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To Seismology Exercise 1: X X y y

1. This document provides 5 exercises related to seismology. The exercises involve calculating elements of stress and strain tensors for P and S waves, relating vp/vs ratio to Poisson's ratio, estimating maximum strain induced by Love waves, calculating Lamé parameters and stress changes from measured deformations, and determining vertical deformation from a change in volcanic volume. 2. Exercise 4 involves calculating Lamé parameters, stress changes at 5km depth from measured deformations after the 1992 Landers earthquake, dominant stress directions, and stress change and land area changes from yearly deformation rates and the Landers earthquake. 3. Exercise 5 asks the reader to calculate the vertical deformation of a 5x5x5km volcano given a

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81 views1 page

To Seismology Exercise 1: X X y y

1. This document provides 5 exercises related to seismology. The exercises involve calculating elements of stress and strain tensors for P and S waves, relating vp/vs ratio to Poisson's ratio, estimating maximum strain induced by Love waves, calculating Lamé parameters and stress changes from measured deformations, and determining vertical deformation from a change in volcanic volume. 2. Exercise 4 involves calculating Lamé parameters, stress changes at 5km depth from measured deformations after the 1992 Landers earthquake, dominant stress directions, and stress change and land area changes from yearly deformation rates and the Landers earthquake. 3. Exercise 5 asks the reader to calculate the vertical deformation of a 5x5x5km volcano given a

Uploaded by

Udham
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to seismology Exercise 1

1) Assume two monochromatic plane waves propagating in x-direction: a) P.wave


ux=Axsin(kx-wt) and b) S-wave uy=Aysin(kx-wt). Calculate in both cases the elements of
stress and strain tensors. Assume that it is possible to observe the vertical component of
the curl. The rotation rate around a vertical component is given as the time derivative of
the curl applied to the displacement field. How is the rotation rate related to the
transverse acceleration (S-wave)? Would the P-wave contribute to the curl?

λ
2) Express the vp/vs ratio as a function of Poisson’s ratio defined as: σ= .
2(λ + μ )
Calculate the vp/vs ratio for σ=0.3.

3) The 2003 Hokkaido earthquake (M8.1) lead to a maximum horizontal displacement of


1.5cm for Love waves of approximately 25 seconds period. Estimate the maximum
dynamic strain induced by the passing wavefield for a horizontal phase velocity of 5km/s.

4) (From Shearer: Seismology). The university of California is running an observatory that is


measuring deformations:

a) at 5km depth the seismic velocities are vp=6km/s, vs=3.5km/s and the density is
2700kg/m3. Calculate the values of the Lamé parameters in Pascal.
b) After the Landers earthquake 1992 (M7.3) the following deformations were
measured 80km to the north of the observatory: e11=-0.26x10-6, e12=-0.69x10-6,
e22=0.92x10-6. Indices 1 and 2 correspond to East and North, resp. Calculate –
assuming that these values are also true at depth – the changes in stress at 5km
depth with the results from (a). Treat this is a 2D problem and neglect stress in
vertical direction.
c) Calculate the dominant stress directions (horizontal as azimuth over North).
d) The yearly deformation rates were measured as: e11=0.101x10-6, e12=0.005x10-6,
e22=-0.02x10-6. Assume that this deformation continues for 1000 years. Calculate
the stress change at 5km depth (without hydrostatic stress).
e) A farmer owns 1km2 near the observatory. How much land does he win or loose
every year? How much land did he win or loose with the Landers earthquake?

5) A volcano with approximate dimensions 5x5x5km (not accounting for topography)


deforms in z-direction only. The change in volume is 0.001%. What is the vertical
deformation?

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