C PROGRAMMING

Q1. What are the basic Datatypes supported in C Programming Language?

Ans: The Datatypes in C Language are broadly classified into 4 categories. They are as
follows:

 Basic Datatypes
 Derived Datatypes
 Enumerated Datatypes
 Void Datatypes

The Basic Datatypes supported in C Language are as follows:

Datatype Name Datatype Size Datatype Range

short 1 byte -128 to 127
unsigned short 1 byte 0 to 255
char 1 byte -128 to 127
unsigned char 1 byte 0 to 255
int 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767
unsigned int 2 bytes 0 to 65,535
-2,147,483,648 to
long 4 bytes
2,147,483,647
unsigned long 4 bytes 0 to 4,294,967,295
float 4 bytes 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38
double 8 bytes 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308
long double 10 bytes 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932
 

Q2. What do you mean by Dangling Pointer Variable in C Programming?

Ans: A Pointer in C Programming is used to point the memory location of an existing

variable. In case if that particular variable is deleted and the Pointer is still pointing to
the same memory location, then that particular pointer variable is called as a Dangling
Pointer Variable.

Q3. What do you mean by the Scope of the variable? What is the scope of the
variables in C?
Ans: Scope of the variable can be defined as the part of the code area where the
variables declared in the program can be accessed directly. In C, all identifiers are
lexically (or statically) scoped. 

Q4. What are static variables and functions?

Ans: The variables and functions that are declared using the keyword Static are
considered as Static Variable and Static Functions. The variables declared using Static
keyword will have their scope restricted to the function in which they are declared.

Q5. Differentiate between calloc() and malloc()

Ans: calloc() and malloc() are memory dynamic memory allocating functions. The only

difference between them is that calloc() will load all the assigned memory locations with
value 0 but malloc() will not.

Q6. What are the valid places where the programmer can apply Break Control
Statement?

Ans: Break Control statement is valid to be used inside a loop and Switch control
statements.

Q7. How can we store a negative integer?

Ans: To store a negative integer, we need to follow the following steps. Calculate the
two’s complement of the same positive integer.

Eg: 1011 (-5)

Step-1 − One’s complement of 5: 1010

Step-2 − Add 1 to above, giving 1011, which is -5

 
Q8. Differentiate between Actual Parameters and Formal Parameters.

Ans: The Parameters which are sent from main function to the subdivided function are
called as Actual Parameters and the parameters which are declared a the Subdivided
function end are called as Formal Parameters.

Q9. Can a C program be compiled or executed in the absence of a main()?

Ans: The program will be compiled but will not be executed. To execute any C program,
main() is required.

Q10. What do you mean by a Nested Structure?

Ans: When a data member of one structure is referred by the data member of another
function, then the structure is called a Nested Structure.

Q11. What is a C Token?

Ans: Keywords, Constants, Special Symbols, Strings, Operators, Identifiers used in C

program are referred to as C Tokens.

Q12. What is Preprocessor?

Ans: A Preprocessor Directive is considered as a built-in predefined function or macro

that acts as a directive to the compiler and it gets executed before the actual C Program
is executed.

Q13. Why is C called the Mother of all Languages?

Ans: C introduced many core concepts and data structures like arrays, lists,

functions, strings, etc. Many languages designed after C are designed on the basis of
C Language. Hence, it is considered as the mother of all languages.

 
Q14. Mention the features of C Programming Language.

Ans: 

Q15. What is the purpose of printf() and scanf() in C Program?

Ans: printf() is used to print the values on the screen. To print certain values, and on
the other hand, scanf() is used to scan the values. We need an appropriate datatype
format specifier for both printing and scanning purposes. For example,

 %d: It is a datatype format specifier used to print and scan an integer value.

 %s: It is a datatype format specifier used to print and scan a string.
 %c: It is a datatype format specifier used to display and scan a character value.
 %f: It is a datatype format specifier used to display and scan a float value.

Q16. What is an array?

Ans. The array is a simple data structure that stores multiple elements of the same
datatype in a reserved and sequential manner. There are three types of arrays, namely,

 One Dimensional Array

 Two Dimensional Array
 Multi-Dimensional Array
 

Q17. What is /0 character?

Ans: The Symbol mentioned is called a Null Character. It is considered as the

terminating character used in strings to notify the end of the string to the compiler.

Q18. What is the main difference between the Compiler and the Interpreter?

Ans: Compiler is used in C Language and it translates the complete code into the
Machine Code in one shot. On the other hand, Interpreter is used in Java Programming
Langauge and other high-end programming languages. It is designed to compile code in
line by line fashion.

Q19. Can I use int datatype to store 32768 value?

