TO: MISS SITI AFIFAH MUDA Code: CPD 20103

From: (Student Name/Section) ID Number

1) NUR KHAIRUNNISA BINTI SOBERI 1) 55102118033
2) MUHAMMAD AL-BAIHAQI BIN RAFIDI 2) 55102118030
3) MOHD KHAIRUL FATHY BIN M. ASRAR 3) 55102118037
4) MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN MUHAMAD SUBRI 4) 55102118032
5) 5)
6) 6)
Title of experiment: OIL DISTILLATION ACCORDING TO ASTM METHOD Date of experiment: 04/03/2020

Received by: Date Due: 02/06/2020

VER VERY
POOR GOO EXCELLENT
CRITERIA Y GOO
2 D3 5
POO D4
R1
1.0 OBJECTIVES (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 5%) 1 2 3 4 5
State the objectives of the experiment or report (in point form).
2.0 SUMMARY (1 PAGE ONLY) (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 10%) 2 4 6 8 10
Brief review on the objectives of the experiment, main experimental results and
discussions deemed significant and conclusions obtained from the work.
3.0 INTRODUCTION & THEORY (1-2 PAGES 3 6 9 12 15
ONLY) (TOTAL PERCENTAGE,15%)
1. State the background to the experiment conducted.
2. Summary of theories including formulations related to the experimental work.
10 20 30 40 50
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS/TUTORIAL (MAXIMUM 5 PAGES)
(TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 50%)
1. Data are presented as deemed suitable with complete label and units
2. Explanations of the referred table and figure are presented after the table and figure
3. Discuss on the findings and relations to the theory and objective of experiment
3 6 9 12 15
5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (TOTAL PERCENTAGE,
15%)
1. Summary of the results to relate the findings or results with the theory
applicable to the experimental
2. Suggest improvements in apparatus or measurement procedure, or
experimental procedures for future
1 2 3 4 5
6.0 REFERENCES (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 5%)

TOTAL PERCENTAGE (100%)

Laboratory Report Submission Form

Petrochemicals & Petroleum Refining
Technology (CPD 20103)

Date of Submission:
Group:
Section:
Subject & Code:
Experiment title:

Lecturer's Name:
Stamp:
1.0 OBJECTIVES

 To determine the percentage of distilled amount against temperature of petroleum

product sample.
 To determine the initial and final boiling points of petroleum sample.
 To determine the quantity of various fractions of petroleum sample.

2.0 SUMMARY

This experiment was performed to test oil distillation in conjunction with the ASTM
process. From this experiment, the goals illustrated are to determine the quantity of various
fractions of petroleum sample, to determine the initial and final boiling point of petroleum
sample, and finally to determine the percentage of distilled amount against temperature of
petroleum product sample. This process is well known for being used to collect data on
distillation (volume % distilled vs. temperature). To perform this experiment, 100 ml of fuel
must be stored in the distilling flask before being poured inside it. The temperature of the vapor
was recorded as the initial boiling point when the first drop of condensate. The burner flame may
need to be increased as 95% of the sample has been diluted and the maximum temperature has
been reported as the final boiling point. The percentage of oil extracted was said to be increased
when the temperature increased. The result shown that, the percentage of the oil distilled
obtained was 88% with 6.2% of residual and 94.2% of the total recovery of gasoline. The initial
boiling point for the petrol was observed to be 77°C with rate of distillation average of 2.93 ml
per min while the final boiling points obtained was 185°C. Depending on the high percentage of
recovery, the petroleum fraction can be categorized into three which are light, medium, and
heavy distillates.
3.0 INTRODUCTION & THEORY

From this experiment there are three objectives that needed to be accomplished. They are
to calculate the percentage of distilled quantity against petroleum product sample temperature,
calculate the initial and final boiling point of petroleum sample and determine the quantity of
different fractions of petroleum sample. The products used in this experiment are petroleum
which using the ASTM process. Around 100ml of petroleum was weighed using a measuring
tool and poured into the compartment of the cabinet. A new measuring cylinder was placed at the
support of the column. The heater power was switched on and started with 10-20% for about 5-
10 minutes for them to start boiling.

The liquid's first drop is known as the Initial Boiling Point (IBP). The time and
temperature (min) have been reported. This process was repeated with every 10ml interval until
it exceeded 90ml and then continue from 1ml interval until the liquid ceases to fall. Temperature
was registered as well as time taken. The final drop of the liquid is known as ultimate boiling
point for petroleum products. Therefore, the task of determining the boiling point range was
attained. [ CITATION Sot17 \l 1033 ]

After that, calculating the residue left in the flask can be measured to the percentage
residue. The overall recovery percentage can be determined by adding recovery percentage and
residue percentage in flask. The combination is deducted to 100. Therefore, the percentage of
distilled quantity can be measured against temperature. [ CITATION Nik18 \l 1033 ]

The characteristics of hydrocarbons in distillation (volatility) have a significant effect on

their safety and efficiency, particularly in solvents and fuels. During storage and use the boiling
range can provide details on the fuel's structure, properties and behavior. Volatility is the
principal determinant of a hydrocarbon mixture's ability to create potentially explosive vapors.
Therefore, the quantity of various fractions can be calculated in petroleum products. [ CITATION
Str17 \l 1033 ]

OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF D86 07

 D86 07 is the standard test method for the distillation at atmospheric pressure of
petroleum products. D86 07 distillation unit's operating concept for the ASTM process includes
the atmospheric distillation of petroleum products using a laboratory batch distillation to
quantitatively evaluate the boiling range characteristics of such products as light and medium
distillates. The presence of high boiling point components in these and other fuels will
significantly affect the degree of solid combustion deposits being formed. Volatility is an
important factor in the application of many solvents as it affects the rate of evaporation.
[ CITATION Nik16 \l 1033 ]

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS/TUTORIAL

Results

Initial boiling point; (first drop)

Temperature: 70 °C

Timer: 6 minutes

Heater Power Volume, mL Timer, min Temperature, °C

0 0 0 30
10 0 2 30
20 0 4 47
20 0 6 70
20 27 8 77
20 41 10 90
20 54 12 110
20 59 14 130
20 70 16 142
20 76 18 153
20 80 20 163
20 83 22 170
20 85 24 175
20 86 26 179
20 87 28 182
20 88 30 185
Final Boiling Point: 185 °C

Time: 30 minutes

Volume distilled: 88 mL

Volume residue: 6.2 mL

Total loss: 5.8 mL

Recovery percentage: 88%

Residue percentage: 6.2%

Total percentage loss: 5.8%

Total percentage recovery: 94.2%

Discussion
Percentage Distilled vs Temperature
100
90
f(x) = 0.62 x − 22.79
80

Percentage distilled, %
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 40 60 80 Temperature,
100 120°C 140 160 180 200

Volume of distilled against temperature.

The simplest method on obtaining data of distillation for petroleum products is by the
ASTM Method. The purpose on running this experiment is to determine the percentage of
distilled amount against temperature of petroleum product sample and to determine the initial
and final boiling point of petroleum sample. Other than that, it is also to determine the quantity
of various components of petroleum sample.

From the result, the initial boiling point is 70°C in minute-6 and the final boiling point is
at minute-30 with 185°C. In this experiment, the results show that from 100 mL of sample, only
88 mL is distilled. The rest is either not distilled or loss. The residue left is 6.2 mL and a total of
5.8 mL has loss. The total percentage of recovery is at 94.2% while the total loss percentage is
5.8%. The rate of distillation average is 2.93 mL per min until minute-30.

The first 5 minutes there is no petroleum distilled as the petroleum has not enough
energy. The temperature is still too low for the petroleum to break down and vaporize. The rate
of distillation goes very fast at the early 18 minutes and slowed down afterwards. This is because
in petroleum there is many components and each has the exact requirements in order to
vaporized and distilled. Therefore, if the outcome wanted is to finish the sample then longer time
is needed in order to let all sample distilled.
5.0 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS

From this ASTM oil distillation experiment using petrol, it can be concluded that the
temperature is the main vaporizing factor of the fuel, which means that the fuel will be easier to
vaporize due to the rising temperature due to the high volatility in the fuel, which can easily form
a flammable mixture. Based on the results obtained, the first drop was produced at 70 ° C (initial
boiling point) and the final boiling point of 185 ° C was obtained at 88 mL of final distilled
volume where the temperature increased, the higher the distilled and vaporized volume of petrol,
the longer the time taken for the petrol to reach the final boiling point from the beginning of the
first drop compared to the low temperature. Next, the percentage of oil distilled is 88% and the
residual volume is 6.2mL which means the total recovery of gasoline obtained was 94.2% where
the higher distilled quantity was produced by increasing the temperature. For a given
temperature, it makes the fuel easier to vaporize as this fuel has a high volatility, as the
temperature increases. That means that a highly volatile fuel is more likely than a low volatile
fuel to form a flammable or explosive mixture with air.

As the recommendations, in order to avoid potential errors and also to obtain more

precise and acceptable data on the effects of this experiment in the future, it is important to first
clean the device before using it to ensure that the device is free from contamination. The sample
that has been used for the petroleum experiment must be new petroleum sample. Next, it is
necessary to be more careful while pouring 100 ml of petroleum and to ensure that there is no
spillage during pouring which can also affect the results that will be obtained. So, to prevent the
parallax error that caused the experiment to error, the distilled volume and boiling point
temperature values from the initial boiling point (first drop) to the final boiling point (final
distilled volume) were measured and read, it is necessary for the position of the eyes to be at the
same level and parallel as the meniscus of the measuring cylinder and thermometer, respectively
resulting in boiling point temperature and time taken will be more accurate as boiling point
temperature and time to be recorded for specified distilled volume.
 REFERENCES

Nikolaychuk, E. S. (2016). INVESTIGATION ON FEASIBILITY TO SIMULATE CRUDE OIL

TRUE BOILING POINT DISTILLATION BY APPLICATION OF ASTM D-7169
SIMULATED DISTILLATION AND COMBINATION OF ASTM D-86 AND ASTM D-
1160 PHYSICAL DISTILLATION METHODS. Petroleum & Coal, 58(2). Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=13377027&AN=117347
591&h=RoGjFsQ6FhO5eT7QTfw
%2F7zOcXFXQ7ijHVYu0gS1Va7FoIzsTlTPicSleZsijIEQh2aqyKjbEoPyfGqIPaa0CCQ
%3D%3D&crl=c