Acro a Mosmin = Pui & Babbar © ~ Wahab e © Diodker e Then wu 4 states of mattor, i) Salid ely Qiguid Bil) Jos. ° piv Pion © He nood to atudy Dy bap of Salbidy “PHochsical proporttes i To cLipfewntote “bh trsalosor, entidecoy dk Kemicenicuuiber, nobic prokinkts - Megnatt are fernomognahic materials, eae ois, Barer ws2 nod Hun Pp Thexemal_pooprcbey - To. know which sabid iy thounad inglater eo Fsunal conductor, Mechanical propertly ~ “Te know which sabid is yrockoni-” cally story: Oetial/eb etc robe + which “molerial 31 requis make séllan cll vu clocided Gy optical pay. ‘j@eee8e@eoescrenoasrTso ale oe J | Cogstalldine Nop Cysteine (reps) fe pak C Plastic , glass) Singha Pall, P (Guovks, Dimiad) (ey, yn Coytabliry sabids arp chosactixed * remullas os asmangment af coms or malacrules as Peto Sveny Aalid LO made wp s atemg or ynalocules, | Atoms one tapoating Homsedines after | CREED seater uns Non Gysabling plidy are choradeived by random coy mor @f aterm, ar” ros or yrOlooiwdes - "> Arcangninarcs of of atemy ul) docicle thoin Pooforties > POastic iy Non- coysralbont > Cuppan & cxystalllino. - i > Dimond & Cubkon bath ane crystalline fut dimonol ‘git cyte X--takan 33 pally crystalline . ra rae dhe oytell, we have wamo ap the coystall wil) ba single Capital CF QO: ing Nine Ie eS iy the rar of aggrigate of dase no- af Pengbe crystal yf Te Arrell wing ent known a Gaon & bowen) AtpUding. these | crystals art Grain Bou redo : asSeeoe Se Ge@® oceans ego SFOS noongogaaP ev B en GD SF we Consiclen gqoaphite © quoscts Hen “han ied on dupfenent bcoz Hain prefmtiee dopandy upon Hin beating 4n_noduns Most of Ihe_paliclk vu in He foam of caysell Solid beoz ci np Aalscl i rox talle a3 compara amssphaus Sao pang eben candy the foomatin op caystalllino material in ore than rmaunp fous soba > hs Mose enmpy selared Jn dhe thormatton of a coystal , costal vill) x move stelle . . ge Helium nucleus is foomad by 2 dutesiun rele 4 a, / 4 reloared 9 SM . To brea, mH +H —> He + SMV + He into JAE & 4 A? we ne > 5a ato a 5 Mal of wo? O> 4mev ply roy Study tho Copled Stouchus ; Lotto =. Ladtia DB penodie asia tof amos poindy in Re Abaca. em 2 et This a a ponredic cropcangrmost Sok, @ atoms. This ura Mattamahterd al) A cancofet ot, This Lotte will! be x Bacal eM, hatin os Space Latticg ap Doth point how “dived P omery eg Latha point “04 0' has “dame acerca Bota Boss an 2 goub adem. Gy atta: dhe baw to each Dathia point , vt oy Lattig + Bast = Crystal Oke ha kt Basis of 1b cdom as called Monoactormic Crystal, wn pmee than 4 atom cu callrd fal aternie Coyttel|. | Hf We ane altechi ademy on ecch ©0664 6 Qoctice pout Ao” ahs wid become — gf © OO physical ©0606 > As Dostica points cna poresdic do oS 2006 dems uil) be porcocdic Bo thy axsrangront wil) become Cayrtallbing Sallid . Unik Cell ddoal coyslall iy inpinite in cLimanxien? bet neal Cxupted can. not ba infinske . Nothing can ‘be delead ala at raid haure finite Limonmen, Unit co is ihe amalllost unit of the cnptal ov Dative which ‘ on Cvtlinows epstation can gorse wohl atin. ; “Thay Ga tke vepsesenctatine of Loses soph Soci (7 | : ge we wart Jo constaeet He coyptel " ia { Buchu Then wwe jiave to aaraingl che TT | und coblles pide by side. . tt Ly Gepain’ can earitein Lange 70° af unit tS ur , dim. of unit col Unis cells one : [= es dion i Pointe ei saad Y iy Non- primitive ae | “Priming = Lottie pommls ax walonging onby sto He Comey . : oR : Rpfeshive no: of Dott poind) jaar unit cof iy one, “Non = pinubing Lottica peirdy ane belonging to the Comars 0 wall a3 do tho one position of the unit coll » APhorbinne vor ef Qadiva point: ae more than one, £ ajo boris + tach Dattlea paint wil) contain | ater, FF eprint re¥ eS ; i t i } j \ \ } | | | | eeaeee@®ee Ocrtseoooee ego ae ® ° r poo oy UT cA > Vlatice Comatont or Lottin panamstrs ), A primitive coll con have more ctha > Qncthioo point { fattica point at Aharad by 4 wnut cally 5 fos poimitive cd) y x yk 1 for Non - poimitive > Angle /3 60° Tykes of Qattice. Jin gadim. 1-75 dapiwalatie @ Bay, Ly Conystall Schoucure i Lobticn 1 conditien {7 + : Non - puimitive. unit cof ° | 4a Squarta, 1. Squasxnt (paimidise,) = b ba | dab ) Y=90" 2. Roctaryhlan, a. Richa 3. :Ractongullay corel a | GF, Vago" i - . a Hlexagenall i Hnoget! i: r ab, Y= Qo" ee 4 Onbliqua | tb, VY #90 | gbo dn. actin, tho ore 5 Y dypy af coystal -ebuctune , Hore squor, vadengle € Hanayonal! ant thy spociad cases af Chlipre. ® 1) Latom bat jpoue only L , =e @ Sybil af’ Dostica ( Brava) 4Type of labtig in Shiro. - bd (simple moans primittre ) se oe | { [empiet Short [batt Gendilions Fh} Cui 1 Simple a=b=c, }yos wtigoghed [apy 50 | ‘ y Fock Contstcl | thy Gee) | la. Tetragenal 4. Simple a=b#e, -_s oy cade k=BaY=go | (et) | 3. | Oethowohombic |! 6 Simple ‘og bzpe | ' Febesly conbed X= PeV=Jo" ie B face 4 | | | ae a a al oy (sinp2e) Coeety) (face) Qaee} oh [Tyersal teSimple ORb= 6, oe B= 90 lle St a=b: =f ges il ie : 7 ae Go| M oclinic 7 a Simpbe L reseae | _ 1 Bago conbes) AFD EC a= 2 36 # | ii Trclinic 3 M. Simpole. afb, Ae PAY. © Slonte, 4n 3-Ditry, We have \F coysial mucho ly pam Loshias. [ i AE ml A ml ce lS nbc SAIN CERNRSP 2S OSCSCHETOMTSE HR FO GE899B 808 SII IIR I I o @®eoeecee 60886066 bose —s boimilive (enh) —> body contred —> Face 4 —— €nd uy Ee Ho en 3nd rs 4t ws danoted a» ise , bKL > PUMler dicing Ae dia he undenplaner apacing 1¢- spacing yw choo auccerive planes. 4, inyer of coped called Plane. fyiddes tains dels dhe orientation of planes in dhe oystell. will bo diffronb for chip oniendahion, I duo = SESS | hk Fy Ed +z ; | This soonul & valid only fer Cube ; Jehragonal h Exthorhornbac + fer Cubic Cyptal, olay = a _ SEE PiiWlerr Snetiees = “Ty gang ste odendachon ob Manip che caystal , yniller juicer ured: They oe written a4 (hkl). . ' Nole- tn small eaket without comoj. (100) miller indcrs But L1,0,0) —» Pasittien cowrelinak , Iilln tndioy Jy dhe t_idenchity of phones. [En xs wa] > _dizection on frets} > Copitieh bracket without comay, = ——! NKR) > Wor trolioos | [hk 2] —, dbachen trices f rk LY. —» Farnily sf bonnes SARL —» family op cLlsarthy teclicay How fo Sketch thy M2. ? sR eee cee hi ki L = oR: OB * oe qa— Potion pareemeter along Kolind , bo, 4 y Yor, C8 “, 4 who OA ttencopt en a-axis OB ” » bo 4 oc y ee Wek Q—> Prillon dnofiey. Suppose we havea Cubic crystal 4 wa wart to sketch (142 0) pang Wel /kK=29 ,Ls0 | fee (loo) plane OB £ Oc rhioull) 1b tnpicibe mgany Sndoncafot paralddd +0 drat axes,” oA— a 0B OC > & (019), peo , ka), 20 “of ~ , 0B7a , oC” (001) , hee, K=0, 2=) dave OBae ocdSOHKBSOCHSCHAHOTEAHMHOOAHROBRHOOHMABHROABBAR®IHES POTS UU" Ut FE a ue) het; R=1, -L=0 oA2 a OB7@ ,,0C7* aD) h=) Kel 2=) OA7a ,OB4a, OC (R09) ha2,k=0,L=0 OR—>af, , OB-900 ,0C7% OAL0B+0C L Eg oA: 08 0C= Loy (210) her k=l , 2=0 OA OBC =. 43 Big = g: bie Noto ParodLel Pacts have tome prillor - dncbiog Negative Sketeh i- . a het Hen Lh deplag | To (Fes)ya7l , k=6,Q=0 Of=—& be: Indencofer on -ve axis To draw Wein shit He owigin dyeg wl bo dame for (Joo) (Too) planes. Qheection « drackioes A 7 = ng = W) sae =F HOF iby a re© {)00F moans family of plants (1.00) (Too) ay COUy (oT o) Co!) (007) fai of linen nai a manne family sf [1 oo] [T°] , [ole] [eto] fool} foot] Quy je Find the Pilon chon Pa plane Hat trates aundoeabt on a,b 4S oxy equal to 34 YAY 3A dna dehragonal cptal with © = 15, | aA 0B: OC = BAL YA; 3A & sis fer tetragonal , a=b #¢ w obea, cans b c hikif = &)» 2; & ' oA ' OB ' OC =.) ae ; So brbydt TSR GAL BA SF aye y ‘ S9elCodsooCeSGedOs9se oO KR 8909099829 Da: Retoming MT of dhe plane shad male inderuapl ©) 28, ak YA on she comrdinate and af Bsthovohnbic crystal with aibic =Y4r312. fe orthorehmbin , at b4C @ee@ eeee [URiUBIVE = 4157.4 wp hid = Sip boe WikiQ’o= OA BB! Ge = 4) 38 2 a 30° | Qa- J oe ma bob 4240 Fa | cespertively lout fara to 7 axis a oe tbatbica | Barth. 3 OA! OB: 0G= 1A:24 hikr Qs Oe; bee 1 0 Relation bobuwon Lattin faramtir & Mas clontiy of ja paamoker —+ sien ap thy writ cold. se ll eat (2 Ma } Cie Ni —> No 6f odems i" unit coll Mp atomic Mass /atomic welt AU Na Avogeds No. fa > Mos harrity / sfecctie Poul [elses 2 —9 Leute paramster of a cuble coupledXe df My, glen ain amu. (eq cl 35 amu) so +o rane ab Fan qmor kypn, multiply by Rgen Aunyaicien no Unit > ky /m $0 fon \ | Avegedeo no: wed Nae G:023KI6 Ne 6-093) Unit Ot m om oVabams of the wnt cal, | a? = (hee, ) ye “a No: of ores uscd value [a= ae) Hosa This B called * Ma jn -bvallst onbly ES Nos danasly. | Atria. clam ity [prea Se aie cpa, = ras dowdy / Relative duvvity [peste qrevity ss Unit less . Py > Mass canrity § particular, type ep oystad wre’ do Wortse . eg Cu 7 B96 then B96 tmlem™ gg (unit Las) 1 gm/em3 23 0 | ! : : @ 6 & & e@ 6 e e es eS 6 & e Coystall Shuchows + me | i Simple Cubic( primitive Cubic) * Thea only 4 oem a ° jalacad ot each corre, Lotta poi. bond i noounyt ndiybdin dude @ (Arter nndiasse d.iteng) An sic, alt Hu atoms de of -S-0mg dye alo radia u dame, cordrtlig ans Nova, Story vath 7 eHHOFHoFGHHTONBBOOEFO usluich ona ‘tin foram bend. AAC | aBo Neosat Neighbour disaneg ' Qe =a ¢ ‘| (5) End of raxt rassert Neighhaun UUsteno => a | @No-op Bnd namurt neiphbsun = |2 ' (ody lienad of Tu 44 Yez plane owing Y td nom Ne en a | Wy XZ yy radph bow, z ( ey cofoy | 7) Volum. of unit coll = a3 x 4 g) o frabmihve ne = ai | i ‘T o—l6 r= He Cocedinstlon no <12 or ARE Aloe FY% : |” ay Moorely packed cayited, Tyo Aen at ») Caderflehdn a APP { App. = _ Value of dhe ators’ iri cunit coll oe \ Valor ep che Unit coll 4 APP» Show Aew riuich Gooeilonag’ unit call a pallial wlth afny tre EE ae) = hae _ _ (0 eee = & = O5R = G27, . Le 52% part of captal Jb oceubind by atonu 4 4g 4 posut Jy entehy : iy Conbved Cubic (bee) Bo ee & tatem at bocly. conked petition. 3) No. Of russet righboun = % | Be. Taking » > aepoustey” - Neonat “Neighbour: btan ee > 2¥= Ba Farr Curtee ctom—s pagsetit ” 7 y ; naighbowi are fy Ae cll He 8 atoms zo” N* ne A . éSafe 98 (a7 92g eek U/, F woymapvmu07 > ‘ay up scr og ufo ne : “SiS syety fay Sg ous | ey!ez bw [yu oEley TO] AN emnuoy, on dhe £ \Bb es Ue ys ue. us Ih. 30 ( oe i ; he #. bgp 2 “AE x hk | ap ae Tht]. - 59/89 hese 20 eS eget Ras) amar Cix) : Pies peters feared i712 | rvoor | pepo Heo0y furiood $65 fy G2) Ee a | os Ie hy, cole A | ie | eB |e va # canter atom repasces atom hey, 6 <1 4) Neasest Neiphbaun clutenee gy = 4 a Lotion porometen &) Und neous neighbauy distant = ¢ Cuigh of unit alt) an PSA hep ile = fF = 1633 6) Noo TE naaseut noighbauey 2 9 : ¥) Nebume af curih cll oem of bane pant) x haight Tae base plane 4s mode ub of § equilateral triangle. A = d Bose x heir but A#e =baxBa = JXar 4 nt ane 6 dranghs do . a 343 a? ae - aBite 8) volume sf | bomittve unit creat _ ill be 5: of UD A q) Hone nts atoms ino Gee 1 OO e una Ao Hora ux have 2 atem bails ; [wo of afore fund ea) = “ee xy (beh xy Peihe xy a iy a Se ees cern eee ed ene hee aenek oh enen ed Note ;- reasst ne'ighbauy in never ~ Roa (ae “ io|} by No af atoms Jwak val, = 3yzq% I) Ribemic reciuy g.= 1) Tyke of packing — clased FB) Ge= My, Ze Gt ote, | > Mostaly mtab have’ Fee of hep admebure "APF = 6X dno (2 Ea) ' " 3B ae - 13 2 = éx inv 7 bxdne faery’ 38 0° [Ea ~ are ‘ = Fz so =H 3 e aking “frastion Of hep 4 see 5 D dam. Qimeind Cuubio (dc) = Thi tpt bravias Latha ; SE dy imade by 8.96 more brownies Sotices. -Bimond> Coubic can bo convidered as intenponohrettion of two fee fathus — 1 ui ak dhe partion (0 0 0) & othy “ja at te position (> b54) Dimond has lémond? cubic viudure dimond iu mada up ky atoms Y Carbon . Plloer 4 fee df atom sat (00,0) ;PL)? Non poimitive @ | 2) No af ako funk all = PABFEKE EY HG } 1 Coerdinatin nb. 4 e | ach C-atem is coordinaled do e ' 4 c-atom - . el Daren dhe coordinahn no.) abuckue Lol) bo Jowrally prot ° | 4) Nearest asighbaty distance _ nel gy 5 Re [eer ea) 6) Best No: ef Tad ACN. = 2 . { (ap 0 ht 4 atawn hon ahs N. Ns atom wl) be its face cimbéd ay 6,0 Vo: af anit call = a2 : : %) Val.g painiive wit ale = Ch oa pstbie cs fee with, 2 adem bass.” € dimonds covbie 44 fee 0" vabatlep de = 2 @ No of atemy in priimihise ur / E 9 Ne: a along J unt vol = e (Gators, in a? veliersy © bo) prprnic Raolity -p = So e 3 6 . : ef Type of ports ~» loore : ; Of pimord vis Frsdotor—> Sach ¢ atom it co-arlinated fay petal eo, Ceatorn ao aha make 4 covellnt' bends, Bocaire No fe b) e- pr Cratom bb free , [errant aha ha Y 2°] ey cb As mls, : But at Js Elnchrcally frnulator-beoe 4 eave SEU ° Je ou good hao conductors Stull of Se & prsedledor 4 sam Sex site useage ni e e ban gap — Sas Ww aes = _I] APE = 034 o Gy 7, of Ser ! “ie i APF f° BGT ee i 3 ' = SX xT x Ag oF | OBR OB XH: = BF 2 9,34 = 3Yy 16 Zine BboreLe Shuetura (Zn jr This Wu simile, to obimend cubie atuchrw exeapt two 2% | induijanabratingy Detris hase Aliffoant adams. x Tat Qadh | orunit 200 Wu made from Zn atomy thon yg anh coh | Ly made Seon sulphide atoms Hf Zn -oceupin He fec pasition then. S _ ” Tetvohotm. 