Ans: No, Integer datatype will support the range between -32768 and 32767. Any value
exceeding that will not be stored. We can either use float or long int.

Q20. How is a Function declared in C Language?

return_type function_name(formal parameter list)
{
       Function_Body;
}

Q21. What is Dynamic Memory allocation? Mention the syntax. 

Ans: Dynamic Memory Allocation is the process of allocating memory to the program
and its variables in runtime. Dynamic Memory Allocation process involves three
functions for allocating memory and one function to free the used memory.

malloc() – Allocates memory

Syntax:

ptr = (cast-type*) malloc(byte-size);

calloc() – Allocates memory

Syntax:

ptr = (cast-type*)calloc(n, element-size);

realloc() – Allocates memory

Syntax:

ptr = realloc(ptr, newsize);

free() – Deallocates the used memory

Syntax:

free(ptr);

Q22. What do you mean by Dangling Pointer Variable in C Programming?

Ans: A Pointer in C Programming is used to point the memory location of an existing

variable. In case if that particular variable is deleted and the Pointer is still pointing to
the same memory location, then that particular pointer variable is called as a Dangling
Pointer Variable.

Q23. Where can we not use &(address operator in C)?

Ans: We cannot use & on constants and on a variable which is declared using

the register storage class.

Q24. Write a simple example of a structure in C Language

Ans: Structure is defined as a user-defined data type that is designed to store multiple

data members of the different data types as a single unit. A structure will consume the
memory equal to the summation of all the data members.

struct employee
{
        char name[10];
        int age;
}e1;
int main()
{
        printf("Enter the name");
        scanf("%s",e1.name);
        printf("n");
        printf("Enter the age");
        scanf("%d",&e1.age);
         printf("n");
        printf("Name and age of the employee: %s,%d",e1.name,e1.age);
        return 0;
}

Q25. Differentiate between call by value and call by reference

Ans:

Factor Call by Value Call by Reference

Actual arguments cannot be changed and Operations are performed on actual

Safety
remain safe arguments, hence not safe

Memory Separate memory locations are created for Actual and Formal arguments share the same
Location actual and formal arguments memory space.

Arguments Copy of actual arguments are sent Actual arguments are passed

//Example of Call by Value method

#include<stdio.h>
void change(int,int);
int main()
{
int a=25,b=50;
change(a,b);
printf("The value assigned to a is: %d",a);
printf("n");
printf("The value assigned to of b is: %d",b);
return 0;
}
void change(int x,int y)
{
x=100;
y=200;
}

//Output

The value assigned to of a is: 25

The value assigned to of b is: 50
//Example of Call by Reference method

#include<stdio.h>
void change(int*,int*);
int main()
{
int a=25,b=50;
change(&a,&b);
printf("The value assigned to a is: %d",a);
printf("n");
printf("The value assigned to b is: %d",b);
return 0;
}
void change(int *x,int *y)
{
*x=100;
*y=200;
}

//Output

The value assigned to a is: 100

The value assigned to b is: 200

Q26. Differentiate between getch() and getche()

Ans: Both the functions are designed to read characters from the keyboard and the only
difference is that

getch(): reads characters from the keyboard but it does not use any buffers. Hence,
data is not displayed on the screen.

getche(): reads characters from the keyboard and it uses a buffer. Hence, data is
displayed on the screen.

//Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
char ch;
printf("Please enter a character ");
ch=getch();
printf("nYour entered character is %c",ch);
printf("nPlease enter another character ");
ch=getche();
printf("nYour new character is %c",ch);
return 0;
}

//Output

Please enter a character

Your entered character is x
Please enter another character z
Your new character is z

Q27. Explain toupper() with an example.

Ans. toupper() is a function designed to convert lowercase words/characters into upper

case.

//Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
int main()
{
char c;
c=a;
printf("%c after conversions %c", c, toupper(c));
c=B;
printf("%c after conversions %c", c, toupper(c));

//Output:
a after conversions A
B after conversions B
Q28. Write a code to generate random numbers in C Language

Ans: Random numbers in C Language can be generated as follows:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int a,b;
for(a=1;a<=10;a++)
{
b=rand();
printf("%dn",b);
}
return 0;
}
//Output

1987384758
2057844389
3475398489
2247357398
1435983905

Q29. Can I create a customized Head File in C language?

Ans: It is possible to create a new header file. Create a file with function prototypes that
need to be used in the program. Include the file in the ‘#include’ section in its name.

Q30. What do you mean by Memory Leak?

