A V Aids
A V Aids
SEMINAR ON
PROJECTED
AND
NON PROJECTED AIDS
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
SUBMITTED BY
CENTRAL OBJECTIVES
2
By the end of the class, the students acquire knowledge regarding audio visual aids
and apply their skills while teaching the students.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
explain chalkboard
describe charts
explain graphs
explain posters
describe cartoon
explain photographs
describe models
explain puppets
3
explain camera
describe epidiascope
DEFINITION 6
CONCEPT 6
MEANING 7
PURPOSE 7
DRAWBACKS 8
TYPES 8
NON PROJECTED AIDS
a. GRAPHIC AIDS
1. CHALK BOARD 10
2. CHART 12
3. FLIP CHART 16
4. GRAPHS 17
5. POSTERS 18
6. FLASH CARDS 20
7. FLANNEL GRAPH 21
8. BULLETIN 22
9. CARTOON 24
10. DIAGRAMS 25
11. MAPS 27
12. PHOTO GRAPHS. 27
b. THREE DIMENSIONAL AIDS
1. OBJECTS 28
2. SPECIMENS 29
3. MODELS 30
4. PUPPETS 31
5. MOULAGE 32
6. MOCKCUPS 32
7. DIORAMAS 32
c. PRINTED AIDS.
1. PAMPHLETS AND LEAFLETS 33
PROJECTED AIDS
1. SLIDES AND SLIDE PROJECTOR 34
2. OVERHEAD PROJECTOR 36
3. FILMS 39
4. T V 41
5. VCR/VCD 43
6. CAMERA 45
7. MICROSCOPE 47
ELECTRONICS
5
1. TAPE RECORDER 51
2. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM 53
3. COMPUTER 53
CONCLUSION 56
BIBLIOGRAPHY 57
A V AIDS
INTRODUCTION
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Audio visual aids must be seen in their relationship to teaching and to the
learning process as a whole, until teacher understands the relationship between
audio-visual material and teaching-learning process, be cannot be expected to make
intelligent or fruitful utilization of the techniques, which after lot of assistance in day
today activities of teaching.
DEFINITION
Audio-visual aids are the sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate
and reinforce learning - Burton.
Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the learning more
effective, more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic - Kinder.
Audio visual aids are aids that are used by a teacher in teaching learning
situations for effective communication.
Audio visual aids are anything by means of which learning process may be
encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or sense of sight- Good’s
dictionary of Education.
CONCEPT
Audio-visual aids are sensitive tools used in teaching and as venues for learning.
These are planned educational material that appeals to the senses of the people and
learning, facilities for clear understanding.
A Chinese proverb: ‘If I here, I forget, if 1 sees, I remember, If I do, I know says
the importance of sensory perception in teaching and learning situation.
When we see it with our eyes we remember it for a longer time and when we
perform an activity with our own hands, we understand its process. This is because
of the fact that the more the senses are stimulated and involved the more will be the
learning and retention among learners.
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MEANING
The sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce
learning. It helps the process of learning. I.e., motivation, classification and
stimulates the individuals. It makes dynamic learning experience more concrete,
realistic correlate and coordinate accurate concepts, interpretations, appreciation
and enables him to make learning effective, interesting, inspirational, meaningful and
vivid. It provides significant gains in informational learning, retention, recall, better
assimilation and personal growth and development.
PURPOSES
Vicarious experience.
The first hand experience is the best type of educative experience is
the best type of education experience. But it is neither practicable nor
desirable to provide such experience to pupils. Substituted experience may be
provided under such conditions. For example, it is not possible for the pupils
in India to see the Eskimo. Similarly it is not possible for an average man to
climb the Mount Everest.
Best motivators
They are the best motivators. The students work with more interest
and Zeal. They are more attentive.
Clear images
These images are formed when we see hear, touch, taste and smell as
our experiences are direct and more or less permanent.
Variety
‘Mere chalk and talk do not help. Audio-visual aids give variety and
provide different tools in the hands of the teacher like models, transparencies
etc
Freedom
When audio visual aids are employed, there is greater scope for
children to move about, talk, laugh and comment upon. Under such an
atmosphere the students work because they want to work and not because
the teacher wants them to work.