4” oy via warn, ZnS 4 net @ atom Jatuchoe . Sty q maloculan dts dn dh case ridarest ndizhboawr dufanu = Vent Kei dn aunt cll 4 Zn atom + 4 Sater a - B | , - 4x Sth + 1x ne ear £3 3 = As (+ Sen.) / = “#37, Tey, \3 A+ _%» | ay To cadertladte APE, use handel know Ho vat =e is Ae APP of 205. tay 7 eradtsly, , ex ~ GaAs , CdS, InSb ‘ete. : ee . ee q@ Bs 16° Sodium Chilovide.( Natl) /Reck Salt :- 2 6 Ths 4 mack up by Q fee ewelals ade Nath canbe B convidored a3 two inteaporcteahng fee's. Ong Dottiea & eceuking the Na atoms 4 otter orenping the CLedom. © puch that if ene hog the exgin at (0,00) than other ha} ® . ; © odlyin tt (4 10,0 Jaw (0, $10) ow (0,0,4) 7 wf 2 °. e e!|. oe! e! al ‘ e.| | ‘ p ¢ Na atoms secur). the ochahicleal porition, cl cents eo) te Fee position, ba i) Non poimétie 6 2) Nov «f atoms Junit coll, | . / 6 { laa (&) 5 Fatal contsbubion of G1 > 6443 =Y eZ e? ” , Na x) re lpatl=ay 4 6 aike Contre e HOLE YNA 8: Thay ua malecndan coystal wdrustirs. 3) Co-welinahen 70° (noosuat rraiphbous) Neorrt neyo co No. > Cdl bo CO-Grelinahen no- = 64) Neasust vdiyhbou cliten to Wet Son = . 4) Ind roaxest neighbauy + fir canter atom , alll black atemiare Lun, for Nao 1 ny ane Na aten Qn Cha ou » CL pee ‘ ( Bo TL pranitt paighbou = 12 4 6) ro * datene = 2 2 ee Y Volume af anit coll = a> 8) Veluwe gp freimitive unit coll = a 9) No- of cetoms in primitive unit ald - j at | doth, thoes b 1 Na Ad tL aterm placed’, 4 Natl iu fee with Lotem basis , uy Na atom + | g loy Moloculan danse = ae ae 12) Type op packing =. 6 Lore C6< 12) 18) APPS 25% can't be coleedoted enadedy Sx- KGL, KB, AgBr ck. , “Ady tu abkoli halides & silver halides have Natt bude. \¢ mate; Ket, NaBe, KBy, Naz, KL) \ . ‘ ! ). Cassium Chilbsiele (Cs) = Lig, Road, Cah coyptallires in Coc abushunr, CsCl cuplal can be coniidired 3 2 Intenponebadtig ane cubic Dates Ona hos the adores of Cs & oiher har Hy 4, ator, ap CL. The odigin of ont Latico uy at (0,0,0) & ; ot hes oyinat (45,4), 4 @ essen generSAOCOOOOCHOO9RR 9009 S©OGCOSCHOCEHSSSCECHHOHOD IE pee POU OOO Uo O Tg Uo 1): Non~ poimifive. 2) No: «4 atoms / unit call Cs— axe = |] Ch | he 164102 = Iesed malacude 3) Co-cedindhon no: of Noapest nrishbaun = 3 Y)ENeasast Neighbann cbistante= DE Nearast f Neiphboun dirtane- = | Teoh Ta = 88 Seo $) T vooest ntiphbanr =6 Gig dr not bee beat. tn Lee : R ‘ Carhreaters st) BAMA bint 7) Veluime af unit all = @3 Stee le %) Val: of primitive unital = g Bas 2 atom basy LCsdicd D Medscrdan clamaity = 4, Cad) 9) Forking — Doose NW) @x~ Coch, ROL» CoB) Lin . 2) APE —> can nat find untill Ses walto dy net Known Grvaphone i Graphite afuctint ib made up of gob bene Dosprs. Graphene hao Horny comb abuts, Carbon atoms ay avranged | m Hu he comb stout . to 2D - One Ceatom 9 shosd by 3 “Pooky (atoms Thigs dy Graplicte atmotuie ty 2- dim. fn 3-D - One Ceotom Aho by Grew C-ateny,: Grneaphicy Abrurtuat oy uy Daytned Abuthie but qeaplune © 2) No of atoms] unit all { i ( { camacting BS reanl, { atemy for bravely { Qathee , ii ‘ i Ya Aino Louyen Apache Cringe Leven of cars cbon atin) Graphite 8 Conductor > puc-atem , Lew free, | H convider | Dattice point on eath atom portion thn | 4e well) net foam o basin beaz suceroundinys ALB ane different, Only Afatorns. dr B-B atoms can form basis ay - Huy hare SMe ativan ching. Bo Sti connget: nanschy A-A ate, o7 B-8 atten | Tha hexagon (24) 4 Ay unit cell of graphont ) Thi unit all Ga non-poimifivse comm ajoms —» $xX6 = 2 ~ Inman , iy =4 Tete) novo} edomy/unit all = 6 Side of unit 0) — Datho porasrabs / Dathia vitior | AL He prcat wil) by worte, ¢. Yattio pourameln —> a |Ce o pry=[b'| am , Y= 20 3) Nearest Neiphbaun cisancy cae tn o-D, thre wil) bo clase pay Pat ag Jp No af WN Ont & but hime 3 Ao packing well be Qease, > 4) ILnd ee N° alisha = =a f g)Nov ind NN = 6 fe a OE UN %) Apea af & SV BAe $n 2-Dim, Area, = _ | Sactegl 7 = V3a Ka fet 82.8 = peat | =Go* z BA fea of untt call = Ba + at = = we = 38a" %). een of paimihve unit al ~ Lx anae 7 cut 00 BO = ene = Bok (fiber 9) No= ap adem / prrimickive cant lh = re inti em go 2 ctoms of graphite Invi primitive, coll, do Qodom basis, fier at one Motta parr, one atem GA dyer & ome ay B iy ) s {im comvantimal, unit etl + bass con't, be dary 1 ae ac ech ea 1 an a ae aa oer oe| ‘ Nov a Nest. Nos 3 ‘ 2 aR 5 : ww) Tye af parking 2 loose d Cty APF = . ns: of atom /urid oll = $x 12, 3x3 Ee : 4 is) Nov af item / unit cer = 3Ee — 2 |— ae 4y B3a* ~ “Feqr 1) Atomic Roclivy -@ &) Ex > a cho atoms In anit coll aNea of unit cell conxider atoms a3 dise 6x18 ee ao (ou 7TE> ie fax uml ae ae — Be eens SRE 7 BE Oa bh tke Craphite i a feo of Cadchon A costal on ee haxagonad dtouchur . $t-contains 4 afems per cae une col Negroad Ne cldtan® =). gq-= Q A—» Jothia forametor@eeeodones a FO AO CCOCOCERHVOBECHOSOOEBS EOE OBS5 PINION HN, ye t C-atem can meka coveloxt bond wlth 3 natsday ate C-atem of + Royer can't make bond with c ator of 2nd Lower. Thoct's why gaaphite rhaty slides on cach athe. Bo Graphite Uy Selt bea. ayer don't have boneliip SomiConduder one not comeluehing at Took Matals anw conduching od! T= ok ; Graphite 1 a& Sami- vrata, “Plants in _dlifbenand Copstals - os 1-Simple Cie s- Phang analysis Jn S.C. fread conviclen (1 20) jelaung dn Planes (0 lo)Cool), oo) , the poprbiss ang slams, | No: af atoms on (J00) Syfea plane — eo = tu st fer. tana conrad Area of plone = a atoms or cise (2dr Planner dannity = Nor sf atony fur unit asia = al INI TO ae (av 1) C110) Plone ,_ Nov ef atoms = XY = | Area = Jr qt . PQannor clansty =_l JE gt Shape = Echo,- (UD) pone + No Gf ctoms = Lyg = No 0 = ee = fre = ie Bare ¢ heir h =i Waa) fEa = j eno 1 ot 7 PQannon donity = 2 | Be | Shake 7 Triangle : which plone in SC 4 clorecl pack plans 2 1 Anus Plow, Dasgest Pannen clarnty wil? be chased peak |: : having - 4 | (190) od 1Q, whith cliaehlon Jy CAsyeat park in SC.2 P44 Dim > atom uy cinriclened ay a Ins - I aam mi v abe, Bolivn a ” 4. apne, Lb? Pane having Doogest Dine deunty wild be clorent park. Peng Che ‘ a bat cl, fst, OT, lrey Cee} oy te Clowrxt pack dim © (in ditiene a dhe wet ate (has I) fe dint caaiy= 1) [2 BCC | G00) plang ;- No: @} adomy = | (No wud atern on facts) Aen gt / Plownen daly ie p p ' A oo zi ly ; oar : , Ea =eQ2eeeenonegg O07 98D pO Om a LeoeeeeeO ee es Oo Ooo Nrs ‘ is [ a o) ~ ? Nov ap tomy = 2 3 Rrea =fi0> Pr PQenner dowry = JB ya ; Sine = Visa be [=~ Noro} ctr = t (body ieee a nok combs bude co (11)) plore ) ’ onnn daily = fino donsity = ( Penna iy wa y Dine dawtty ie pe for BCC: Cloxedt pack plana Ss (II 9) e é : a cise oo [yy 1] BLO te (0.0) Wane :- Now a atoms = S544. 7 P = 2 r Planner clowitty = 2. r Loe = i P I ne e oe Nes afedoms = b Plonnn danrity p Sins (WD = No of atoms = . 6 Q cov, = . Planner hownty. Bot cy Bia tclanaity = for Foe Chesed Pook phawe CITED 4 1 din” fhe] rdayery enpial Bb associated wlth 2 dye 44 Dodtees a *y disact Dodtice ; “Tiy Reripooeal Aattica Need af Racipmen! fae - i Auch dade, Dates poird « comranged) ve ty | Phat * dn Rociprocad dati, Dattce point are ascnranyes qcensdiny ty tain Wane vector (R) + oo ynome nium ( k) “Hane disuck Lather by defined in Position dpact . Rocipwoced — ” oe Pomeontum 2pacr or Fao me ws frveunliy wlotel fe pasion raem, 4 ane Conjuugare ap each ath. > direct Lottin i) the writ of Lorgth . —> Rociprecn) " a [ongth Jo! ewe vector J No: of ways fr unth ulate Sorgth $4 godly, dn whith lin? wowe roboge tiny hee I Ke a | Pot” engy in pasion spac, “KR in Mom Afoucr. Toto) YB Conpyed.ie KEL PE! at nvwurt bie fie 4b a much PEs ny 7 BR ey completely free then ty will have KE. onl rons for naod of Roo Lathiy a" 4c J spat Yo vitualize Ha eaytal felons. as ovdlin i cy hp MLS , a ee ‘eee OoGDeseo28e0 8 OG88°C299OR8G8OG8H8H999 FR BN8 . ¢ a ® As WKL By dneg-d — eye Geoplane —> chpbicadt te visu. Y) 4n Rorifroced Lathe, Cash plans LS ot09 Li yeporesetted by bs normal. iA] & Dongth of he normal) 2 inversely propostional to inkenplancn Apacing > So sinedly dro" » Rosy bs the Loryth op the normas => Plane near in direct Daticg will br fon away. wh rect Dahil . maa Bey pryricel pooprdy af ¢ Jal is purwodic « To calewlats o> concentration (& cone: fallow korrodic prop. A facta given nie) = nlrta) To calculate e7 comes , Wwe nord ‘to expand thy fal 4 ; co expand poroodio pus", we nore fouciin Agriny 4 frows Serie UU He concopt of Fourie, apace Or yeck Ayan. ® Srey Physical proputy of cayrtal sr fensodic Dike & Fed conantretion & magnahe vnomant. fe Faun toarrfor of dinset Joti Ue accipoveal Jobhice , Roe» ’ cline + i & davoug " ” ty acim: dud Latticg , drow ana 2 vedtors at X ze. To move from 0 to’, we Wr h z iN sort Translation Vector, Prone 3 b called Lode Translation 2 Me eet The veetor gaining 2. Lathig pebtty veubss caltel Lode Translation vectors one — 7? T= athdn gennad ——— [= ALENSENRS gt bs dapining tp divert Lattice o , uh, ra,b,¢ Ub Primitive doust Dattice vertor. i pare fotning neasert Docttice (points wedors i peez they { Y lane | 4 aie jorn far Anitia. point thon how vedo will be nom~} | j | poimitive. i : | Be Be BCC Uk bars sduchne , ic _ acti poramedr —+ fon Ind i suon= Foe , Fran ne Lyhbaw . i Sadie Hane , Lathio vector connat—non - weet nearest Lacthio points -s&o Nom~ primi \ ee : Printing : | , | 4n Roc socal Latico ) A Be ont Hu primitve a ° | G@F= ann 4» 7 ome arheggn. Vi =0,4,2,>7-SSHSHSHOSHHOHLOSHHOHHOOHHO ONO OANHSOHK9BEOTHRRHODA Recifro cal of S: Poimitive Lathe Se, (3 thoy oye foutng neaseat Dothicn vectors ) w= ar : > _ 4% Baby | e=ck . <——a—> aa ere fe St, Voluums af poimitive unit calf = dotlice ape conventional unit all = a3 i Reciprocal Pottia vertors > R= an(bxe) _ amok § (a=b=6) a> (bxe) a’ : 2 oe oe ws an 3 8 aa c= ane The Aide ap cabo in clower Lattin a ' ny ne Reece 4 > BAY = Rocipocal af S.C- BSC: with-cubie aide 27/0 ies ak Racipmeal =» = took jy tu Firat Badbuing Zone. fr SC, DBT wD Cubs of aide 2m/a » \fobome of Resibsroeal unto fir SO: = (& y: Eas a of bee D Beat bisbz ~ . eel UuPrirmitive Dacticn vectors i A DAY .S = £( itf-=k) a B= &¢-U+i+h) ee (Bx?) > Valum ap primitive Unik od a bee A(bxe) =a] J 1 - ‘ pele | & i111) 1 pee [ee si 2x4 aw @(bxe) = oe : 3 z RQ Root pooeal fect veel , P= anlbxe) . a ( bxe) B= AN (ex a (bxC) i= Those cre: the primitive veotes op Tan Oattte weed. 1 Roijrocal af bee dy fee with cube sidey ohCOHOOCOSHOSHSOHOHEDMHMOBENNENHOE9HH8F99N99H989 ' } B=. Brena) } \ }. Rocca of fee, - } Prirnifive vectort ap fec, @= (i 9) R= BrlbxC) & (6x2) am page) ahi d-k) o) tt anc-lrieh) an (ty a" (BKC) ea Qn (axis) G(OKD =) Rocipeocal of fcc —5 bee with euhe tide te. Vallee Of Reci Bo unit al S Ves Ar (Bxe) an aah FO d+k)Racibovoal of hep.'~ heb 3 Aelp xecipoocal . X- Roy diffractbn - (XRD) X-reup ane EM: wauys ef very oe pvmallln the Wile , enw i) ko Dan * wl J ai * _ | ae X-vays ane wen high enongy EM, Waves, ! Ditfeaction ~Canding of x-rays.) Atl dhe Long tednal A freengvensy aver f Adund wary, “show dafpachdn, (Sound Ware —9 not shou polasigt’ ) i Banaling of ye - aspunrd the comorg af An Obstache | iy called pian, Conditions Size af tha apaxdurt ds aize af de abtacle i Ahold be compualele Jo the Wel ap unre for | cafpastion do OO ed | i $n cablaarhion grating we wren ALA . grading ae ured por opstcal disht (‘Joo A- Foo A ) “he~ (ony dm 07 7-um ). vey small & rush a fu grade ean net be avi + df we indduat store X-ray on coystal hon JH!dl | boc, alifpoasied frorn atomic jedan, Ceaystal 4a mace up | | boy placing atomic plarias) Cas¥ pom 1225 40 om ) hs By One pQhne-» JoF= Jo S th pant @ x- Ly dace | © ho de diifaact X-ray , we nied ae a ! I, Gwvacting can net dilfresr y- xeys eo Wil of 20yl” ‘ ‘COHHHHHEHSHOHHSHHHHOTTHHOHOHAHHODMRHOH AE ptomic. plang ane Liky rivet fos atomic planusacfechn Thuy di}praction Ja Jike — Mirsror Like Roplootion bare thou ane dange no: ab satornic plone ee 5 i) . An . Zz f , : Tae \ 3 [>—, ‘ ‘ : w AU) dhe planes uill fallow, edaekne & z-pninmad 40 Hy mog- fisls Bondy comolations, jelane The. Rapdochon ll continu HDL dhs-whale dlifprechen a completed. : 03 — B "%~ Oo Qg 2 meawnre fom dhe caprtal surface. > Bart bo dhe Wks & forq! of (neidont boon Han * usb: of dipjeneeo! baa ett be dona (he- A/ becaur. midium iy fame, (5 shasta of Fair clapanol upon material of grety - > 1 ” qo dou not ” a : L : i p but thay Tre dijpraced Waves can. be intenpoe YS yur be Cohvent (fe: phase dip mil be constant withing 1 boam 4&2 pravells clijpraent path Ro Hun. sb poh dif bo aha will be Johase cif } mn tn Copfals due 2 bumaic omranymat of atom ad dnp g remain comand olurenys, (oh da combs do phoned Pith dil = 88+ BC ~ = aly PHS + diner whe | ?