to mass storage devices (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_storage_device) such as har
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive) . Serial ATA succeeded the earlier Parallel ATA (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_ATA

Role Protocole and computer bus

Types There are 3 SATA types (revision), the only differences is a bandwidth: rev. 1 (SATA I) - 150 mb\sec, rev. 2 (SATA II) - 300 mb\sec, rev. 3
cable.

The Serial ATA Spec requires SATA device hot plugging (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_swapping) ; that is, devices that meet the spe
(combined signal and power) that has power on. After insertion, the device initializes and then operates normally. Depending upon the op
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_swapping) . The powered host or device are not necessarily in a quiescent state.

You can find 2 types of SATA:

Enterprise SATA, Also known as a RAID edition SATA — its about the same as Nearline SAS (see below about the SAS). Capacity
Desktop SATA — That is exactly what you can find in your PC\laptop. Most chipset HDD. Can't be used for RAID.

SCSI - Small Computer System Interface

What is Parallel interface, for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices (https://en.wikipedia.org/wik
following: http://www.mindpride.net/root/Extras/how-stuff-works/how_scsi_works.htm (http://www.mindpride.net/root/Extras/how-stuff-wor

Role
The SCSI standards define commands (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI_command) , protocols, electrical, optical and logical interface
commonly used for hard disk drives (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive) and tape drives (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_d
and CD (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM) drives (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive) , although not all controllers c
specific peripheral device types (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI_Peripheral_Device_Type) ; the presence of "unknown" as one of the
device, but the standard is highly pragmatic and addressed toward commercial requirements.

Types Today it is very hard to find scsi devise, but the next level of scsi is ISCSI - Internet Small Computer System Interface. It allows the SCSI
networks (WANs (https://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/WAN) ) or the Internet. It allows working with the device that ph

Advanced info The history of SCSI in Russian: https://habrahabr.ru/post/173619/ (https://habrahabr.ru/post/173619/)

The history of SCSI in English: https://www.snia.org/sites/default/files/ESF/Evolution_of_iSCSI_Final.pdf (https://www.snia.org/site

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SAS - Serial Attached SCSI

What is Another point-to-point serial protocol (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocol) that moves data to and from computer-st
(https://habr.com/en/post/175313/)

Role That protocol uses ECC (very important to read more about ECC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECC_memory) ). SATA is not using ECC

Features of SAS

Full-duplex transmission (bidirectional or 2x unidirectional)

end-to-end data protection — SAS provides end-to-end data protection using DIF, IOECC, IOEDC and other methods on the comm
device (data-in-flight) and on the device medium (data-at-rest). This includes prevention of silent data corruption while stored on a
round trip through the system, from the host in transit via SAS to storage, during storage and back. They will be described in a futu
improve the overall protection of a SAS system by several orders of magnitude. Such features are not available with SATA drives.
Multipath I/O (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipath_I/O)
Zoning (http://www.scsita.org/serial-storage-wire/2009/05/serial-attached-scsi-sas-zoning-overview.html) .
Hot-plug
And many more.

Types Enterprise SAS — usually 10K or 15K rotation per minute. Capacity 1 ТБ. Usually used for SQL and critical applications.
Nearline SAS — usually 7.2K, capacity from 1TB. are usually mechanically-equivalent to 7,200 RPM SATA disks, but feature a SA
the same sized SATA drives. Capacity-optimized

Advanced info All and even more you need to know about SAS VS SATA can be found here (https://www.seagate.com/files/www-content/product-conte

RAID
What is RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks[1] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID#cite_note-1) or Drives, or Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is a data storag
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_virtualization) technology that combines multiple physical disk drive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_drive) componen
logical units for the purposes of data redundancy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_redundancy) , performance improvement, or both. This was in contrast to th
highly reliable mainframe disk drives referred to as "single large expensive disk" (SLED).[2] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID#cite_note-Katz-2) [3] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID

Role Data is distributed across the drives in one of several ways, referred to as RAID levels, depending on the required level of redundancy
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)) and performance. The different schemes, or data distribution layouts, are named by the word "RAID"
for example RAID 0 or RAID 1. Each scheme, or RAID level, provides a different balance among the key goals: reliability
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_engineering) , availability (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability) , performance (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comput
and capacity (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage#Capacity) . RAID levels greater than RAID 0 provide protection against unrecoverable secto
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_sector) read errors, as well as against failures of whole physical drives.

Types Because this is a logical component, you could configure the massive as you would like to. From RAID 0 to RAID 10. Please look at this very good article ab

USB - Universal Serial Bus

What is USB (abbreviation of Universal Serial Bus) is an industry standard (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_standard) that establishes
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_interface) between personal computers and their peripheral devices. This is the most popular i

Role Roles, history, specification, and everything else if you need of course, can be found here (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB) .

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Types USB 1.1 standard specifies that a standard cable can have a maximum length of 5 meters with a speed 12 Mbit/s; USB 2.0 provides for a
electrical specification: for copper cabling with AWG (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_wire_gauge) 26 wires the maximum practi

USB 4.0 announced to be released in 2019, the speed should be up to 25GBib\sec.

Ethernet
What is The Ethernet technology uses 2 lowest OSI model (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model) s. Physical Layer (https://en.wikipedia.org/
about the physical layer here. e.g about the way physical blocks are transferred between 2 devices. Very good article in Russian (https://

Everything else about network you will get from the 'Networking basics' lecture.