Opportunities to handle and manipulate
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TYPES OF AV AIDS
1. Non Projected Aids
a) Graphic aids
13. Chalk board
14. Chart
15. Flip chart
16. Graph
17. Poster
18. Flash cards
19. Flannel graph
20. Bulletin
21. Cartoon
22. Diagrams
23. Maps
24. Photo graphs.
b) Three dimensional aids
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8. Objects
9. Specimens
10. Models
11. Puppets
12. Moulage
13. Mockups
14. Dioramas
c) Printed aids.
1. Pamphlets and leaflets.
III. Electronics
1. Tape recorder
2. Public address system
3. Computer
The non-projected two-dimensional visuals, which are also called graphics, are the
most used as teaching-learning aids. Even though graphics materials are created by a
teacher to simplify illustrate and concretize learning experiences which may
otherwise be abstract, the most productive use of graphics in an active learning
situation is the student creation of the graphic material .
CHALK BOARD
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The chalk board or blackboard is the most important aid in a hand of a teacher. A
teacher is a real assest in class teaching as it scarves to make direct appeal to the
child’s senses and seeks to strengthen the retention and assists the recall of facts.
It can be prepared with a piece of plywood about 30” x 40” Paint the
plywood with blackboard paint. To carry from one place to other place, make it to
two pieces and hinge it in the middle.
USES
Boards should be kept clean always and uniform strokes with eraser
can be made to clean the board.
Write the letters and drawings should be in larger size, legible.
Avoid spelling mistakes
Writing should be in straight rows
Do not talk as you write
Face in group after writing and continue the discussion. Extreme lower
corner of black board should not be use, as total members cannot see.
Do not fill the board, only salient features have to be written.
While writing on the board, the teacher should ensure that the class is
attentive.
Use colored chalks
Do not stand in front of the board, stand to one side
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One side marker pen writing and one side letter interchangeable. It is
useful at public places to receive the VIP’s.
12)Pressing graph perforated board
It can be used vertically, horizontally in any place like educational
institution, administrative office.
13)Write and wipe off white board
It can be used for marker pen writing and it can be earned easily with
duster or ordinary cloth.
14)Information notice board
It is framed with aluminium frame; notices can be fixed with pushpins,
available in green blue and maroon colour.
DISADVANTAGES
CHARTS
A chart is a combination of graphic, pictorial, numerical or vertical material
which presents a clear visual summary.
DEFINITION
Charts are the graphic aids depicting information in the form of tables,
picture, graph and diagram. (Kinder)
PURPOSES
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The size of the chart should be large enough for the group of students to
whom it is to be presented. The optimum size of chart is 20” x 30”. The size of the
letters should be as follows:
PRINCIPLES
Chart paper
Sketch pen
Scale
Stencil
Types of chart
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1. NARATIVE CHART
Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing events in the process of
development or we can show an important improvement over a period of
time.
2. The cause and effect chart
Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the relationship between
two systems or between rights and responsibilities or between a complex
of conditions and change or conflict.
3. The chain chart
Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing transitions or cycles.
4. The evolution chart
Facts and ideas are expressed in specific items from beginning the data
and its projections in to future.
5. Strip Tease Chart
1. It enables the speaker to present the information step by step.
2. It has great suspense value which aids in holding the attention and
building interest.
3. The information on the chart is covered in thin paper strips to which it
has been applied either by tape, pins or sticky substances.
6. Pull chart
It consists of written messages which are hidden by strips of thick paper.
The messages can be shown to the viewer, one after another by pulling out
the concealing.
7. Flow chart
a) It can be used to show the organizational elements or administrative or
functional relationship
b) A flow chart is a graphic and system requiring presentation in the form of
connected divisions of the system in boxes and lines t show their relative
positions with respect to the highest positions in the system.
8. Tabulation chart
Here the numerical data are presented in a tabular form, used for
comparisons or for listing advantages and disadvantages of an organization. It
presents information in ordinary sequences.
9. Time or time chart
Table charts are valuable and aid in teaching situation where breakdown
of a fact or statement is listed.
It is a useful aid for showing points of comparison, distinctions and
contrast between two or more things
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While making table charts the following points have to be kept in mind.