> a a | setecor Jy placed & path itp bys clifpracted way Gi Mz Pan -cdalentor wel) datect the Sptenatu [Mavima srt wil) 6 cbistuelive interferon a, (nail Menina a bath dil}. 4 then Contac Irdopbenonte & deters 4h. path diff : Pil) dalect doteraity ‘Manima : j= dp [zasine = NA) cand” Aotised then ctatector will | obsenve O diffea chon prok . fas fee Constustive Inteferane, as Saber f teenbity P| an clip UAL be indeyre) multtilede of uit A» My | | Aithn $x A A vou 6 Cure Monochromatic Keay Jo'By J) ! os Hx 6 & VO Ato Aadisfy the cond" [adn RO = nh | We l2r3,- Bo thet, yyy can ke caladated & caystalabaichne | can be foomad, , i Tras cabled Bragg loa | A nts dvdon of ctfeaction , | | } | lets Sn Namoironls, Use Tstordar. jee n=| : 2dsing =A iffog abn Pale - | frrgle b/s indclont wore “> differ ved Loar, [Gapecin og = 2] eee angke = Og | io Bragg’ Dour Gu Concrguanc, of. benodicity of OoctHrta.- Ret,* Sifesk of. Steer & Steain on XAD fatter »- 5 X-ray faction poutten is Indwstty vis dipfecetion angle. 1 £ & Toys 20g dhan - fee i Th & 20.4% a } deo v 5 Oy hos tha Dimit 2-0 do 90° } | Aa as app angle de A (es) Apaeing ad. 5 Trae perks one the | 1 2% > Concagtecnte ap ‘3 cane”, > df Fneaeanhng Qdgino=n) whan dy conol? 4 © doctiified., we get Peet. Maximum trterflann spacing 3 of (160) plone, joo =O 7 —> & of Mani Hon Os phauld bo mins A fs Hain popadluet semain consent. => Bo Hut, Lat ponk cowerpord 40. rmallort Brags aryl 1g Basegert alinen Induning of Tat faook > Cie) a | % Suppose we have a peak of noma sampleltohich unsdeeashed A UNComprured.. acartants) . C8 7 BC rbetfist dant : : SSSSCOSHSSHESNTOCHSHTSHOHSSONTTHDAODRHRABZIADHEDS —8 ' Spjenaty 4 habe iy moma buh both beaks have diff poston 7 4 Shedchad fosak Jy at different ae cif cng fy « an a| bo, of 9 Bwkly sista 3 In xed & compound | Mn re | 4) ” we ae He Laie) ORs bd Were a a A 7 [9 Sab p Jy Atratehasl wrifomaly | » mts dit omprerted ¢ C.Non- dnifoom Stretch ) comprerted ” Abeetehasl (Non--wniform Compression) Bids & Ov uj th Unifesn Ahece/shein Thane. Ju No ony dn-dhe shafesof thy or tn Unigorrn feonk & Tnlenvity Cet hing ov Comer) { dn Nee Us heyy ov atealn ,-abretutin £ compatsrion wan . bin ath Nore. fo non nlf -elpast and nob sr fin ll inn in dita cour , thou no change in ahape of beak . ‘ Ao Units 2 but 6 3 incaea se iy mo od > dieratte ae dace nrins roars Cormprevvion .&o (b) Js Lsoeehy, Ie fe ant) con, aah egg) #f ne Modijjed peak 3 boo. Ve . Stress. 4 Adsate wil) lex | | “Non ~ untfoem. (Waycderedt | | | Nok 9g peak ts shifted pownrly 0 : =a ower Boagg's angle => Sreicluly i »STSSHSHSHOTHCSSOCESSCCOSBTATFTOHSFSOBHOO*HHN HH f | Cffeet af temp" G—> Peak au broaded Shock of Jompradusa on XRD fadlery + Conviclin nosmall & mectiad, * domple Maxima a A*B r (emp, noel an sama je. Hoy cut geri) Dycngen same value. of 2p, \Gse%) Tine u No steekehiny & 7) hist [J No Comrremnion beaz in ° SE Ahrdehing & Combrerion Oy i PO ay Ja the la demote The peak which 9 broadin => having tess Bass indents ‘ihe pawelr talonathigh Jonpratus . i nen Tha atoms, of any solid can bo conridoud ay posemmir oscillators ,beoz adorns Vibeades ab thaiy 2quulibsiam perition Fax | UK Ths SHIM i valid only whan, temp: i) net hish beoz ot high jemp> , vibwehiond ane Sloxge £ a wid) break. Bo Simple hasunoix motion iy coneclanad oy dh, ou No thuamad exbarhon Dye to Vibestion (No° Hhyunal expevion) , inte polar apy 3s not changing , Y dng 7 Nob changing Phonqerak 4 Bix Bact Sridiably Boagy cond” Ju xodtiufied for Ahorh fook . & dua to vibaatien , Boage cond" Apsishias fror a vahge of sniervaty krorea xg => Peak parition unchanged: ( Dijjesdtion pooks ang abio cabled Dspprreshion Lins.) @p On dyeing temp, Ling Apacing (distance bur due eck) ; 3 I Hi) ¢ le No: op f 3 Jneyenies - . q Seifea peaks in compaction of poerious feaky. called cligpuse Sent . . Atomic: Seattesuny facie G)e sw dafind a ¢ = Arba ghey ‘calned by an adorn Ampbitudly of. MBA Beahened by ane. ctdensiy of K-2ey beak dupandirg ujoon 2 factors ~> Meme Sea fedbor () , ; _5 qeorotvical Afucdue factor (S) Tndennity oc -(ampbitudi)” | Smallot Scaterurg conhe om? oe Anes prduadne with odoms Hon amblited ore dlipeastest X~2ey.co}onss upon - how many & on each | Lak dupard | shan = | fomplitule, 2 gs | THE Seunplituy” > b= Ps eg: bi &. No I 3 ; 4 . et Wea | Bo F wf be dypuort for bath I abhi point f —» how many atoms on tach Dates points 4 aes | ‘ unkenunly sp=> dnewsty dapandls on f & S abro 3g _» hows tu atoms cou assuarged | 0 : > q dw caystaly ane of differ ishucte oy Situ have oto shu? Hr Hutn Jntervay Ls nok some, oe 4 Stucke UU dame Hun - wud be if | sasame wa ani(uk+ Vj k + uy L) ju te gaumisnen on NO of ate An nh coll, sup Vj, Wi and Hie payition co-arclinateyop gah adtemy. (Siac factor for SE ; dn SC, Pay jy baton at position (09.2) ant (oht oktow) a o- « =€ Sl po 4 moans , Scadtned apy F = § cFafs) & Tnkensty > Tndernfy doy net dupard on Wk, Q. | he: ’ ” on aurticnod dy pe oh L plane je- daeme fer all plans (ai tho apiece | ane allbued) No westichon on ky 2. ‘diy § for_bee te ; | Sypettie n0- 9f atomy 2 2 LPP) eG%43] ani(ete te) , ani ChtE+h) re E i Se S=i+t enc nrers) cts capancbing on MK fl hee npudlar dye of plans, San eeeveetovasoesesHoe soon TSasse se SOT IOSdo Jnlemity a also Aipanclig upon ponticullay dype. pla. -1) htk+ 2 = even eit (htk+2) =] _ Be. [S=2 => Pa af y 4h ntktl = odd. e He CHER) Sy [$=] = Fro $4) Che een) I @ heey odd ) Br Aa Ae alles fo be ablawes , | [Chek t) aisle Gam] Gi) °S for fee» Tan ak 4 otoms ak (2.99) (L4,9) 0449 (bio) a sett htt ks wa) Al i 5c ae OH) 9 MlkHe) ert thy) : | Ss lapandling yen bk, D, pO Seopa) oe all odo hoes Sz fit) 4+) -Feauf ( rep ofa kF . i Ref Doctors ase allen when kL) aw all even or odd,0000002008 HHT TH H988898F89999008 i a w. PEER IIT ITEP | ) @ Yb kL) mixed , : Suess (00) hes h-rodd £ fk, 2-1enen Phen Se rel", o} S=1Fi4)-] S=9 Fao So Rot Prose seplochens wl) bo absent, (IV) Qimond Cube (dQ) —Seleation Rude —> AM Odd , Hen alll reflechons ‘alfocad: ; > All Gren. den (hERHL) mutt bo diiviste boy 4 enty Hore reflections uill bo allowed 7 () Nach = Combiration of jwo fee, whan .Nacd coystallise, Nac? — Nat +07 tad ae 18 : local on Dathio site Beoz es Ae a do Hain Sa. factor ~9 difpercah Fu # ae That's why Tac Polous the xploctony of C. Lowe KB. coma in the calagony ra Nall. ies KBy alxo Pelllow fee , ; © Rh clout net cy dude! c box KOS Ke Fh fey: - dn thy case , X-wsy can not difpeintale “ 2 dyes of atoy ( KT CL) 7 ei tlle Fhe efbechion Of Simbloe cubs with atte pawmitre| Honee Reflachons of BC» Choo) Cle) (IY) 4 «kh 3 (2 08.) (220) (222) { ( ben 1 | 4 { 4 09), Clha)(iti), (209) (40), (21D, 229), S39 5 C5 Gu), 2227, B20) , (a2) «gil demain ool | | Thay the dereasing oda of ds | This of div foom (KY) \ | for SiC+ > AOD sepdection allowed GZ -¢9 (rQ—>a=dy,, | (be (iio), C200), I), 220), (319), (222), (321) | Toh peak of bee: ra 6). Comuponding to bel Fy | da = US | fox $22. (III), (2.90), (242), 81) (222) | / SC > 112531475 161g -- i ta gt) es 7 (HEY) => bee UGB 012 14 1S : - HM 2tBs4yiSibi FEB -- : k foc D wea eT HR fede > (111), (22 0), (NN). [Nall > ipome as fee. i Ke, (zoe) , (220), (228) --- sag ank ing fox | SCi— aig = @ REST d=Cee oeOe ere oS eeO2GE0H709e299388 9 Qu :- Caleulale cleo for bee. r \ Fee x a fo = dn bec A Fee, all the atoms ang nok covtied by (lao) plane do clraw extra plang. >> * Aur to x exba plane inteploion apacing’ =U. Due do entsa pune «pathy Ail) 1 with be half. do pilase cliff wil) be hol) & cond” af cousuative Int. wil) be changed Ino disbuelve, z-apbadhon i afer Lavgest | © Tie plane whieh is not present ive def nat elfowed for sthad- PML mutedy bay d Zz. | foe Se > dios! dito! diy = Logie > Vein Bee 3 dio! dno! dw = SOR aR D> Jig fz a rr B Fee D Avot duo tdy = b+ - | Ce Adieo ! cu due git. Ly wes | ieeeBraga 's Lous sin Reciprocal Dadtien - : Zdzine = nA 48 the Bragg’s Yous tn ist Dodide | Gay Reciprocal! Dodie, wie nia do replace aaa 4. Jk Racal Sadie oon vestor eater of tho ath G and )A k are Invexadly ‘elalel H | EK ba the ware veetor of Inaclont / x-rays & Ee be dhe Wane vector i of Bppracked ae kG a thy Raclproced!) Lothian vectors. 7 Magnitucle og Ru ~ [R}= at ~ tp Mog RD [l= aL x ie le Be © beo2 hls al indiclont 4 clyperacted Wave Ly some ago Meng - oF R&B ane same lot thoi ABP ane Spel Theet 13 why Shay ar difpnodt, : Langih af Wave vettoas depand upon 1 Songthaf K'h | IR “Gal) be dam baz.) Jy Aare. : I. Trace a civclo of readiy 21) A than DAM he pointy, Dying en the since wil) rabitres thy i | | { { i i Bag er mean) | S K+) —————) oy =< 1. 1 3 ak = | TT] Th B the foum of 8 17 3 echncad anche tt * 2244 he. clffaronc ot ma toual to Foe Matiie Vechn _ Gp inci: aT clifpacted wove co) POP2 SOP OHVCHOSRDPMONOBR OBB ' eeecee SGeeereonos G! gives He differance ef wo point), hewving (mibleninoliey Chx2) and CHRD. fom ineldant do clifpracteal. Now squesty, wry, (Rite AGH RG ak G+G*=0 / This ds He Bragg 4 Doro in recipnocad Dates qn QDime yy Circle my 3 Dim —» Sphorg called Ewald ~Sphow Fells parition ag Bragg" cifPsacted Lens fei 35 dn x-ray Machines gemallly [A= r54 A wil], Cu Ry eel dy used. dio Ky di incident On Cu crystal. 2 monochremas Brillowine Zonw ( Bz) = BZ ano Mo baundsiay cohen Bragg’s conditions will be sadtinfied in zecipeoce) Datta’, : : Bz cy dhe Locos of call K-valteos which ana Bonga, cliffoarted Rocipsocal Lattio anit colll of any coystel iu ths ficat BZ, ine- TAF BZ of Simfele cubic. ij° Sc. iat . Cin RL. , Afbays Jake ongin at .° conke ) . ke ky Re oe shore K-values which ane Bragg diffeacted to X- dua |e = Ta JA dn -x di? Roe [Kx= “Ta], Brags come” GH gorbesfiedBeg 5 bow | In Recipeon! Dodie { 4 EG + G*=0 Th ee Aguasia gt side OX. | 4 i 4y disudr Lathe ., fost veators aug oma awa ‘ Babs key | 4, Rociprroesd Dottie , tor cack { — | Ae anlexc) .~ Qn? o-_+—__5 | a- (bye) a Rey “Ala Me. ! 3B ee ea i a: (&Xc) & i oral muon 1 She oe 2, | wh from G , ehh a & Re Ke te Ky? BGG = 2 AD (h Ket Ky) =e im (Hk =o 2 “AE ( hkeetkhy) = “8 (Hg 4 > ERG = EUR) Th ds By: Bagg '4* Cond” of sbquase Dathig . Minimum Value of hi, ko ( 0 Not fonble ) Pe eal ea =o:,k=t] Thaye ara the porible veebuoy of h&kNeos oe hetl , K=o 2 of pao, K=t] tke = > rye 14 $A Kyet Ma enclon Ihe Ke t qua ag Ler BE Bz ave vevy imp» “in: ehoctrtca) a3 well a5 magnatia propidy « Bz dacide the ev & phon. 2e07OK G93 99009 * elladie popup “ascidd- by the mahi ap or ia th expel 4% & more foeady then coyptal Ui good conde : dp can nak Yreve fredy dhen aysted anlator . (9 gf bared gap dy Yoxye , Fran rare ery hauls be froovicad do feee Ha @, . ; * Bev moving Snwdt Ha oye shan; gt LD houre alow mom then boxy Do. - Booglit hypothe Gr /g0 nowe sone A ah Pp pe 0 3 “3 Cand” db gakugind, ther . ; a He oceded with noe in packwad cia” insleacl o yond tin" do’ band 9p agoulat . 8 : art ec i foes. do, mare JD Bx. dp will howe, He | onegy of VB" or GB. +H hee entgy af bem’ HH | Hon vr will do pack & fort, maten-s Stanley vhua, © Te comer 4 Bx 4 abv applicable om , Phonon. e Area a Bz. Jelly thor em can move foealy in this od09 [7 gad ip abet om bewunelry than plmae changes by 18" | ing ware foomstion eeestt J brand gap asciness IL 1 i 4 eoecoosronoseee eoeorreT®Ql BrMowin Zona > Nett Cond? a k ah , > Fhee =e | Q “t Ky Ky SB a | Bo Ting BL: Lg thongulley shape (4 a) | Sop ke | Bea BZ Qo) (29), (08) ro3tdaz, tho aw Ga, | Tase ae He BZ Y Squaw Dalle, © Ractongelan Latice “> shale afrB.z- Lu ectangular, |; Hexagonal 7 5 hope af T BZ uy Honayorall , Gibe ye Sheds ap 8.2" iy Casle , F Square " “4 ” 4 Sq uoe . Oxi Which of ‘dhe follousing otetemont abut BoL-for er jearticulase: secpovend JothL one correct ,1d) All BZ howe dame onth in 1D, dome oven if ad & game veduire in 3D Thu by due, 10) Tay ofl asses stare Ahafer. — False | gity Tiey eld howe shame atymrnaly «Pout. 1 Qbostions six Gpleratoruie separation of Ph capstel having fee shucks 3 os 3.5 A Hon calleulase the no-.af Cette tn Suet OOM A EA (i) (lee) plane : a di). (UI) peane I Quai eco has hep ahuchat with Late pacing a= 214 R hijhk C= 407 A ans Fee With cube Ailey ass A, Caloullade the ifedier dfy densthcay aj due fear. | Oi. Fim Xeveys cata Fe J found do have cubis shalt i ponamdler of 287 A. th dansity & atomic moss OAR (“gato yh? & 55-85 expertioly’ Find aut the Boavins Dottia og Fe 4 drdenademe. reeoihen af Featoms G4 Sadiam deemapooms fovim bee to heb caystall sfauchre od abet 98K wlthau change of density, Jn the, cubs) phare Lottie paxametty a,=4'234 and tn hep prow “cf, w= J. Find out she latree comsact in eb hose (24) OS @ Colleulae Be ditfeaction angle fas He Tat 3 feosks’in AL powder difpeach’n pattern. Note that cxgstal 2hoadune BAL B fee & dothee constant 4 YoY 6 & X~ohy Wel: we - \ 1 _ sya a S9HSCHSSHNHHHHLHHOHHREMAMTATTFTEORPOFS HOO ITVOOND —— |4 (b) s-dhe Lett const. of AL 4 Lassen than Hoy A