Role Ethernet was developed at Xerox PARC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARC_(company)) between 1973 and 1974. At the beginning use
changed to Fiber channel and F/UTP cable (some sort of twisted pair).

To understand the ethernet you will need to understand the 10BASE2 (also known as cheapernet, thin Ethernet, thinnet, and thinwire
connectors (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNC_connector) that uses the BUS. It means that a lot of devises could use a single bus to sp
be terminated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_termination) with a resistor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor) at each end.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNC_connector) and attached to the last device on the bus. This is most commonly connected directly to
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current) signal on the bus is reflected, rather than dissipated, when it reaches the end. This re
(https://www.dummies.com/programming/networking/cisco/network-basics-collision-overview/) .

The twisted pair (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair) cable is a point to point connection. Uses 1st and 2nd contact (usually is or
plug the RJ11 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_jack#RJ11) to the same output it will take free contacts (4th and 5th). From that

Why it is twisted? The answer is coming from physics. In a balanced line (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_line) , the two wires ca
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_signaling) . Twisting the pairs counters this effect as on each half twist the wire nearest to the
common-mode.

Types 10 mbit\sec uses only 2 contacts. 100mbit\sec uses 4 contacts. And 1000mbit\sec uses all 8 contacts.

Advanced info length is 100m.

Benefits of using 4х-twisted cable (8 contacts)

4х-twisted cable is much reliable then 2x-twisted.

You do not need to change the 4х-twisted cable in case of upgrading to Gigabit Ethernet or 100BaseT4 (uses all 4-x twisted conta
If one contact is broken you can use a different one.
Power over ethernet is supported.

Gigabit Ethernet (GbE or 1 GigE). Uses 4х-twisted cable ( all 8 contacts). 4 for input and 4 for output. Varieties of GBe are here. (https

Fiber channel & Fibre channel

What is Fibre Channel, or FC, is a high-speed network technology (commonly running at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 128 gigabits per second rates) p

Role

Types Fibre Channel typically runs on optical fibre cables within and between data centres

Advanced info Fibre or Fiber?

IBM Redbook «Introduction to SAN and System Networking»:

"Fibre Channel was originally designed to support fiber optic cabling only. When copper support was added, the committee decided to ke
generically to fiber optics and cabling."

Tape Devices
What is Device, uses magnetic tape data storage technology to store any digital data on a magnetic tape using digital recording.

Role The cheapest storage device. In 2019 1 TB SATA HDD ~50$; lto 6 cartridge with capacity 6.5tb ~ 50$; lto 8 cartridge 12 TB ~200$.

https://xwiki.support2.veeam.local/bin/view/Main/Internal Technical Docs/for-review/Welcome to IT/Introductorylectures/8751bcb0f61381f5b71d3ab0d… 9/11

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Types There are a lot of tape standards. The most popular is - LTO (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_Tape-Open) , Linear Tape-Open, whic

As of 2019, 8 generations of LTO Ultrium technology have been made available and four more are planned:

LTO-1 LTO-2 LTO-3 LTO

Release date 2000 2003 2005 2007

Native/raw data capacity 100 GB 200 GB 400 GB 800

Max uncompressed speed (MB/s) 20 40 80 120

Time to write a full tape at max uncompressed speed 1 hour 25 minutes 1 hour 25 minutes 1 hour 25 minutes 1 ho

Compression capable? Yes, "2:1"

WORM capable? No Yes

Encryption capable? No Yes

Max. number of partitions 1 (no partitioning)

Advanced info The tape drive is a device that reads\writers data to\from the tape. You can buy a stand-alone drive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_dr
(tape library) that will change tapes by request or automatically once the tape is full. The tape library is a robot that only changing the tap

The modern library has web-management interface when you can perform some test, change tape slots, export tape out of the library, et

Each tape consists of magnetic tape and a small micro scheme that stores the tape identical number. Also, it could have a barcode glued
and encryptionю

The tape device could be connected via FC, SAS, SATA, USB, SCSI and even iSCS.

Below you can see examples of front and rear tape library panel.

NAS - Network Attached Storage

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What is Network data storage.

A NAS unit is a computer connected to a network that provides only file-based data storage services to other devices on the network. Us

In other words, is a file-level (as opposed to block-level (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_device) ) computer data storage (https://en.w
to a heterogeneous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneous_computing) group of clients.

Role Used for file storage and sharing

Types The data is transferred via the network (Ethernet, wifi, etc...), usually use the following protocols:

Server Message Block (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block) (SMB, one never-deployed version of which was c
File Transfer Protocol (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol) (FTP)
Network File System (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_File_System) (NFS)
ISCSI (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISCSI)
etc...

Examples of front and Rear NAS box panels:

Tags: hardware (/bin/view/Main/Tags?do=viewTag&tag=hardware) basics Created by Michael Cheremisin (/bin/view/XWiki/mcheremisin) on 2019/06/18 11:30
(/bin/view/Main/Tags?do=viewTag&tag=basics)

Dmitriy Rozhdestvenskiy (/bin/view/XWiki/drozhdestvenskiy), 2018/03/20 16:49

Please, fix:

Eсть поддержка "горячей замены", довольно большая максимальная длина соединительного кабеля - до 5 метров в случае использования USB
2.0, и до 3 метров - если используется USB 3.0. Теоретически, можно сделать и большую длину кабеля, но в этом случае стабильная работа
устройств будет под вопросом.

for ethernet

https://xwiki.support2.veeam.local/bin/view/Main/Internal Technical Docs/for-review/Welcome to IT/Introductorylectures/8751bcb0f61381f5b71d3ab0… 11/11