Ans: Memory Leak can be defined as a situation where programmer allocates dynamic
memory to the program but fails to free or delete the used memory after the completion
of the code. This is harmful if daemons and servers are included in the program.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int* ptr;
int n, i, sum = 0;
n = 5;
printf("Enter the number of elements: %dn", n);
ptr = (int*)malloc(n * sizeof(int));
if (ptr == NULL)
{
printf("Memory not allocated.n");
exit(0);
}
else
{
printf("Memory successfully allocated using malloc.n");
for (i = 0; i<= n; ++i)
{
ptr[i] = i + 1;
}
printf("The elements of the array are: ");
for (i = 0; i<=n; ++i)
{
printf("%d, ", ptr[i]);
}
}
return 0;
}

//Output

Enter the number of elements: 5

Memory successfully allocated using malloc.
The elements of the array are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

Q31. Explain Local Static Variables and what is their use?

Ans: A local static variable is a variable whose life doesn’t end with a function call
where it is declared. It extends for the lifetime of the complete program. All calls to the
function share the same copy of local static variables.

#include<stdio.h>
void fun()
{
static int x;
printf("%d ", x);
x = x + 1;
}
int main()
{
fun();
fun();
return 0;
}

//Output

01

Q32. What is the difference between declaring a header file with < > and ” “?

Ans: If the Header File is declared using < > then the compiler searches for the header
file within the Built-in Path. If the Header File is declared using ” ” then the compiler will
search for the Header File in the current working directory and if not found then it
searches for the file in other locations.

Q33. When should we use the register storage specifier?

Ans: We use Register Storage Specifier if a certain variable is used very frequently.
This helps the compiler to locate the variable as the variable will be declared in one of
the CPU registers.

Q34. Which statement is efficient and why? x=x+1; or x++; 

Ans: x++; is the most efficient statement as it just a single instruction to the compiler
while the other is not.
 

Q35. Can I declare the same variable name to the variables which have different
scopes?

Ans: Yes, Same variable name can be declared to the variables with different variable
scopes as the following example.

int var;
void function()
{
int variable;
}
int main()
{
int variable;
}

Q36. Which variable can be used to access Union data members if the Union
variable is declared as a pointer variable?

Ans: Arrow Operator( -> ) can be used to access the data members of a Union if the
Union Variable is declared as a pointer variable.

Q37. Mention File operations in C Language.

Ans: Basic File Handling Techniques in C, provide the basic functionalities that user
can perform against files in the system.

Function Operation
fopen() To Open a File
fclose() To Close a File
fgets() To Read a File
fprint() To Write into a File
 

Q38. What are the different storage class specifiers in C?

Ans: The different storage specifiers available in C Language are as follows:

 auto
 register
 static
 extern
 

Q39. What is typecasting?

Ans: Typecasting is a process of converting one data type into another is known as

typecasting. If we want to store the floating type value to an int type, then we will
convert the data type into another data type explicitly.

Syntax: (type_name) expression;

Q40. Write a C program to print hello world without using a semicolon ;

Ans:

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
if(printf("hello world")){}
}

//Output:

hello world

Q41. Write a program to swap two numbers without using the third variable.

Ans:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int a=10, b=20;
clrscr();
printf("Before swapping a=%d b=%d",a,b);
a=a+b;
b=a-b;
a=a-b;
printf("nAfter swapping a=%d b=%d",a,b);
getch();
}
//Output

Before swapping a=10 b=20

After swapping a=20 b=10

Q42. How can you print a string with the symbol % in it?

Ans: There is no escape sequence provided for the symbol % in C. So, to print % we

should use ‘%%’ as shown below.

printf(“there are 90%% chances of rain tonight”); 

Q43. Write a code to print the following pattern.

1
12
123
1234
12345

Ans: To print the above pattern, the following code can be used.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
for(i=1;i<=5;1++)
{
for(j=1;j<=5;j++)
{
print("%d",j);
}
printf("n");
}
return 0;
} 
Q44. Explain the # pragma directive.

Ans: The following points explain the Pragma Directive.

 This is a preprocessor directive that can be used to turn on or off certain

features.
 It is of two types #pragma startup, #pragma exit and pragma warn.
 #pragma startup allows us to specify functions called upon program startup.
 #pragma exit allows us to specify functions called upon program exit.
 #pragma warn tells the computer to suppress any warning or not.

Q45. How can you remove duplicates in an array?

Ans: The following program will help you to remove duplicates from an array.

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, a[100], b[100], calc = 0, i, j,count;
printf("Enter no. of elements in array.n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d integersn", n);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
for (i = 0; i<n; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j<calc; j++)
{
if(a[i] == b[j])
break;
}
if (j== calc)
{
b[count] = a[i];
calc++;
}
}
printf("Array obtained after removing duplicate elementsn");
for (i = 0; i<calc; i++)
{
printf("%dn", b[i]);
}
return 0;
}
//Output

Enter no. of elements in array. 5

Enter 5 integers
12
11
11
10
4
Array obtained after removing duplicate elements
12
11
10
4

Q46. What is Bubble Sort Algorithm? Explain with a program.