Resesbe — « hav patken would chang. j ‘ . n F § QE i dn powder W204 olifpaution pattern, wring K- Bays of hi L§ bsy A. Thaes congactive Lat oveltr peaks a chrnved ( 5 4 { i ‘ ot a9 value of 60", 90" 4 112°. | dyskm 4 cibie & ook at go’ cowres}onds to. (220) plane Cabenudode (a) Value Lattio conttont 4, (b) Obtain the Milbor indios fer to yest poaks, & idantity- : By uptemn - Ot--A bee call has a Lattice cot. a. Callendake } @ Spacing b/w (i) plane ' 5 Boagy aprarbbn, angle 85 for dffoactiin foorn (100) plan @ ap Xap ot Wee A aw Wied, | Bie A bee al U wad do meawwud the Wh: of ell arene angle fer the miplechion from (110) plang is” 26027. Calleidlade dhe kbs of x-2ays Jp Lette paramd,, q ake copay 215 A | touting iy 4or30 and donvily Us 3.58 x iS Gry? at j 298 K. Colealate iyi Oatice pararneley af the caystal. UW) The values 2 (Sn8_) for che jllanas (100)., (Iho) & (WN). , L puto A pourker szample of fec Datta with Last const, Yog A ds wed for. X-aez. dipaa chin Aluclig wing monoehreriahc laos1n of X~ vey gf Ihe 15H A. Find He | Qar The rnallan mass af Magmiviam oxide having Neel dyes . '9eene9089 0 ( Dowert value of 6 fer which Ahr Breage aeplartin would bo | daxetvedl- ti) Find Ro Benge angle for Ivd peak . . : i ie abot city enbe side yA dy ded + mie anaes uA, Qobermino dhe Miller inchiaw a al acts of joan whieh Sottity the Boegy. Condition . de | foe each peak, find the Broge angle. fo. } Neuken diffeaehen & €7 ctifpractien i= [xereuy dipproen { # Calculate de enrngy of X-rays } roubons 2 electors coavespording to 1A Wavelongth, I i ENectene em 64 ) 5, = he an ; E, =. Poo ht By De- Brogles ypathut ) 4 = ; 2th, na” pene 5 Fo= BE OL ; 2Me. “am, jE 7 pGen HA ty dame, Hen ey, En» Ee ane dipuent, 6 £0 ve not mas-los, Moy of e 4 nan Aiifrent,. Ey - oxgPvane oS) _ nagtie® yo sy = NGSX lo” 7° = hse i | Raise : 16° lo iH E yay) Ey = (worl : 7° ax leryie? (io) > Ee = Gere _ ' AXGTX Jo! Kf J5"9)* } ae Enuyy y tRoxe Siprattons OW Wed foo digerunt = —— @COSCSCHSFERSSOHRSCeHOBSMATMTRBAOBelye For X-zay’ > hot oe AKL yy comedt ? ‘fine Vu Bu cube valltoge # ie i rot (eva t 2 Hay |) coca oC 1 in ioe HR (eve de >» dat ) ¢ { 4 { ‘ 4 foe 1, No epandoney ef dom Vi bcoz 1 Ang ( choagless but they can be accolorates! by Amp § : | ( { | | A= rem Thm Som ah] dsamajenvay E,= BRT (3 dim) ces | bab far, KT 4 Ipes_:- | X-ray dlp ued in .coystel athaukiae dottaminahbn | | bowed de determing magnate Qhnhue of salléd and ditebubdn of nuda . | Gi Bootren Lijeaoh'sn - : ° b wred do dodesumine susef-act morphology, hey af & used Jn auqace dtuckins of dhe caystad. 1 Ey > Ee > En for LAWL ak oe i Eoee hone ve change Bo th can nat ponebrate Ja J sed do ured, for Merfece Busty, \, Bae ar = 35 peda Aven = Bq _ B xy , x lo! mm” dn TUS andy, Bx (499K, = 2 arom. 4) fmmt = AXRx jot SR aE | = BK I4xho!* atom A es 2 Qn) 2 move chord pack, jmm* Ayeq 20 fe fer, az jeen ’ = P44 (3) | [2 = Fae, ' = u94 A —— (Cae) feea of aquana’= a — (494) AT ‘ 5 No ef atoms Jn thy arog = 2 \ 1A = loo tmm \ Lootne GaN yio mm. Avea = 2 cater. i fomm> Area = Axtell. i Cag 4y® | = B16 X lo otomy lt | do (Ut) plane 7 GU Rea ) y oof lave OOOO COOLS OZOH SHHHEDTODOHOHOHTHTFHD®3 nma a aa a Pm 2 NA Py L w= Lethe 2g ate * 7 & ¢ a? | - bP8a Xx (ROX YOR uy 3596 h (3 coe YY. P38B 093 Since hep fet ci. asl fash fr: ; anti, pais should be ofepr 4 1 OBR anne A I PTT K4/m? I m,= 5886S ops Aaa oN Jee Caan => n= ana | Na Pom Mp | = (2:89) YG023K 0° “xX 1870 - SE Lea mea] = 20063 7 ce for bos ‘Sy 4c =O Fae eet ef) BIBQe 6 My| CoH SOO SES HHEHHOHHAANTTFSOHHHHAGHOHIIHDG trienatomin peporahion > ter bee 2n= 8 a ane yx gys = Layee 20 = 26 2A A a | a= nme Na Sen 3 an ad = Ame ' : Na Pm ) hee + (33 Arc) = SMa _ » (2) Na By ” Aude fy aad agape = agi = JT % ¢ Q(ya3)” = fF at Cr 633) 151393937 2 3, ad = 151:342934. : VSWY a= 53592 = fa 2 2 &A= Ad — fea (a A= YoY fp 1 AS heya TL, 3 packs — (1) (2.00) , (22 . vy aene =A oe eee diy Jee dy, = tod = 233 A iB Qddn= AD AY 233 M9,= 154A > SnO,= —— to = uae | Ww), “ = si 13304) “=. 1962936 O.4 i 3B dypangfe [20 = wee] (28), dn = pes = gel ver Hein, = Ao >. ax202 HG = NSH > sno, = 1st - > BinO, = LEA = 913812 o =a 9 frees] A a | (9, d=. “ae - sol = IE 2d =]. 9. Raa vidya JES giney= 94 = on; = or Ye = 0537, D O52 326)" = [2= 65:2" (b). Endive. bade will &o ships to Dower ctippechn angle ab at el L : 29 1CHOLHOHSOHHSHLHOHLASHHHOBHTNTOFOSHHGHOOTTFPEOD A Qo '— 2d8nO = 4 (8p Rage Breed Hoe = RGF | Ee TREES Aton $n°o Ac, (ik = a bo gin’, + BYP. BOG = (nt HL) * (gt Rath) + ( Reet) "| + for 20= 90° +t 4 RY) % fereze 77 8 “Ps 28=96', well get § whan Ln | rox 6) fo Pebiy by 6 in a0 Sin > 4,81) Go" Comesponds to (220) Ngo ce » id d= ae 2dene=) 3 4 sinvs’= J 2D ga jXa a psy Zz QE dy) bee~a d= Se. PUD Qdye BNOEA | 2x By Oe= | ‘ i 3 - be . i : —— ey Roflechan of (jo) 20:2" i Q= DISA » ABP 2dis ¥nG =) | } = : au aA fa A= axe Kos A [ai. = 4]OI1- MgO , = 4o30 (Nad ype, Stouche ) Me = 3:56 x]0° Gm/n? a=? did eins d > (Bint) 1) @=, Mp OR Ne one) at = Tn Mie NyMe 4 (Mpg Mex) Po Na In | a= 4X YoRo PDX for i ae = Be Yay jot “$58 X o® xGodAI ~ 3.56 x G02 A=HAxXloPm 3 Aa Yag | Sno | O27 atmos A | : ; A a dite = Ss cn = z asines ) Bn 2 ono. . BB l BnO a7 V2 d” axipa “ALO — =e | Sind ey~ Gar : RE = 0123(A)" a4 | . i Oil FQ) No ; a= YA ' SER @) Sowert vaio ep 6+ Ol ea du = & fos SC > al faaks algowed i z ie *(100) (10) Cul) (290 ) G29) | “a F 2dsno=NA 3 sno = nA. | yf | Sway DAS EL ano=NSIA | pe = Ae gap ai cond” Si.) Aatified—» peaks ae adloweal, 2 [Bovap = 1203 & Ow Hr 2 (Ban = 2686] | te) Third book (220) : dois 7 Fo. f. ax 2 Bnd = SY Cin) plane re ob x SR wh Not pasviblr So Only 2 peak3—s (100), ) 10) Sin O45 = ae 15, 58-05 | mF ; | = Be es nCXs By hody) |Bonding sin _S 5 dn Sabids , a an atemu 3 vey ateong - -Gonsally 5 How One & sqft of bonding , iw paimosey bonding. | iy Seeoneleny PD bone agit / equilibrivm alisente /naasust raigtboun clitence j Unter te a » two atoms au fined. ep Net, force lr ies Atbrachive owen Tallancas he 2epuilidse fore : Pot” Enagy = = Minimum Condition oy Stability —» Net free mit be xno & pat” entigy mutt be minimum , ferea =- ve 3 adjective SHE 2 repulse xo Dighke choses > aepal.. atom’ ane at fan dtene thay Jnitally cetfraction yo Sham when they eure. nes Then Hue wel be gepiulrion (very Loge Wan 7 =e thar Albradtive fowee bnloners tre wepubmve fore, Rojerlocise frends Qe sherk range U feoees: 1 . how |W % ~ Squibrbsiaum point B For a table Jaijalem | RE Ahould ba ne minim sen, OTe Nena eo ene: ; ! i Primaseg Secor | donic Covalent — Metablie ed. : ad Myaletigen, Seeardasy Bancliy oenerally sales area mt 4 - é Pave after Peimary : | _Poopihiay | onic [ Graled | Malalli [Vala Faia | area Petmasy Primaouy Poimary |S once canola 1 Nedusee | pena | Shesoang shasaig” | Srducwd — | Pasmanent | Laioati, | i abe dips mori, Shale mon. Wes eas Ironside | reanion bated j { i it ? fl i i 4 5 2098000999006 i eeeeoeteeessabengeangot Sonic Bonding Thi Sybe of benching iy foamed ‘by rampen 4 : i a ey Na oh “glachronagecvity (power 20,ctthack the ey ator Lod ° ae i no oTt ap od Di heighn than No. (2,8,1) Crb/FD Ao CQ dake 16° fimo a, Natal” CAnsallato] Jhb Js called Tone banding . 5 Covalent Bandits | my type of binding Bs foomsol by hase of em bw 2 oF more clone “a@Gn) 9 HH Pa i WEIN), OF aayadl bound . Th type bond i petmad ww same elae apathy atom pS clle No, Highly dnehnad. —, CSerpicortecty, | prodalllic Pondiy ~ ra Hale benching Jy similar to covallont binding excopt tho shaved e poly 2, nat foals Ft cay meve form one atern +0. anothn atom, Cl i erg LY Nay Ky eee elt (mately) PE Shasad e° fpain i weak aly bound Ty) ineolaly Paapdbre ( gerably ) CRocallired ) Vanclarnioal Bondi This type of binding 29 foamed bya aloms. or, rnalacetiy there do not have tendonuy to Deore; galy os phoning of 4) Lily Sells Argon . ete. 2 5 Ctrank gas —» drachlise L) => can nat Loase, gain or shane thee”, As we put Raton. fogothu , by innacion EOE DS This otby deg do the Inolucad clipalle mao ® Vanderunal bordiiy i vey weak. (Manat cbineetionaly :atem & higheby clesbenspatine adtorry Like Oxygen or Chhoving. Dia to dh chasud em pain athettes| nme towards Ihe ellache nse atom, Thiy foamy & panmanont dipole, nage eng. $80 LCE (H20) GO)0 OH LLlocnsgaltvity cof fs Momynre of Choetonegadvity — charge om nolo At O, Nucluuy > +%e Sama He 5 $1é h-O-F. fe y oe BANE RUARR OS ey OH P S$ Moleiule hes acciured purmanontd cipile momouh . due do parmanet otifalk mom... gmebhy. boiling pt- of HO ua. loo*c. — . Cf due No He bondi — chen ~$0'c_) F-v abso direchonad, Constant (of tonic cystal ). (i) +- Mactehiny Constont Ute om) dun do Wrd roast vayhoun U, = = 2e? “3 > Orem) ® Total Enoyy. of dhe dyrtem , [Bae = IF aa : to Modan Constant fer 1 Dim Fonie capdal , Modobung. Combard for 3 chim Tente caysall + “eenmgy due do Tot newest naiyhbove U= =6e? . . ones, ~ W) Ind « ” U, = thet Unt &e(Se’ eet) oa) en + Uy = eee. Yr és (3x) ~ 8) a a “ee |° i g rt ; Sic, fee, bee Oe ma = re] (se siante capital) | Keep = #63 “| Kans = 1638 | gerunallly , Losger dhe value q Maclalune Conant , Mare Atedole 34 Fhe ahuchue. But Nat) dy mow sate Hoan 2 F ¥Beoz near raighbowmy im CsCh ws mose than pycg , I. dy Oscl > 8 ONINY an Tab team [ove adele -» pa Neth — &. 4 4” y | GBP AMP, ' Qua i- A mondatorie SC Oatho with pet" : : ’ Us be Gorey L perms’ Whee m= 28 m= O5 Hy Brot De | fing dv equillibotem Oaths Corastent> | Ia Bp K— peas of Wil 28 A dy bo Used Shen minimum anole TREE Gn be dase eaten tant Stas ytd j well bey' Oar A fee Lattin auch a3 nti gas dusrad oll ab Sou: t emp. a pol enuiyy can bt-eeiaetsad © \ p= [ie (gy" mis (5 =)*] r whe 7 a distane bus reosuxt y jloaunm, & od a content (of copied. Relermuy dhe Dottie constant in seis oo, Oar Caloulake ts Coulembi pot" engy af Cs" ion jin a Cscl caydtol by only convidoning He neat reightbou ap Cot While cathe comat, of GL ws YA. 1 4 Oye Agus thot foot” enatyy- of 2 atoms Jnaldy a bec cops Li gen bye) “4 a+ urflong oP ane constants. | Calase Gp equa lala | Gi) Latha paramesea dit) Rolabiyn baa athrectiose enory 4- ve enn (Wu) porenngy at the ee ep } Baluchions : P he dy Us LaCa-%)*- ip (ry? wv. ee dtr-n) — bp ate-n) \ =A [BH — P(TAB) ‘ i WU ( Felon =O D> K(G-B) - P(&-%)* =0 | o& #-B(%-km) 20 ; B -%) = of eBWa kK yD BH AY { Rae e 3 > Oe Go + B \ forse gaa : [foe ee) w= Ba A tes fe 3 R= = secorceverorersosoeeesooccesos eee 5 f Se ° Iie[ ee Vd) wuega =288 \ 4 | for SS > 2820 7 | A= 2(718) = 15 +6 d= = = [S:Gmee a5 <6 eae be 3 pe : =) We i hte _ i ditefe bea ad 8n On tJ 2 Ax nO = 2:8 DP gine = AB = 010994 { BQ | Bri 14637 | ae ‘ (2) | Qaim U= Nhe “(*) ~ 104s (=)"] I + E N [193 ¢ mh - par (-6) =| f-i4S: 1m Fee]. oN [W586 8 4 069 26) | U = ye os Belg =e D556 Get ORG PD Sia Behe = 14556 yo4 { 7 we “19556 = x" 36°F) | To = W556 Ves (1478892) or [ me © Cet ¢ a : lease cieeacreal A = 090194 7 | & i key yeh a : ! : Cf Daa~prte fe Aa pyly xX popol Wo a=SOSHSOHSHEHHSHMOCHOBRHSHOSBEeENAS FOF ADRAOBROHRHHA pon peermey a Oa Cael —> cot Qatio constom- = UR Wes ate ae UT En Fe Yr eo (EB) ra —he* _ Hee pie 2 Gar elif). SS Are yx") s ae = ERR KL! LB = fh Yo = £4 Une xie")* _ © Sretenyrie 7 = ~26' x loc A OY Uae 4 Pe 7 oe JU U ¢ =the ye af du dthiwso DJ A= g P ae % pees des ra @ = > xr= nr a W) as? aie Bo O=Qn _ 9 Vp = B(a) 1, = 445-(a8)”| a ) a -A__4 [on te = (a5 7 VK — tlt Sep + git po pat git BY vga = 9 [e+] _ s)" [Hn] 7 p? —. pce yla. fF “Ei - “ee ]” ahtetohve fy ait pt & geferlyve Feece ey : age)” gt pH ia eas1 Lattice Vibrations — Vibrations of ARiv atoms in the ’ Polid. Thy vilration fi sreoted-a3 Simple hasunonia’ motidy: i Zooh atom JU Aol can vibrate Un 3 moles. alo ach ate i can be conriderss 03 3 dimenmonal hasumonie eseilfater, | * $6 wsdl pornfoom SHM only if > ? } | } hee = , | UAPeny Fx &U gex® Hon thy matin iy Anhope monié, mation . 7 | Nous; LLatticg vibvahlrs -dacide the \ —> dha) Poportics oe — > Oetkal 4 —> mocranical *» I Of any aystem, | A Lattin making vegasisled ae a, zegulley asmangrmorty I Ef atbony which ar: joined togetfor by elosite apehgs . | aap we haat a conductor wise Hen heat wil) move fart frenron end do anothin but if haot o insulator whe Hen Raat wil) | move stil) move but dlowely bez yibeations of atomuane | Coble jer atemy Ahift He Absalon 35 naar obo Ta | > Amblitade of vibzahion wild br) Pot x : | > Thin a) joossiblle at Oour demb- ve! (Pax 4 Vor x2)! | oz at high demp Losge. vibration povtoom in any. aytleip, | > H Vid of atom do sHm- thor dhure will by ng Haag x pansion, sf CH thene. b Arnal expansion dn nl SHm) SCOHSSHSHSOHHHEHHOHHOHHT NHHMHHOHOMOHTHBBB9HODD me ; _ J f || + Motion gf each akong Lr courplad 4 shased by each. ateny | Atoms can vibrate, fiyst Poealy 0 Ahta nownall moda - dur do Hay anternal entry This dybe of vilsrahions Doools fo Srfeomabion about thawed pwojortuy Jikp rpecific haat 4- thermal conductivity ap dhe solid - ZX) Thy can expydmed food Vilsatbny undley dorms eetesinal foece This fore may be mochanica) oo elactsomnnte This gies wine 40 Alcausntical (echanead’) and Sptiall projeertiy ap thy rolids. an caw of feocad \ibeahony —» Py we incidont Sound - wavs ( Longitudnall) Huy otemr can | vikeate along dhe dis” af wane pepegehon do Pound WOUre i. can have ovby OMe ede, 2. df we incident electerres Wane ( dremaver) Fhe atorns vitoate along He 47 cli? af wave propegehon alo EM wane gan hae. 2. moles af vibratdn , From His -prokedy asises —» Optical peolomties . Vibrations ob ene-dim Momo.atene. Aol - | Lot w toniden a ene dim: chain opatoms and havin | mass m & Say ane ‘caninaded . to Hie eRartic Apring of Aping constant c Distene bis 2 atoms is a. ' | glint Gay OY) gh Gy Gry a: mpm fa en) ' ! 1 ! : ! : ' \ ! Unda @ i i i Liat? Be 8 —psO SO a ret Uy +H nee ‘7O09O OOOO 080379 9983800 | | I | } ! | ) ' } } ) ; ) eeoee doves eo eed f The 27 of motion "by considluring neaseeat ruighbsun only - Thu motion follous the Hoo ky? Dower, FAX & vax Fakx [oc cisplacemont from moan pondion] F= (Uh? Un) — C (Une Uni) dluflacamend ag nth atom bem (nH) Hatem | Pa ote C [Una = ~ 2, + Un. ] -———() Atoms are farnferorniny SH Po dRait dyplounont 0) be Aimplo hasemonic.. &o we wate the diploomont in _derou aimplr hestmonis Wwouse. TUBE= Kina) | =e a i) ampli of ware . wo ‘fre quany of vibzahin ka wave weelor xr din? af propoyation Ce =na) , from whore dalid Aba - Tyb atom ata divert Tnd at Qe, Mt at 3a--~ & Aeon. ee - Urey = Gertler Kowa] _ y,e-ike i[wt - k(n) qa t Uj, = U uel a mete ot a mae . ¢ uf cape] 5 ~ Muy = c Yate” co Je D w= 28 < [ewia 1] = ae fi- cole). _ Sila | 2 Bree 2 urs ae cml 714 23H") aPuma -4e. opn/ka) | =4O op 2/ka) pore [as a [— Thi ds The foes oUypwivion selatin fer Q yvnonoatomie. Kodhce, dipvion Relation => W VS k relation . jee how uw & k changes usr" to change cin each GH snags Guards of Lattin Vibvetiin 34 Phones. | > Wave of tottia vibvation »v Phorrons follow Bore- Rinaiein Atatinti (p-e st.) [> Lke-photon Cenmgy duanko af 67 ware) , ‘bhanen 3 abso Boson. . | w= fie [et] |} 2 Modulus u dakar hari beow reg: wv can't ban —ve => w wu Auparcline upon sin (2). A) 4f lo= Adin, (42), hen whad J spring conemt 7 = compry With B= A = fe on —_ A | o{o= 2B II ty adlidd g= Ca > oy is velocity af acu mM a be : Aprig. | 5 Sam = OS Pela. * i Vg = Ope 3 ay = afFe | BENE] oon | \ WE | in ( K E eps 2 — Me wy) I Ss dangitudnad atfrew & ae (mays denaty ) on ; . f= | } aa hardly as gertely i | Pe HH 4i pti Cores ¢- L(y At Bow foeg: & Rony Wavelinth = i tam PIE Fen (kaa) w oak | sm) “foo dong Wt Ko fag k= 20] | j Bin Kas ka - Qa 2 = Ra) 9 [o=[F ©] a . yn. Grpup velocity yy _ gu + Ad Vp = p= Us At four freq & Lome. Webs, Maclin 39 Non- dijooryise. i Honee, dt can bo convidond aj Continous © homeyenaans | macliary C His “iy abye calles! Continuum Mockel ~» dn: Condinunm model, Vi is indlaporda of ky (2)_ Ad shoots. sel of high freq in 0 Nb afpeximahon on K.. w= I PY | 98> LMU — b= “de = $ fae cy (KS) } @SHSCOHCHREHSSSHCHOOHTOM®MFFSHSSSOHKRHBHSHOHO RASS | |» A showy Wiley Up # Oy Hone irodium J disporense ” ” | Ak what value a} k , Vp =0 ae = 03 (+2) Those ang tho ae op he: At B Xone barndsin (at k= oy => At Zone Bowrdsuy (x=t) 3 Vg =0 do We k geaph's . 1 6 come flat, Commesanding Wk do ket dw | eo K=qF on > [saa] dp any’ wave hoy Wile = 24 chon ay quoup velocity =o Ao | Shak ware can Net fravemilt Hreuyh Prot medium gs | beoz phat wave ey nob camsuing any euy , (group velo + iy dhe vel 3 ware envgy peanamivon J & Ths Wave til) datisgy the Bragg 's cond? dnskead of rane dgy ware , we !00 get Sending vlaus, Bro Zont-bourdsy [sep of die band J Pape eran band K —2 G conte of 82 $77 © Letom af thekand) afoeq: band — Fhe aMlowed yalury af prey poopogate . { | quoup veliak se dop af Je band Js tho, Wax = Be Top af the band + fer mono atomic Qaticg | Wrox > So monoatomie fotticg bohave die f . oe 1 Lattig pts he: 2 atom -basu, (Nor of afoms ain pomibee unit coll = 2 hep actos hove mares m, 4m, At hoovies than ™, . ey Rejuoniy : Wave will not. Poopogate (Poet “forbid Jo" yee pars filler, beaz face: greats than Wax can not, prfeget. ie ‘pas Hh freq: Lowey Than Wma Ai Atop the frey- mort dhan Whoa wo > Une |=> Nah fae beahin, of Ono-cim Di- atontic fattie m,m, = [ae lot Ke Ez High fees) tahoe of ofaticall branch di panels when Lighten mass. “fis whith Kwalug —39°(KL)—> sin (KR) = | = ale) SeI at A hots n iT te 2 5 B-Z bound ay Ab BZ baunday , fre depand upon Lighter mass. uplk=o) > Wy(K = 23) | &@ Acoustical Beanch 1 wt= (hth) -¢ Hrd) on 7M, / @ hong Wil {-Sow fs.) ' — : At kao, Srey af “acauistiaD branch willl be zn bub ny optical “branch will not 1 (20me Fintle alse) & dong wir (Low fry) ‘ley tn 4 R= ] K-30 , )—* ws cla ne [iri Hy, re - cde fie j= Tae es] mm, 5) _ C(m tm) Jfi-f- ea mim] One, korn” Ao Key amall. do Expand oh = eGkrk) [a pry een it ul ti a (Mrmr ; pac (mame yf Kamm 7) 2gr : ( mms) | “a(n ¢mye | = SO 2(m,FM,) Ke lees |” 3 We] Like mono-adtomic E 7 CHOHHOHHHOHSLEOHHHSHHOSTSHSHOHHSAGHOHHIFSSO i |: |» 4 | } | (C) heh freq: (Sho (shooter Wik) & t kK hgyh 3D on W{K8 Js ; , { (k=#3) we thd) — ¢ (aay | | w= CCH e(bo) = TAR S| w= /2c 3 At zane band y Pep of acorutial bonnch cleparl sper the fonviswr Maus.) do W Sf Optical branch 4 Weofacsurhe beach at — zon bounday one efferent There 4) fome gsp bw Hein | known 23 want Gay. ee § of eee Je 3 n pK v x Thaw thu dispeoten relation Of phonon Aiperrsaioa th clicternie Sothia . Thre can net be any phoran comesspeand to fogs gap. Band wsidth f allowed enoigy bard (Frey: wid) 2 ee (aoeatstral beet)» JH, = we>a GG000S8G08999000 S9GCHOHOHOHSHHOSCHHODBDES ® fri ORY » JE ~ RE clopands upore both mares dp m= mm, thon fees Aap = 0 redisappoans bend vidhy= Jae | JEFE - JE] fer_obtical beech _ + Allowed Geequery wane cp probepiom of. uae. Uy aputted nk wo pools — @ Ophcal beanch i i) Acoustical branch The 2 branches pepurade by a ‘beep gap Width of au gap ational JO fm. he. te Fri ‘ dab 0 fi ~¥mt, Ped 1 Lighbey mans dem, gap t 1, -9 heavisy mas —> mem, , gap dinappoors. gap=o dn monordemis. Dathie, we. have only aeeuskad nae & sn diatomic Gatti, we hove both optical acanttteal franel hes Gb Gy nocomadup fr a ofteal branch that there rust be Qatems per peimibise unit oxQl. : dn optical branch, % atoms mover, 4p oppositt dixections - hante conbe ¢ mass Ln optical branch pemains fred - .Optical Wane —» EM wove (Ligh waste) acoustic Wane —9 Sarurd Wave Ny ck Natl = @—O——-©——9_ # mq mores upward svelmth % — clounwonsl - CQ hao! er . Bi Th, & mz CUL A reo | Rumen Mor But Conreaf mays v2main fixed. | 4n Bletical boanch “+ CM Optical brcineh, can be asin in Nach ; ZnS, GaAs > Ge —+ accent +ve chose (ut Bran ex of de) Ase vey fee with 2-atom bas > Dimond i Cech J» Simple Cubic => optical branch can rat ae : asvutys . ratory 9 46s, ict} be. optical branahi care avis , J No-eftbranchas in a SelidF Sum on p alors Jn the pom unit clly ox p oder, basis y| Beanth \ 1D (br) “2d bb) 3D (3p). for Mono atomic athe - p=l arausticad = | opticaR = = b+ = IF] x0 ‘ fio Diotormic Patigi- par Gtawtieah = 2 Okting = 2b-2 = 20) = 2 | No--of Modas.of Vibvation * Iap p- aboms in He Pride |} unit coll % deta primbbive unit call an soliel wv Total No: ¢ atoms= PN (atom hoy 1 Dagoes oy jesslam) [ Modey | 40(bN) 2D 4bN) | 2Dipa) | - | Reousticnp | PN an 3N | L Spit | an |] pan | Gran] | | | ! 1 foe 1Dim Monoatome Gatho, 4 Arolid. cardeins N nov af otomy, i Tetal Mody = N > acoustical 7 N | » bptod 4.0 |. for 2 Dim diatomic Latte, ; | Total Mody» = 2N © | acawrteal > °N } optical NM SCHHKHCHHHSHTHHHHSHEOOHTHNTFTHH9SSCSOSHEAESCHBHBOTBD |ys Phonon clueryion relahon (W-k) Ub obtained by Inelsstic | Phonon. Tht as dhe erngy yponde op ollortic, wave wf os Lathe vib. —> fellows B-E abbot. acadtening. Of dhumel roubory. Akh « ! — Phonon deoxy nat casey any Phyvieod momutiun but indole | He cystal , at Ungrads with nowhon, X-2ays & eloofons a4 i af tt had a momentum Wk. That Js ayy called Crytap Momentum, => Phondn may abrovb oo ernit Ennagy « i ‘fio momentum clijpusny = entryy olifp.- b/es inciclont 4 40e Wad, Most of, the Voads) wild’ be oAifpracked bark but a Diy fork * EL) be deanifn do Lodticn » : i Phonon gornades by pelative motion af atomi , Phenon can nat exit In free Space Thats why it deo nab caseoyy [puyical momentum ' : { Results of. hastmonic cfaory of Latte viboations | FOX yUKK | UW Tivo Hettice wausey{ phonons) do not interact with each athe | ‘ie No_phonon Scattering. « @ Tow is 70 Hoymall exparwton if atoms ane vibvatiy heen @ Adizalahe 4 totaunal constants axe equal) (4) Clostic constants Like + fowei consdant C ang inclopendoné : of promune I temprahne . (S) Beast capaclty (sftcific hos) xo conshank for semebe p Ie ATS % 8,9 Deboize temp, “|ri | eSOHOoSeeoetetocroe sea epef®eooon502e09%96600 dn reall coyals, Hoscmonie. Hoag dew nat Follsw exectely Meaning » Potential endagy alyo contain) dhe anhasmanle dorms, Ut x 1X2, te dhen themal expayvsion asl) be Hine. Honte Dottie orusant will Inacare. H horemonic theory m+ Not Faldoe thin phonon 3¢a, 4 | i ! Phonon Scaring Phonan sca-gorernsd she Fonnal | psopertiy of ate Acbidy. , | <5 Phonon’ sea: can be of 2 tybu > i Wy phonon - phonon Acaeniag | Giy Phonon ~ impuouity. acadfouing ' Cphonon > impengeetion ) —> Phonm- phonm rca 3B dominating at high i, > ° 1 ingpurity + ° » 7 ow at | | Phonon Phonon Sea» is ef 2 types + | lz) Nosmal pavceys (N- poveess ) ' (a) UmkQaph poset CU- poe) N- Prews = This id 3 phonon poverss in diy, 2 phonsns combi [de form a 3rd phonon : ; e+e = %] Mom DEK = RR + HK = HR Ao Mom. i» Conenved . Zangy Commvetion , [boy HU. = Ws Saugy= hd Tw, + HW = Tw3 _ “hn shir footy, No FRuumal Rquallnttim ain Dishes] « Hance Mo. i ~tRanmad rutena & thumal conductivity 4. ; |Hf phonon proce. a oT =o £ " oO » U-Process: df 2 phonons scaitoed do give a ec phonon but | mortanem A Endy. ase net conserved , ton for the conrgvaltey ; ge mom: & enogy , lodtico runt be invelred. Hone thy is a : ! Ti rexipoocal attey veetor, | [wire = oy + | ome enogy will transfer do Doth; Sn this prety Sharma sguilibsian iy atablish 4 thenal i aesislence LU finite. Honty Trorumal conduetiuity is algo fart. | Ry = Falke | -Srungy of 2 phonons for U~ process is of He orden of 1K, | k—9 Bebtzman Consent, | Theswy of Shocifiic Neat. + Shige hank! Srmount ff eruyy seyuiae to vals He Sep, | | 6B 1 rooke of gas by i’ ce att . lt i Se ay of 2 , i We Cy > Appocitie reat et corstant vedume , | BG ieCeeSO OSES OHSEHHOOTTTGTOSHSBOBISTOPTS a for olen Coy, Cd wa supply heat Q fam oubide Hon dt well he upd’ fo atnere sho ikomal anngy GU ef the gas vncleeutes , Cp: haat Wed do ancoeate dhe idennal enmyy U g Jin work done against the external previ. That's whay Cp dy more thon Cv, Shocifee ah Said (Tp mare fam Solid clo nat expand much on hooking o constant — (expansion > Gad > Liguid > nodid .) ; expand the gas tld, TQeqec Solid ahawld nat expand on hosting. do Sfalckt manning of Specie fant af oti 4y ale known 04 Bod Copaaitin. by Bu poli - There cre 2 dhungy i posittve. ton cows 4. fee 7 ey. Na* * ons [sediew jon chain 3 callus! te ton cor’, Solid Specific haat cn of 2 dypes ; , L . +tveton core free em _ : motion of #ve Ton cove CThasumal math) > Lattice vibeation fz dy abe called Phono specific fab.Theory | Lato Shai ha hears 1D» Classical Haw CD.udeng. ~Petit's Lous) D Quantum teeny porinstin thoy WDebye choo c Clasvical, Thamry : fullong Rult's Lows ~ Askuunpibn of. this thooiy { . icodrding to JR Manny atoms viboale Like a Aimplo hosunonir oseblater k it can halve. 3 modes Of Vibration . tems ave udonti | \ ~call call, hascmonie. oscillateos Vibeecting- with ane feurdamo| | dob fetquoney indopndont to each athosy : re Sach adem J 2guivalent 40 3 dim classical HO. gh atuns as N olomt in se Sobid on nlernal | | i exmgy of each hartmonia oscillator iy) 3 KT. for a Cdarcal H:-(12im) : Tote) enowe 3 E = bmetipn th 3Dim, mE show ane 6 Pry , 2 due tox 52 due doy 5 R deed Jo z,-[3 KE dem, 3 PE dain] 2 each emery, conbibubig do U3 aly [ Ler] : he FX 6D 3 KT > dntanad Samy of cLosiicad HO 4 E = 3NK,T | { 1 4 i a if E=BRT] fe [ExT | I iz | ‘ Se sesh a . Ace to ea theo, Apecifie heat i consiant at all demasSIRI IEF SIA INES SET RIS TPL TB SCCGCOHHCHLHSSCSHSOHSSHHOFTTTFCOCHOHSCHSCHOTHBBDEDS | . G ‘But eyosdment shows that, — Thu shoo, fabs ot. Low aa At Low: demp , : +>, Cat Honea, Hos HReoy Fails om Low semp- © Einatein Tony (Quantum Hamy ) :- Thu vy only ene change y Etnatecn mada, in classical than AL Hu ‘atuamplion of Einstein Hoon unere nd. 2s clarvcal thoorsy But Hao only aifporones Wd 5 now tha” Josvicnia osallabes ant Quahkin Hanmas Oxlade, & Ty ane orcabladinge wih qusantbixed frequancits' reg tt Quantived in tommy of AG,No.