Ans: Bubble sort is a simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the list,
compares adjacent elements and swaps them if they are in the wrong order. The pass
through the list is repeated until the list is sorted. 

The following code executes Bubble Sort.

The following code executes Bubble Sort.

int main()
{
int array[100], n, i, j, swap;
printf("Enter number of elementsn");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d Numbers:n", n);
for(i = 0; i<n; i++)
scanf("%d", &array[i]);
for(i = 0 ; i<n - 1; i++)
{
for(j = 0 ; j < n-i-1; j++) { if(array[j]>array[j+1])
{
swap=array[j];
array[j]=array[j+1];
array[j+1]=swap;
}
 }
}
printf("Sorted Array:n");
for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
printf("%dn", array[i]);
return 0;
}

Q47. What is Round-robin algorithm? Write a code for Round Robin Scheduling

Ans: Round-robin Algorithm is one of the algorithms employed by process and network

schedulers in computing in order to evenly distribute resources in the system.

The following code will execute Round Robin Scheduling

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, limit, total = 0, x, counter = 0, time_quantum;
int wait_time = 0, turnaround_time = 0, arrival_time[10], burst_time[10], temp[10];
float average_wait_time, average_turnaround_time;
printf("nEnter Total Number of Processes:t");
scanf("%d", &limit);
x = limit;
for(i = 0; i<limit; i++)
{
printf("nEnter Details of Process[%d]n", i + 1);
printf("Arrival Time:t");
scanf("%d", &arrival_time[i]);
printf("Burst Time:t");
scanf("%d", &burst_time[i]);
temp[i] = burst_time[i];
}

printf("nEnter Time Quantum:t");

scanf("%d", &time_quantum);
printf("nProcess IDttBurst Timet Turnaround Timet Waiting Timen");
for(total = 0, i = 0; x != 0;)
{
if(temp[i] <= time_quantum && temp[i] > 0)
{
total = total + temp[i];
temp[i] = 0;
 counter = 1;
}
else if(temp[i]>0)
{
temp[i] = temp[i] - time_quantum;
total = total + time_quantum;
}
if(temp[i] == 0 && counter == 1)
{
x--;
printf("nProcess[%d]tt%dtt %dttt %d", i + 1, burst_time[i], total -
arrival_time[i], total - arrival_time[i] - burst_time[i]);
wait_time = wait_time + total - arrival_time[i] - burst_time[i];
turnaround_time = turnaround_time + total - arrival_time[i];
counter = 0;
}
if(i == limit - 1)
{
i = 0;
}
else if(arrival_time[i + 1] <= total)
{
i++;
}
else
{
i = 0;
}
}

average_wait_time = wait_time * 1.0 / limit;

average_turnaround_time = turnaround_time * 1.0 / limit;
printf("nnAverage Waiting Time:t%f", average_wait_time);
printf("nAvg Turnaround Time:t%fn", average_turnaround_time);
return 0;
}
//Output

 Q48. Which structure is used to link the program and the operating system?

Ans: The answer can be explained through the following points,

 The structure used to link the operating system to a program is file.

 The file is defined in the header file “stdio.h”(standard input/output header
file).
 It contains the information about the file being used, its current size and
its location in memory.
 It contains a character pointer that points to the character that is being opened.
 Opening a file establishes a link between the program and the operating
system about which file is to be accessed.
Q49. What are the limitations of scanf() and how can it be avoided?

Ans: The Limitations of scanf() are as follows:

 scanf() cannot work with the string of characters.

 It is not possible to enter a multiword string into a single variable using scanf().
 To avoid this the gets( ) function is used.
 It gets a string from the keyboard and is terminated when enter key is pressed.
 Here the spaces and tabs are acceptable as part of the input string.

 Q50. Differentiate between the macros and the functions.

Ans: The differences between macros and functions can be explained as follows:

 Macro call replaces the templates with the expansion in a literal way.

 The Macro call makes the program run faster but also increases the program
size.
 Macro is simple and avoids errors related to the function calls.
 In a function, call control is transferred to the function along with arguments.
 It makes the functions small and compact.
 Passing arguments and getting back the returned value takes time and makes
the program run at a slower rate.

Q51. Suppose a global variable and local variable have the same name. Is it is
possible to access a global variable from a block where local variables are
defined?

Ans: No. It is not possible in C. It is always the most local variable that gets
preference.

With this, we come to an end of this “C Programming Interview Questions” article. I

hope you have understood the importance of C Programming.