(m), & ncan Foke valuy form N= 0,1,2, 3 -—- 5 / Samy of ore-diro Quantum 1:9 oy fie a Ry Lew 3s not tuumed., : Thés DB the-enanrpy of + WO, But Hor N, 3D. Le HOB oquavelant 30 3N , yim HO, ee BN) $ Dim Ho & BY hu + ete + Be ew.Spaifen haat, Gy = G) . oT Cy = BNR [e _))? e aS he (54) 2 belkeT Ty ey = snipe) ‘(&) e ; (ers) 1) ne Naw pub, ¢- a I Og = ny (Einstein ten}-) Oe \t bey, = 3R/2E EN ar fe] Einthein temp Og iy vefrrance dean » Case him Pe high Aowbe hur << ET 2) On << T wa Dy very “wing asmall) , By Binomial exparion Ck ay - Ths matehor with ebarical Heo at high demp- wo Hy oe sewulh at high demp: I | Gare A low sempe HY >7RT 3 OQ >? T | | | | t Ge 38(9) oS Cun ” i { ‘ 286, e It C= 3h sey" ease (rajlecd 1) . le j t Hore aa Hen ie. a i lominating 4 4S@eeoscQoe ees eHgocec seg og 8 O30 TB REC D ee a At Low term, spocipte heat iy doce vig exponnintdy. wth docsense in temp. E Sxhorimontz rhouy dhe behaviowr f @ ab: haat 0% cies done this Athoory Dd Loilos} at Dow emp « : 0 : ls G) abye Trey (Quan Tn) | Enstein dheoy cusmuned Hat N oseitlaens , ose bles” with dome natunel freq & Andopendontely but a3 Hay are coupl ahow feeq of vileation. can nat be ame 4alss a abi con: peepogate a Large ‘no of foequmncles feorr Dow rey, +0 (Sound wanes) do high foe: (visible vediatiin). This moans a crystal can howe a vier of modes. And donsity of modes $t Uy called Dansity of Stetes. ” Denaity of stades of EM radiation > Dovvity of Atocty — No of enogy staby available for unit enogy arta}. As dP, DO)? A captall can profeonk wo dyhes af ware (i) dongikudnal Woes (Sound waves Jim A Oonpuitudnad wave con have only £ mode of viboattean fon hosemonie. O8allastor (poobepakian of uiave along tthe din” Sf ware) , (i) Fanwos Wave + A deansrense ware hove 2 mocle ap Vibration 17 to he din af ppozetion, | Spocipit- heat fem His comes put do be a= 3 )RFy —+ Debye fun” oo . ? xxi c= an (SF 3(Ey feel > (eye wher 5-5 Dadys samp. UW 4 Tabye ang rey Kp Op = AW = hd [> =P) St behaves ay 4 refenenar demp' irvicle tho aystal (rots) ‘isis tates: "ly EHP X< Kat: 8 KT PET oy f 7 2X oo L (Sy 3 fee) 3 UT Pe ay high Jemp. , Debye theo. mately with clarvical fey fos dhiy 2egion , | Caer ~ At ow denis: fw := hs>> Ker ; 0, >> 7 f ort dx _ a 0 (CN 7 bs G = EP Ey btw eet? 9 [ETF] A thus vest matches with to experimental reyutt, | 4 4 { { ‘ ot Js \ | 1 : i | |Snjenal enya} Lottie vibeetion ( Phonon Enoyy ) At high emp, [EXT fou" feats Debye Temmatwu t- exprenion for cubyk demp 8, = AY [ern y? are ( ) nt + Kabuin (K)! Vv whore > valodty of selina - V > volume , N > detad ro: Pater hs Atomia donaity. ona Lippananct ter each Solid . E \ ith Lottie paramo, Suppor for a beo Dota abuctinn, with ; a=2A & velocity a mound = lowe m/e - Caboubote So. . an 3 1 Os BE (SER) “hl know that 5° ; _ : i le Cron = Coat fe Coded ad 4 : CeoSCeeooonseooeeoeeeO800290999980800800 “T°? xT? : aye ObDIN Cayie, sconpully but could nef explain b Coed . 8) Het fees Han PESO , Only ennyy KE Ao How e: wil be only 3 Dagees Of teeadem , Ose =a aaa al. | . be enunpy hauled be 2 RT. Buck 2) B nat 2 Rrenactely, &) Clawical ( Loventz~ Doude Jhemy ) | diy Quantum ( Sommenfiald hava J Classical free elootren thaw ‘< Qosents-Lacla Tesy) _yCloctons ane Aareuned cc foee. —5 A ving poe mouroundad by Lasige no: of free esd. tye jon cove: | +n thes Hany tt autumnal Hak whan ae feeely mary | “in feilid dRon ids PLE Salto. he e7can mone fotely. throghaur dhe Caytad, PRE=o > tye lon core Nas +ve e7 hove Sage fe When a fee O° move in galid thon An ahs Heo at | aszumed thot tre ions. & athin free edo not apply | ANY foes Or Movitip face C7, _ Fect duo do dveion cee Fane =O Feo bee can move facody ainsidy the aolis. Bat i+ can net doave the saw bez Cwerage foace, af pnd fon on foes e- ay at at can nat Joare the sunjace, i for aimbliclty this foace 41 taken a4 2010 * PaPenoigy of inside €° Jy ux than aulticly ©, beoz grvide PE -ve, ( Otdsice = No fooca one: bub inmide a constant force on€) Thu Lan © haste 2&6 No e cay “yo +50 . cae, Huy basen — | i i - . . el -Sey ipfllassical free ev Fheary ‘follows M=B- Statubey , Quantem + , “ FAD « tae tie iol 4n classical Hemp motion af eb compantd to gos malleerle: , Bo sk Gs called fren & gas. & ‘em will Follow dhe M-B St. Festeos oh clita fate € Many (le Brad tg) © fren €'3 Jn a rolid compititutey o free egar, ae Composed 0 gas rmOlacules of an ace) gers . di) This foeo e gas cbays Maxwells a Gebitics . diiy dt suceesyeplly copines Glum is four Soar: (uv) Thre foen e's can move freaby” ao sibs aks howe Righ cleats & Houma comductivitieg, Y Rettls of fsenall conductivity to ellectstal covct dy constant at a porticulas dempraduser, x k— Hwwemal cmd" = cor Teall This ohslank ty Goblod Loonie. 0+ & dtp volun Ku = comb. = Imenh fb: = EASY = ausce wa Peg | Se (Rapoeent) cae plabonon—foane Ja | vi) dt alse exalone she Rip Lube © comple Oh: ob slotted Chrightnoss) / paca Laduray' > TRB Feeoy can “nat abbin Senet dlepanclonee | oF op. ellatoieal vesistivity . 3 iy st fails to explain elochonie ast copay & porcinaanctie °| Auceaptadbilty of fore 4. $! . ad Auecsfeterbl li af fee <, at @-———____.__. Pee OHHLDONTT7FSHGH8OCOHHOOEDRHOO SE| But by thir thoy, dha fx ox Ic eladroie fusitie feat ace Jo Hi thay | Cye 6 T Bud @xparimonlely, Ce Phauld bt — Cye « inclokonclont of T. j dil) Tardive Valueag- hath: cope far seme mates , can nat : Ry should by —vete Ryan eg: Be Mg Ca. ete (Ryztve) wv) # can nat explain. why veme Aolidy ant goed conoluctre Gelaokrity & Acme ant bas} concluctors Sf chastity he dt can nat oliifounbale bis sie, conductor & buulater. _ Quantum free & shaoy : Sommer fil Thony | ~ Chlarricad thay assem thok os in fee eo 923 fallow M-B stetudis, but ev fallen Fermi Dirac Statlitiy ay faudi Sxcbuvion Principle’ afpbicalele one - | —> Aad the ayumption of Quantum fren oF Hrooy ang came 5 clazvca) free Hany exeaft now €4 falldw ths i P edivad aba lutu. om fon | ( ele = Nomdwo e> ean have came Ducvdty | Atale) : esate “$2 > ned ,2= 0 Myo, Meats | ish aeet I sere i Neral, i Teabla, on rabeeulsy pyran dere 1s not | ' “Bah D wom \ . vey hh oe ees wil) bein ground ath he | Yo pextechionl en €4~ . : : But in fermi-dinoe tb thant ua wdrbnchon en -e& the an one dale mw only 2 2 can ke filled New tho dishibe § -dien of es 3s difpsent by changing the atetivice, .eeeooeoSe eee Geoagreg7°797 9060000009999 9990 | | a oe eee eee ae . je By changing the stabs, He prokendy af solid uu shot oe nes PaschHon fact u change facia fu’ clucuibas the distsbuhon of ev. Ausdo. Afpachon dur to al +e ton codk Cue can nat Leave the Aunface but-. frez 40 mow. in! sabal , — Sommunfiald eepfac EoD valid by 1-9 patrol box do cdetenmine the ennngy yyy Steatey, | 1 Dim Sch* 24” fos pat” (Pot? Vee Vax Ju constant with dime) : . LY, 2M (E-v)P=0 i ae tae - bese) veo We howe so. pind al? ¥ diel, © 50 EEL tig solid . (V0) vox eo have dual nahue, Bho can. be Commands a Wome 0 “id con bo ae? by Y. lot 2ME 2 aye k Then dE + Ys 0 K Wave. vedo: k= ot Pot! of thir 2, Y= fank«e BLK Sanat Bound Conditiens , At x= 0, Y= o=0+B) DB BHO At ocak, PHO sy ge AwnkL +0 | Ado 2 sinkL =o : BHkL= On NT tiling ne I) 2) 30202 2. KLENT n=l %b" gound atte . neh Fy exdied Stoke who Ware Rune a : [Pram] ey| S Ae Jt P= fe sn(2)/-——w y u 7 ame ae 2. * mR TKS TE ee | : | = ]/e= wy : | “2m > Ww : Snmay Level stration f withn. - Tar yao ki &Ne ee Vz04| ae é etbaree je extbation) add toe in: qoound Lowel. | Duel at Took calllad | | Cw bes Fermi Dovel co che Rant fillg [ne Fermi owed 0 the highs xeo EL ocerpiesl Duel at T=0k. Th uv abiktdly Tae at T=oKebuin. Eniiyy of Fem Covel iy callad Femi ALO Ho Dame ‘endow Feral Laval cuk - complaley piodad) - © above, “the y ao empl, | | Feomi, Gnenpy E,= net . | | arn sje shd ibe g Fly JET aut Nal et aceurmulole 22 ale yy an.@eooeeoGOoeoeoe Gen ooe T9FH7OCSCGC8CHHBCHOSCHBSBBEESD [ Ee= ay (MES TF om Vk Thu i He feomi erouy in £ Vim, when, No 5 ‘Clochonie dont L RE Toad no of &3/eunit Dongth . fom @)D Weger p we wit O° As fee than sity “hole eneayy will be KE: he E.=hke = Pe / “nt 2m . Who op = Momentum = 4K SS whe k=» Romi Ware veator eM ) Qk Now, Fermi Velocity. k=my, = ENT Ham Teresi , by CE, = = Sal © Cg--Begrran ' cut 2.[Te sks 2 ake | | x Qm Kg Groaned State Eningy (ar Zan0 point Eraygy J ~ : At a8 T=0K-, ald She e-5 ane an Goound stale, je: thee 4 no dhounal exsitation, Sum of all the entngy Atodes util he total gquaund adete envy :a ; { By =e TRY ( n=| Ami? | At 4 Qwdl, 2 23 ov fab. Lwitd iY clue to Apin nay , hore 2 shin Lovely m= +h & mab have same enyy . ¢] we pub the ltd in aay - gids dan spin dagenracy cil) vanirh, Wo Know that, Fr - A (StI) 244) . n=} = 6 = BNC) _ weateaontes ee = aad Baht S : 6. gee Ace ees cee 6 Tee tna solid. , Fetal Nor of es 4g Gu very Large, (suppor 4 =19e° than We can neploet (3% € 3. cu comport Jo 33) Soa 254 285, 3 vw 2 Brn Rees 2 3 ab ae naz 2 A ep Be & WER TR yt n= Ami ie 3} j| | i | OOGOCHOSECHHHOHMOHONTTFTHSOHOCHHFHH8TO9988 8 fi qeound stale endegy pay powticle ar for e” ig Aonaity of al Steaty Dle) = Qaraty of insd @3 choted no af elocfrnie stats pon unit enenyy ee D(E) = od N . J No Nap |e . ) » dE. { nb nor a ens “N= 20 | Devel = dan. adn : De) y= adi] Avie? dew to Spin daynmacy. We haute ge = 2mL> aE ana nny dn amt OME wo, D(E)= Ame = Amity nm4> nape? — 1 @me aia TH ~ EF Th re D(é) = am Lila eo” et Die) « ET in £ Dien Now gennralise db in lim £ 3 lim, ee a.Tabla, (or feremiont) (Het appleabty for pronon (boven) Dimowion | Ke Ee VE be | Te ~ =rnme | 4 Na) | > _ (Nn )* 4-Dim Nt (ad 5 (4) KGL cael a) ~ Vo) a2 \ aan)? omy 2NT) sm) (aa EO) GT Marae : Ya] yn | any i any 7 a2 | (arnya a [an sm) vain] ety easy tea as anal : | DCE) & oe aya LE Dim Fae ee | 3 °F : mf Le 2 Rim Cary. Ep . 2A 3 Bim pe eM) SFr Qenslly of Sadr an genial > G Enoyy (9 te a, Eek |h E.&k* & 1 massive’ pashcle 5 Lets Mune potty E Ys K qrabh > ennyy cluparion relation a Woe & ~~ try: ” =r: =] fer mas~Qey prete phon 4 photon Marre pool, | r [gs fa)fess Masg- Des pode, evs k geeph 9 Ling, n Moyaive " yo re ; { tv Phonon > “gy quanta of elortic ware ’ v Photon —> ” ” PRostic 4. ty = Bled P ,_v Mogren ’ sein } By change in spin , tha yoowe gennate , called sin + jane & entyy quanta of dhs afin wave rego. \ { > Most of the fermions. falles FE x k } * Bowens Eno -K ja anons can bi marive or mayitea remeting , | ce digpuyvion relation far magnons canna Eaik OF EAK —> Semotimg & brhowe Dike relotiits partie dhan E«kK 2. gr’ Graphone 5 EX i(ecoptton) . | > Tipkal erdot of fxm erty in any sei Ey» S-Fev eaeeeeeeeooeo2Oees condathon, LE ip Efactrora can't be ae eren.at T=ok 7 ae ev can move. to Chawreall shaory 7 > eee can gain sArmal onwany at a pedir ; demb> Bub’ Quantum Hoon Says only KT badow the fermi Rewek ; ea Qaun the ae entip., dlinaty of Atty — D(e) aE $e } | 2 —> Only few kT ao 2 wat participade in Raab | | ! \ | eogovreseeegoeegeonre ald — dimennen ; a can take vals “A =l, 2,3 { i ' n=! D(E) n=2}) DE é 1 Dim Eo || 1-D aa Quanduun dot § 2 dim E! 2X = Quantum whe: 3 Dim ee [aD] em | & Bak { , { lonwity af atatu for quantiied oadiation ( photon ) 4 E* | : i { che heat | Spe iRe a 7 | oy Td tas Cy KT when Eck” 5 Boren n=) Gy (Prawn) Nad Gy(Boxen)) 1 Lb To s Wa J 2D T aD TT! 3D ee _| [Ls-2 Tae Sy _ Graphite - at dy contin 2-Dim acesto heat tean, glo phonmia. Sp-heat for goaphitty Lalo eT] ari Onaphite > TRore-wil) be iniradoyenr vibsationy (ulthin Sages j | ber dame wu nat, interloyen vibration bcoz no bonding | | bp atoms of fayins. Gyaphite 4s poo dnlator , (tau Clacteical conductor | | bud has boos conductivity Sf | Fon Fewrniong t- n= fesmions >O cx T << Ay Total Specific hoot for a meted C= ar’ oe =< © etaatein'eDous , A ERT] eloebroniic Sp hoot Cootactronie wu clominating | Locher ap-haat Gaus, lomiunating , | Tenn BT Gy pragnch ot alll dems bub dominade only at Low camp: | fetal, [ESA] lot as alse calles) Phononie, Sp- aad, P| hice Romasttic Succapbality, u Aca: do dasrica) thor, 7 ot Ht ds, now andapanclant of Jem T. ¥ Slonting 2 fellows of Chatifeal Hay ax has basen soled by Quantum feea er amy . : S Quantum free eo” Heng succuspully clepiny tha temp: | dapandane =p leatskal renustivity , elocteonie specific cheat! | panaringnsht “yucupialilily a fect evs Bur ts fall do eylain dha fve valur ap Hold ty Coppictent fer sora | I motels & distinction hw metals, tnyulaboos ans | i | ,. | + Quantum free & then Ly bE ly K nO pee 4 y oR 3 Ce . | | i | | ip | aunicsCe ee Oe Oe en ee fermi istibution functon = FE) = CaF Tha dascwbins Tho probability ag occuippacy by N es: Behoviour at obiffmont dnb ». (i) Teok, ESEP F(E) =! ' Probaliliy of pp ato do be pillad is L ie agate ts” foo Yo flaosl . Wi) T= 0k , EP Ee ’ | | de Ly fooy, swe shod no atade absve Ep it filled: ie. compl etedy omipty. oe diy Thos E= Ey / Fle) =& 1 ee ae Jy the Dowel) af 50% seu Jove J Bigg ble ° ESE, 5 d H ‘ ; : mpi filled 4, compiled [4354 peal dilation af gre en Dowd | Beel con be gl dra a for mately only, : ee Powl ofa Dovel do be FiMlad—» £(E} now oe" #> not Jo bp She WIVTV/// Billed» J-f(E)T,30k i 1 ve ° | he ditsbublon gus’ for habes ao Liky I~ £(6) / 1 Temprotune dabanctonce: af Electrical Rovishvily or corduny Di The cpfacstion of Condluctivitg Ly ob}asned theaugh. i hum!s Dou, i = 7 : J= ck ——y | Abo T= nL (2) 44 we haw o Aoliid’ 2 connect Ub wlth baller than face €% I sens moving « H No baimng Than @ move -freod. sone r y dite ae of calQechon of 2 ts Ao. Then no cubed vu ee _ ag we apply Eloehrie piel! Fhen +79 om on will date Fe do mation by : Fave Tor) tone lo dhow u fing 7 that eel) collide with Phy = at ee & loot enoyy | Free a7 ahtory She dheory: of rnatals (no habs) Now ex wel) shack naw mation, -€° WL) acerdenake por dine TL, Tig da calted Rotanatien shine = E t (a= 82 > ws SEE |, Relarahon smo > crating, dime bw two ANCES VE, cotheyions | Se comes from Lan dyeo path Ue Li CLeLOge diidan | bys sw Auentsive celldyion, j J= Ig Te —b) [7= net wo This dy the elochical conduchvity af metal danivedt fon phmn's Dow. Jed algo called Qeucle Conclustivtty . “Try a de_ conductivity Beoz bafteny a proving a constant jth” Bee > Now, Hf we abbly a ac ,SBUte , $han conolteehvity cu nat ematent', now ap becom a tha ue" oy fost + - | o = _he*t ] (Aatym |W fap af applied valtage. “QO! “TRG Ls ac concluatvity, ER Btinwt wo den ac co converkel dnto de conducttvily, | Relation boy TAA + @ Dade Tey Ccboxsicall tn te ro ges velo | v a 4 “dn Douce deer + No concer of feo) int. e fallow M-Bost> £ em dy compared with yas malls PiE =o only erty a KE: thoy ! SSHOSCOSHOSHHTSETDT7FNOOHHOHOFCAeHO8EO8HORS inBe "| —] , Pe Bub dhs iu not comrest. box € doe ne faba ! M-B st But Jt dodlows Few -Disac gh i Bo Aces to Puanturh free e then | Wa Va 0) ; ‘ale, Avennge velocity @p o> insta “Hh Ashi) ob Fharnal | [wr Cea Lan) 4 thw Batying thon ea Wy) daft velocity, Fats Duparcanny oh Eleahical Randy & ConduahVvily “ner e& m ane constant Temp: cepandansy of o 4 dooicled by T becaun 0 Dd nat chanys rauch with © (changy bit rat rowth) | Car i Mean callivion dima Adpard om mean free pot), | | { (1) T >? & ‘Chigh serip:) 1 | a can scaler, with, Dattice or cwith dnather ©. dr ay Qimiteel by dwn ty fr of Acattitlne = phonon & &-e7, ‘ ‘® ® At high dempr 5 e= phonon Aca, is dominadiny wad this coe ea taAe Et Ae T +, TY then tho us) by more feequant sealdiviona . then ae Thu Ly docided by e-phoron &ca- Gi) T<< 9p (Low temp>)° \ | dn dhs Aerie wang, bath e~e & ex prone: Reabeninpy ana wsporrrible For Hep dapentts “Of conduotyiy-. dua do e- phonon , oat >» Par? durds eH e7 sea, rxts, Lat eta fr Rosutivily aa % ae fp 9. Tempeature. Aoponciant aesbtivitg , f; ia Independent on Jempr T but dopand on import conconisalon a} chofact) . 4 caper dn a ; ; et fw Sbpardont on aes (doped pd an JeomprT. Te en ne ene . pte ae i i | | | | | |luhiel one Ja moye Pune ameng A+B? Buds: moe pure. oT > Conductivity of rafal 4 With * Jemp, | > ie oe) eee Teyunal Conductivity op a gsulator + I lectsical conduehion “can dake fallaco cir to mahon af j i choxege partie 7 : of reaps Aha dranshoriasion of Snimpy, 4 Curcenh| Condluiutton- U1 Hae clue do the change . i —> Vibrating Datta can pooue hoot cmduchin buck can. nab | * preduta cusount donauchon , i | But fete em can deanspect bath » enetopy & cl pe cam pads beth heat’ < chsount conduchon. Maye => A fre & ‘can toanrfin Rast yore efficent than ee Thermal cond” K | : K KBut we aw nat dalking abst gos rnalouslg: Clive Phonon . J vetodty of phonon 44 squal) #0 velocily ¢ sound ; JE too} | rst dypand on dmb Vp ws vy ? a : sa 2 Joo > P fee ane [oo time more ee than phonon in car of hoot trang. Thermal Concluchvity of insulator, [k=kp= Lage | } Kk =Kp = LAGU | |_3 Transport phenomenon ~ cafnliety s Viscosity ; spenin) 5 An Moan freo + path et phones _ ga Speciyte Aact » | yA syelioctye of a [gksT ntip veloc fos a gas mmalecula oF Fay ram i ; K=Kp= Llp 4 eCSCSCCSCHSSCHSCOSCHOSOHCOSOSHSTT9H89ONF9ECHSCAHOSOD | ) ow Hp T <<, Cp xT ' Ap irelepanalank of T. thon, [kp & 8 diy High Amp im T o> Oy Cp’ indafandont of T } Ap > : pm }Tiemall Conduct! vig. oh a Motel) - K=Ket Kp : Re Ju dominont owen Kp sto bohavtour op motal wy * doviclod by Ke doi y K = ket kp # ke K ke= bree 2 Ue = Up (Feami velldty ) A Ve ds indepenstont of temp . Re= tele Ve Ga At very dou demp T<< Op) Cyc T Ae x indopendant of. T AL Jow temb — No phonons or vow Ly Whe lee | : Ke &T ty) Row emp Te By Coe T Ae %T? shen Fke oc T liiy_py Hiph dempi Te> Op fe xT Ae & = sen “AE Boom temp: he aa al fT. Tas malas Gps very Lay2 do room dem 20 high mp a te a ele lt len pale rh el ih ante b ase.ata tee acne SeeeoeOoe eae eeooenrn®*oaeceee0eee | t i | } | 1), Fesund Susface Dowels by shape of Ae fom: surhace | 2): Fesumni auvipace found only & of | valona cxlove ay ate fel inden, depos on ap me Enoyy of fount Suapato 44 forum enoyy Ee . ' Roshi of form gxphort au Ke. Ks constent (at Room sem.) 9 Weidman Pranz 7 oT ber Ro incopendert of T ox | Foun Sunlc' Qenni gi su dconttont elbngy sof | in k-space (momandeum space) , Chanackeastig of fermi ausyoct somal dhe infllel avs fo, fl at abrolute x00 - “ellachical posperbity of-matals clafernin Jn watals . how an jaulakos aprouute xin Hemp 7-No “foes e7 (er canes enor 4 fee pan unit Vealeme) concontsation , | nd anapanabact op Lattice sphine J4a conoid ac suse, Log ka , Hon eneyy 1 * a ke ES on wm wad k= RE) Volume = ‘Lar Ke’ = Yeah me dipardy un € come. x. , ry| | i thee cones: Las.gen We) be Ade value, x at! leabrbute zero emp: “Aho aw prea es Hon thre exitt foumii duran othowis¢ not, 2 tm Cmductor —> found dusfaw exh | ‘>t Sic ov insets» «Not extuh ; | 4) Shope 4 op dhe formt Avifere clepadts, en Yatiy pot” ndohuadank ‘of &° coneantratbn eb Completely free thon shape of conifers mie wil) be aphnical, ae nek fore thon habe say, <> ec daide the motall Jy ynoving andy peimodicalldy vary | pat” ta. Datta pat®. .. i —> Stronger ut). be Ho Datice pal”, sabe will doviate | speem aphonical shoes . | Dortica pot sy Atseng i) Sfe~, ibe free 7 doitie pat? iy tos a bound > * 4 & Morr. £55 »phurca) Shape Yath's pat®= Shape bf ther found. surfance wil) be sphurtal only for rannsdy fore os complately fee bat as He afeength | of fe initia pat™” frosearneg iH shaft dovictey fron ap Kp? Radley of frumi. surfact BUAe = diamoebtr » RO Crjbicaboodan of 1-9 JoS 120) dni modu, Valor e7 = Concushbn e- , cc Yee, insulaked = Vane e” £ comdudin em a oh sareQuy (4) Tekke the Found erongy af silver do be 55 eh. Bd Gy The corvespending velocity 9} conduction eA (valance =) ciiy Uy Resulvity of Aven oF Brom emp. is 62. Xo" Colleudate HRs avery Hime b/w auccaruve callixion, ° gif) CoBestale Hho moan free beh at aha, Guy Cadeadake zane pe C797 pare |W) Cadlowlacke Germ 3em- Wi) Cabonfate disumater foruni dinfact. | Qa ibumintum AR dovnllard Wit acbemia, weight 24 | Qunsily 2# amen? . The maar. cablixien time ya oa 2B | ty jo“ atc. Caleudose Lae. i | @ Cyvwnt oui Aheosgh the AQ whe dip at 34 emi Sony coy acchenal coun d4 2" agony & 0 pot” of 2998600080 00085006 0 ahy vel applied do dhe wire. (b) Calculate Po Datla ovatant of au AR. : monovack For QR Given that Refaebm Sime of e° Sn CORD. Cu ik gayle! see. Caloudak He Humal cnolurhlty’ op Copber ot 300 k Ayume Weidman Ganz cout. do be 23/1 Wedt—2/k* and falta cortat af Cu 4 #5 A: es i @ * , 1 Feo enngy an qa Au is oye Cabrlale Hearaep enayy free edn gold at xaee OK ‘ &) Find dhe i : oe ( Pind coouspndiny eran of fre (0) What ot dhe demb: recanorg foe avenge Kees ap 993 yoleules do have. GRs values ; eeeeoP eevee? Oooo ® foe te ree er ifOt Sebye Femp Ge Tron ds 360K , Caloulate Jha maximum i | Oar Dunvily of Cu 3:34 dm/em® and 4 atom. wocight Gy 635, Calaulade the fesuni entigy af Cu by _ assuming dhetench atom give ene 2”. QE: Find tho poobability of eocatpaey of & shad of enoyy (a) 0105 ev above dhe fast (b) 0:05 ev holow ” ©) Cul do dhe gov eniyp edguine Sa dompr 1 300 R. NE i ca a fey of, Vibeation . } |) Q.Bi- Sodium has bec druckue with, atomic adits | a2 A, and | Valance e per atom, Rasistivity of ralichiers at 20% Sy Pa hF2 ylotncm , Caloulate d) chasacerie dima from Lauds - Medel Gd) femmi enn Gi) Fimaten of foun spline . WH) Mean free: path A ()fenmideme: Te on 3 vedocly op und yin Na id 3000 mate « Caloutatr | dhe, dobye ok fos Na. i Oar ioe So at whieh Sone yk % penis dhat on ennyy soe © Dying 0-2 ex) blow He -Pesemi | Dowel 33 emply » . fe | due: a Gadain qrfabs hor simple ciebic odbuedune with Lite comb TA RB ejantasyemad Jo be fotd,COHOSCHOSCHHOOHSHLOOHNTBHSSCHOECHOHHO9FG0O8 (a) 4p mstall ix morovellont. Wha da the 2eallus ft fount 4 Mg. - ° ’ . (Fac the & donwity of port (2) 4ouni-aphorr dos not weach. thy Brillouin Zone bounclry. Colcubie Hu er dante ' Bt, fount sphors put fouchy the zane. bouncloy , Qui Calculate cto dbuigh velocity & rralatlily of & 2n.0. Cu pine of Longth 24)-% . Whan a pot" diffeunu of 32 vot mointatned acxeys ib eholl. Assume Shet each Cu oto asatgbales - conduction ef. Given P= bez xl 8am, Pa = 89x10? KGfin? 5 Ma = 63> S (afemle me) “ebfien (Lat BLDG avo SC as shown LN ARe pager, Cauleultt ky A d) Ratio wf the enney EA. pf Hu Ee AV cca hanase | OB [obi coke ’ 4 |v i E = were) I } } i } | mi SC Dect with flatts coms 2 = 2A, J 22c/proes | i Mass (peer) = VI xpos FY QUAY Latta vedtoos of a vadarpalarn pomibive Dorie ang geen os B= 2th, B= JA + Caboubore : prea of all dhe Bs Zones. i mos Ciiy Radius of fermi uborface assuty each atom conbibubes be. f | | | | | ;> Bane Tso (Neosdy fea & troup ) i ; Thay La the eay of valance ea which ove naasly free, Je Fee thoy uns uuccarafed Jin explosining aR. vase ig A chhoemal prohanbiy of matals Dk oeromagratic. aurexpldiity _» dempoatwe. cdlopancants of electrical aeaiativite, But abcan not expaia - -y ye value of Halll, capbiident fre sore matals and ithinchon bjd Conduckeas Jneuloted and ALmiconductess + Faloer of free Hhowy. - 4933 cuss 40 ty Ove inplifiad asvemphbn Hex patetial firkd af +ve ion ceaes Ly constert and feo oainplicity at dy deakon ag zano Hone e* was ¢ foe: | mel actual xaclid mation of eis complicaled. for - |: saoren able approximation +ve ton coves may be coniiclores) at west and their potential fiold ‘Ja- porwodin “with the perisd 2quoll do Lathe consent «Hane e 4s moving Jn pewo-| ~dicallyy vooung Pot @ tue ion cores. a ; Po at each +e lon. core willbe vy, @©.6,.6 @@ Voce) = VQ ac V (4 Na) =Vb0d) exact rol” of this poruecdic pat" iv not povsille , itis a. Coaplcaed pot). to pind att rag” kvoning ~ Fennay, medal Feswodic poi” Veo da a panabalie padenta) . | 4 wit chaak, where dhe boty minimum amon the tve jon core _ and at tho mid paint bus a pve ion core then we get dot | el i el ll tal a tall Vite | rds |eeeeoer797 082 e00800080999909080 no rE NN eeeeveoe O2eneeos | - FEN RAL EE potontia) is minimum ok the Llottree pont af +ue ion core Baste ptt PEs Mos, Acsuall fosrabobic fetid ahi Keerning - fennay 4 Ireland thd as ‘ULE » Now for” bass J not infin” X Pat” inxicle te welll = 0 Thaw ii a pinue proobabddity thot Siig Pot? & can penthate Hy. basen) , This 12 callnd Simplified Pat or. kepming Pennay bay. Tho so” found ky tu Ly wry much aucerispud hey ace do dis eiponinardel perult , Keoning Fennay Jee this radanjularr jt” do stallve He woe fie” af Shay. e° vane « Bloch Thoowm '- , | Ace: do this Ahoowm , Pot” inviclp dhe solid is pousaial vesdny with the hewoid opal do lathes tonstant VOe) = V (ray once +00? of Eleoton Wave Uy nat wo oe" may ay the oll ef plane wove ie rol” of ev une it net lone worse He 43 completely free thon Shp AOI WED be plang we [But pM ra ome Pe tn tof ce Hiren My Pog= Uiwe™ Wh LY00 -¥ Bloch fre” cae Uy 08) Sty Gg a' Honee, Ye) > —_ Ube) { ve > Ferre] | feat ny, yy j | yt feta)e Yra)e ~ CQ (29 yp ceiay yore) =" PC) PF) (3) Posb-donsity 4a dome. Prob: ap finding the e° Ly game aplou a peidod of a. Uta peramaty ) he x, c4a,----~ rena Waise Theowy af Band formation - | Condustin e4 4 foe fom fe hock of ruuclews + moves feeely Vollanea @S—> a7 ane in tho Ha effect of ruelods ok Atom, have odd Np: of hon Buen ~ ao Complaely al . atom “have band Hon at sheuld |e if ory i «4p adom vince ha ila bad dhan e- can move in He Ppdid d (eg. pobum) dhon Gt Ws Metal, \ wt and he, on te oe —> Se is Motak awraly, . “ > Cheak dhe banols ane 3 6 tka veined ox 4 nad empty) overs vith enen of @°—> Ja ‘ —>4 Plt even 10.65 € band art nat overlapbing Pruwlatr ge sumicartdat a i oF a 4 ara Ey] ev —y tnsulator Jonge Ego 4 Sey» Semicondurtr , { iSOCGOTCHOSHEHSSHSSSHOST TFT SA OHSSHAOODSHOSBH9OO a nn ea . : ere RRR oe Srery Ye is insulator at T= 0k, Solid stake Bb concernd with afttal & elloctiica! proportiy 4 optical & ebaobsical pooporticn ano cocidoo by Valance ens lave = Gach e° inside chine solid’ us dep" by oqste, wh dhe wanalanyh jek oh : Po fome Whan a © moving “inside the sabid is saacsifying ‘the cond” thane” instead of moving, \fonuand , i wild sefaat “back . Nowe axl) comping byw the Plaga Fuss urhan this cond” a5 satisfied” Han Band Gap asus’. : foo a contain eroyy —* No mahen af em, dhis tr Recijrncad Jadtiin, cond” BZ: boundsies aw thew K-valus ot whith. bragy 's con!” uy datlifind & At dhat “Zona baunday » band gap ascizes [Te erty au forbidden fob that .em whith hits he es bundy. < can not exist én band gab, EZ enmyy > Mom 4 wil: af eo iy dopand on Pathe Ennrgy . To avcount this Lotto enoyy .. mass af ev is comalorad a ~ Now accalnation of egec M* can by pve, — Ve oF oo | = Ee a=. She when 7 move towmds Dotti fob tana. moet & ee Jo : v Oanary ” ” ” v dusy 4 me>m ) ee oWhen e° 38 net moving! iy force (eeketinal) 7 5 ——e* ex: J > WN" ==00 Es i telying em i) cody heory. | || thon Docthlee bat? > extoually afepoliad pat? thay, [Bo ev» an instead ; | t Nn instead a ae | < ss f hg ong a om pve, wae | m* _, ~ve mM = +e ‘| edn. divalent mately Be, Mg, Ca, ---ete, completed filled band owls wit} D b Hy basmes condudes, a ae Hall 'sitapiccent Ry shows sha “charge af majesly charge canriu.! Mayissty casd4] in motels are.e Ao Ry thauld aon | But Ry = +ve . Sts vanen 2b ve effantve mass, Band dhosey exbboingy Hig tve Value af Ry cohich can be" enpdainesl by foee e Hamy. Sum Erangy te portion- Relaion fore: = By gy, | ; | © has dual natu %-ace- do Me-Booylei'hypethoss y wit. | qv une anced wih eee " | Hence ine eo jrvdde ey | movi | a id can be chy { in | usa os © beam incident form autricly pisces be a dnnda the roled hit'on cayrtal Jellant and aasispieh Othe ' Brongg 's cond” 2450 = n) \ The €& move instead Sf moving dy foowerd dir” ; | , : Mm | a baekvoard his) & impose on Hye incilact wee | i qe We doa Sanding Wave pebbesn , bo | i AK 4G? = In ree procal Lattice 7 éRe we knows No enoys soansmission’ ctheouyh, atanoling was Honeo these enw values ane not allocsed for dhe o. A Tex enunpy vale cUppoan in the foam g enuyy banalge The K- vabusy at tuhish Ahy beagg s cond” AOLUf ind an the Brillowin Zone boundyie. Harte €- Ju fee to morse, with dy BZ . ‘Enongy) Rubuvien Relation pose Boen a compliely. freee ther e+ he E . 2 —> Ponabalio ° kK | Buk, dnvide thy solid , (e> moms invide the soled Hany ~s eos: ff 5 NE AE Poctive Mars (m*) fin e- ina coystall dintenacks with the Dottie pot. Hence i aespenca to external feoce differant from freee”. Hence the cdoviahbn ap ens behaviour ino solid from freee” bohoveur a token shte qeceawrt by. Considoring &4o hae effootise mass m*. fe can bo. ~ve SCCeHeSHe SS SHOHSHTT SHE HRASOHTHSHAHRDAOD i |F oo ov tve or dnbinth, Ht Jy given by ok, 44 dobancls en cusupatuse of E -K chisgacem © Nean dhe contre Of: Zor | os battorn ag Lanil ; [t= ave] = 4ve | oAb midaf dhe wer, aK > ahh Whang moe , callloc), point af Inplorchen. sNexn te dop of ie burl Med | m* (dsp) = ~1¥( baton a dé We GR = 4 SK At stop of fhe band , Uj =o es Nonny draumvien . For canfllelly foee €”, E = RRY am E Ah ay an v7 ‘a Conc of Zone ( Bottorn of band] i She 4 E-k ciagrarn guia Grrotp velocity, La a lL a- “2 : i : we £ 4 8 ; £ ~ | | = ce \ : b _ aed £ uv eS | y > : : S g € <> u > se " o 4S QR = 1 5 4 A aS a ney a aoe , f £ Be go we * it 7 As . S Fy coe c vec eceooorrr cc voeeescoveeecoeres"angen id He reolius of crowesun , -tmaller ba Hu | efteoktue mas 4 heighn the spacd of “the partite . Total, No- of Wane guniions in a “Band = ' Féball no: of portlela vuiates in ong ertagy band is aquell do no. of primidise unit colls N in the aystals Hence He are 2N jofal no: op @4 in a” bond became each Mate can qecémectale | ae. . . ~ | Distinction bo Matals, Inwilatoos 4 Semicondiuctons ~ A | ¢ can bg inutlates only af no: of valance 6% in pamikivy] fant coll op caystall Jo ever L , | ! => AB Acapted has even ne: of, valance ealn de poimitive | ud call 5 2 ad cla conviden weather dep most i flevell & ase avert, ov yet if banols” | oa i Dapbad jan at uxt be a rafal idend i aula | Gf a copped has add no of vallante ex be primitioy unit cal, | 0 i bo LR cid) =| . | I Camb 14 band juas ech no oy thon 3-N Hi er > 2N | band is comnplately filled “ise. it mole. * Ladom pan pomitive unit oll ap viene ome PC —9N asZOMY —a N ey 9 2N_ fer Novae ape clauble Jo Hu no of Pic, Ahan benel wilf be completety fidlad ab" iy @ motel; SOGSCHOSCHAHSHOHHHOCHHEE2TNT998CCR488999089'au v 2 [AXSSx"6 Yio Ty d Se Lm —— Ve = 1339 x10° mise | g WW Ps pérzxylo fam , t=? Lae ae eee (<> conmanbay , } ie » a = = [eexemy? fp _ (55 x6 xy ax gine ay Re an (105 x19 84 } 3 (myt “Typical ord of nan wate > |o®/mn? erm 4 ate Noe) C= See F Weaxie® xegerisidonis")™ ne 367 Xo Arce} ie ay An? E A= Vet [T= oie Kw A i i WY : i = 1iaa eto? Cae i \ |CCS SSOHOHCCHSSOHHSOMTODT AF THHROOCOH8TO8HR98888 9 (IIE NIN REIN I NINA E SR IO ENT APRON I NP EON POT IRAP ES : > i 1 > S 3 > " wa +! ) Te =? : Ep =Kele 9 Te = fe = SSK Ko” . eo Te = Re 123 Xloe 5” | signe [Te = 635 . to! k A Cin Taste) Cn wv) a i Kp = nod koe? Vi = : a (Vi) diameler of Gur ampere 2 ke =? [elen ro" ey Ke = Me |; ylocd! & kBgK lo” ® te Ke = Selo ASOT aay Xho" Ke = ad At ake = 4 eA A A CQ \ (neh adem a conbibuting 8a sto ‘ny multiplied by. 3 /) ne Beg X10 xX QP [em ATE n= 18-06 Xlo*= PBIX lo fem? — ogy x (be8/m? 1 te « — aiXto! X26 ~ PAX fo x (6K lo) XY xlon XX Jo$ >R= 3 _ Aloha mena Ply 4 xh ey = “Se “it aes X le = 9g yo a = Yd On Joe Ne 3 a BH = 2 00 F a owe riet SN a a BR ee oes, { S/e dow nat folla.0 ‘T= 62 Amp Ae olim's Sour, Only L2 61°09 fmp 2 mated folleny (6) Satta comsend QQ a2 1 fee re A = Ne bn, = 62 Fog Me cm 1 a= f4 Ya 30 "3 a = {de 8 | Gorn) ay xlo® am = b6ey)"9 x Jo7® om al = . (Qa T= 23 4p ee eo =? , T=300k 5 Weidmann Fong comt. 0 = 23) x)o°8 Ce-K_L > mk = Ge nerUr ’ | Assume Monovellant fee Hen 7 = XD fy? YX Jo SHO)” TS gas n = 0486 x Jo % 73oe (eu m = AB) y lo Py ogsen Fx (ext x 209x107 x B00 | Sal Xiloiga aoe 144 SF33 xX Jo”! , ay Ht = 11478882 x 07! poececeee tena Oe pK = 11978882 W/m-p A Olin | Ee=sisyey @ Exe fe 3 Favg =. S:S4 ey WO opRr avg. velodty @ a free e-tn solid iy Up y= RE {fk as eK SIN RR EFI PP AIT “19 Bsy XeXlo Z = SK aK 10? xT : Jo) FX) , Ve = 139X108 mse, h (U2 temp = 7 foe awe KE for gas yrofbeuls to howe > dh ved, . , : ’ ; , ? Eeweape = 3 eT : j ? r i Ta AX S5Y XG x07 BX N23 X]o™33 4 T= 48OYRY XY Jo SCSHHSOCSHSHSSSHOHFT HOFF SHAE AMAGOHOHOHEOA2RHBODL A n= Ne [m? Fe =) Ee = Ne XxX]o !4 Qib i Prob: ef accupary = ? Eo E= 0105 oe ’ ! tY fl) = =—e—— eaey eae F138 10641 +! eee fee = @ +| F(E) = 88 » borylor?x B94 Jc? 635 > kg T= 0102S ey At Room $m) (300 K) Seon co go5ev, = @ reese 4 | ent) rs ; 532906 OV LD won I2 = ld te te ) Re Tab Bee K = 97028 ey ceeceeeeseHoeeceeeesesn79FG0OHC8S99 0888 | oe 2 fe ? 7 Hels yy zh 205 ; ey i [Qti- Be? t 7 Ka = hy ? Ki; as ae { yy = 23 BKIO™ KX 360_ , 6:64 lo , Jy x 6688 875-¥ o™ 19 vp 2 Ger Kol be QB t— No, bec | w= 182 A, ) comer T=293K , P= 72K lob arm @ 5 ars net fohm's Low fetta Orud's fous, Ald He expressions of foes 2° dere wil) be cwavertedl in band theory by >eploring yn by m*. = 1 _ uy pe a 7 & HE A : | a= YX 182 Ff _. 4138823 A ; Be a ~ = y203 ylo ) Ep = HKe 2M (Gy ane =eWD VE in Na = 3000 m [pee 8, =? Oy = BY crt Wa a eet =) i : a ai ME + atomic (coninbaton) dansly 9 Lee r (te vat edackenic cme: brow ebeye temp Oy Ly nat conse with ey )- 0, = 105 X lo" re BX QM) x & : 123 Xlo (4203 y]o)° a. ~~ i: % . Oar ty bob: dol cuay alte lyiy 2M bolaw thy Seer Qunal Prob of abke eke pelbd = F P(E) empty = 1~ FO)| ° 2 I> oro} = 0194 \ aa " E-Ep = orgew ° | eT ET eer +] ee e ' e 8 = ota ba °: e 3 a of et o | Mer so. ‘a=2f : e. y Malet ai Monovadent >, n= & , ae a ke = (Brn) = Ape? e . (a ») = (rn a) Cf hea (37? ; V3 6 = LL] 3x Gi) e ? Ke xl ”) ® | Ke = oe! e. e Y Gd, Sor chee danvity, ye slansiy =2 5.4. fowmi sph fat @ , doucha the BE: baunchy , ke : ee 5) a 7 OF A ( « oo) a ophus te bt on 0 Hen ak “2 ee y °| not tech Ho zone bound ry - Y el ke= psy An a eo e.Fer What value afin , sohye touches He Zone, horus hes for WH? , Ke = ISTA {Ke = @ nn)"? . 'hs7 = (ax(aye yn)" D> n= Qutk Ls a4m Ve a2 Le ptixlotacm fro = 869 x 107 KE /m3 Ma = 685 bo ped ney > y= Ve - I PE = Pea 4” flne | n= Nabe 30 ron Kile? A B19 Hl” Ma as n= Se Joe. 9g y9#5 ¥ Jo Jm! cot neu atte inet ah as re a( [ QA a=24 i E, = x( Kote +h) ; = (Pyrtye = 55 (Geh+E) ; = 3k , ama* ) Pog. 5 Eg = Eo & +0) ye Lyte \ “ La Y 5 c= we (Tat te) =e . 4 trstead of 3-D, 4 thre 3 a2 dim - gust Desig . by | a,%4 74) Oi s- Late Factors, a _— ae Prea of alt Ho BZ: 4 game. Bo find wren O Tar BD a Roctangn fattiio un given & dh wpe abe daclenpedl SOHHHSH SNK HHOHHHHOMFHTCOHOV®IAGHHHGHHSHBOGHOS SR RU UR FE POT & 7 f ee ieEk 28h Acca a} ur BE = ant Am a fata all Ha BX = 2a% A? 6 Racing of Roni otnpace =? 2an be for vackoryular Satie, im 9 Laken & cach atom uy eee im = SX]o° J in Conrady Le Ao No» Ao fren a nes Lathes eae Ne = 2 x sexe) = [le en” FF (em = Iw fF abet At ty 2-D- Fenn’ wae a Chea hes femmi cele uf we sketch a etrele of vad PEF AY hon t!20 douch the Bex. bouncy . . | | No rae 6 ean are eeeSA90FCGC008880008 8 feeercetocostees cons >: l Tight Bundling Trecwy +e Band) dhasey 4 valid foo valance evs bez on valance e°, etHent of ati pat? wiaak. | But 9p Dathe pot? a atseng 1 eeu sighed Barenal dot (atta paint then Tight binging Sharp 3 ured } When Lodtio pel uv 20 sheng thot es ano atone 5 bound do te i coves thon Aicelahen ob elasfonic sheuck | shee in denny af nearly fous Aheony becams app priade , } Tight lindlinp ynethod iy wreol to ctiscrtbe che sth bind & gig q-bands of sransilon motels, and valance band “op j { \ \ durend dik Abustous & Fnwck p25 coystols. Tight Binding Srunyy eapoerrin iu guren by 4 Se aere Sairee ee eae JE® = -x-fs e®™ vito ty xf > constant k = Weve vector %, 3 Posiben vedo of Nt ator Thy expreion Ja taken erly in’ noosist neighbours . Tight Binding Exnyy exp n for Simple Cubic. Re ke tig light Bacing Ler Ft) ere iets eit i } \ 19°). a | oe te for hp go me alka oe 0 e roth?) cae) ei ene alae guikga =-% vf eat cw: a te (2,2-4) + elt pe st = AE k) = ~a-ay [oorkiat carga t cata | “hoe a uy odttes const Tha wu for 3 dim «Sc for Zguare dette (2D), [EKy= -o-27 [coke ternal for 1-D dete |, [Ew = 4-27 Ok, A E(k) fee Bec s- Taking conbt atom at seferone ate, thon noasrt aighibaury are A I lh et Beant of 5 z z) , (Eres, 9) M,-a say (E88) CE $7t), (“E72 2) ee ee eae he 18) cay (149) y pona.meser Elk) = ~o- uy [tes em ojeroresy ve oe penamatts = Qa i ¢ Theo are 12 rearert raighbowrs , > (4800), Ch B20). (-$5- a2: (£4), (8, 2/8) e/sI 273) ree) ($.0%),(S:erk), =L 50, oe (2,- 2,0) i (erSr Sls ie 2) i amoEtkye ~a—4 yr | os Kel coy yt ' , [ z t+ coo) Ka coy 2 coy Keay Cort + Radticg: paanwka = a, 4 ennyy Expeeirion +L given, thon Quarhors’ may by osha d) band width diy olanaity of Heder ail) efhechve mays ) Spee velociig. Ke atl. whnr Old conde of the BZ. of bof of She bare] 4h both digas 0 pt: ws aguivallond, Zone bound vy ang Ke cir” - (Bye,0) 1 ” Kyo (OF ee: ©) po ae ~ (eB) Snagy dufpeenee =) bon wietth® ¢ 4 [190] indias pen oterdo K+ Zorte:bo 2H Q2O800808S89HA08 AE = EL Etta + L * (hoe) (0,9,°) ie eooeeeeeoeeeoors® \@Je(k) = ~x-a7 Pews Ky + 2) ky + C23 k,9] | whee a oo Sette cont This ty for 3 dim SC foc Aguary Saito (20), [E(k = Ta ay [co kat coke] for 1-D Loti’, Tat 2y wy ko ER = E(k) far BCC + Taking conbe atom as aefmanee atom, tron nooo netghbouy asu found ot (s $ ) ; ($B -4) a ie (4-998) (ee B®) C& “$7%),(-£ 7h, PB) ao! (Brterbs (4 g5-2) : wine ; Ao Elk) = =x vy [10s (tas) < (tye) could] Han latte panamaden = Qa Thos ae 12 want noighbowy , ($1450) F (2, 250) » (*Bo-h59), (733), 8408) lob), (208), CSrerd)s C2 2), (.-$59) (er$7$15 Goo 7B) 5 4 | } ) | | | ¢ { } ¢ { 4 a { | | { | | \ A | { | ' ya ' ‘ ‘F e. of bottow op et [Ss wey | Gree) > . ‘ ; bee Ce a (5, *y70)»( 0,0, B) e | [fcc 27) | 390) , (0,329) (0,0, 2%) e. ef oe Gunny of Staley i- ©, 4h we have a carbic caystals with wide L, ef 4 aD. Aguare with wide L : ©) an aeDy Dine with Soyth L ef © Danwiig ge Ht, DCE) = oe dk. et dE wRne n= i for 1D Packer gS dae de opin dogonseeuy j =qQ "ap . =3 3D K—> Toad kK =D k= Ke Hk RE H §n Quy, Aow 3cim is given dian Huu all bo given a condition , hes for Arnal? value of k yer Longe Wavelonyth. © fir sc, 4n 3dim, [ka Tooke When cuieth of ii band Js AN ected ay 207% , Caleullase. tu x change in tho qfeckiue mars. ap eat the bettom op HY bands . ' t Qu:- of ‘type fecica) aonuconauctes has a conducten band Bock dy Avseribad oy Eye E,- 3 oy (Ka) and Eye FB (ER) nour Be Ge.) 4 jE

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