Chart should be 50x70 cm
It should be captioned in bold letters
The vertical columns should be filled in short phrases than complete
sentences
10. Genealogy chart
To represent historical facts or growth and development of the family. Taking
and analogy from the tree, the origin is shown in a single line, rectangle, circle or
other representation of the trunk and the various changes or developments are
shown.
11. Job chart
Job responsibilities o specific categories will be listed out and circulated
among its members.
12. Tree chart
A chart is made from the trunk of the tree.
The trunk represents the main idea and the branches represent various
developments, relationships or sub parts of the main idea.
13. Flip chart
A set of charts related to a specific topic are tagged together and hang on
supporting hand/ stand.
The individual charts will carry a series of related materials or messages in
sequences
14. Over lay chart
It consists of illustrated sheets which can be placed one over the other
conveniently
It enables the viewer to see not only the different arts but also to see
them against the total perspective when one is placed over the other.
15. Pie chart
A circle will be drawn and the divisions will be made into different
sections
Each section will be coded differently and code key will be given the right
corner of the chart.
FLIP CHARTS
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Meaning
Illustration made on paper that is usually larger than 21 cm x 27 cm, bound together
with rings or strings. They flip over in sequence.
Audience size
Purposes
Preparation
Advantages
Disadvantages
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GRAPHS
Graphs are flat pictures which employ dots, lines or pictures to visualize numerical
and statistical data to show relationship or statistics.
Meaning
Graph is a visual aid for presenting statistical information and contrasting the trend
or changes of certain attributes.
1. Pie graph
The data are presented throughout the sections for portions of a circle. In
determining the circumference of a circle we have to take into consideration a
quantity known as ‘pie’.
Method of construction
Pictorial graph
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It presents an accurate picture of the relative proportion of the total frequency from
interval to interval
Frequency polygon
Ogive
To determine quickly and accurately the statistical data like percentile, median,
quartile deviation can be used.
A line graph drawn by plotting actual upper limits of the class interval on the x-axis
and the respective cumulative frequencies on y-axis.
Disadvantages
POSTERS
Posters are the graphic aids with short, quick and typical messages with attention
capturing paintings. A poster may be used for one of the following instructional
purposes.
Uses
Popularizing a slogan
Drawing attention towards desirable actins and values
Giving a warning
Popularizing a symbol or a sign
Propaganda
Types
Landscape
Landscape formal has eth width of the poster longer than the height
Portrait
In portrait the height is more than width
Features
Simplicity in depiction
Dramatic action – packed short message or idea in bold letters
Colorfulness
Eye catching figurative designs
Advantages
Disadvantages
FLASH CARDS
Flash card is a small compact card which flashes information before he class to
bring an idea. Flash cards are small cards of generally 25x30 cm size which are shown
for a few moments before the class to send across a message or impart an idea
Audience size
5-15 people
Because illustrations are small, no more than 15 people should be in the
audience
Use a pointer
Do not cover the matter with hands
Be enthusiastic and enjoy the explaining content
Important points should be written overleaf
Advantages
Disadvantages
Physical flash cards are two sided. In some contexts one wishes to correctly
produce the opposite side on being presented with either side.
Physical flash are necessarily two sided. A variant found in electronic flash
cards, is what is known as three sided cards. Here, the cared has three fields.
FLANNEL GRAPH
A flannel board is a display board mode of wood, cardboard covered with colored
flannel or wooden cloth. The items are sticked temporarily to the flannel board and
can be replaced.
A piece of flannel, terry cloth or felt cloth attached to a rigid surface on which
cut out figures will be adhered.
Collect the pictures of light objects or make outs and back them with sand
paper pieces.
Display material on the flannel board in a sequence to develop the lesson
plan.
Change the picture or cut out as you talk to the client.
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Use the flannel board to create proper scenes/designs relevant to the lesson.
Flannel boards can be used to tell a story, inter relationship with different
parts or steps of process.
PURPOSES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
BULLETIN BOARD
INTRODUCTION
1) Photographs
2) Cut out illustrations
3) Publications
4) Drawings
5) Specimens
6) Posters
7) Newspapers
8) Pasting up of – Announcements, assignments, distinctions, achievements
GUIDELINES
A board for notices should be kept separate from current events and study.
A suggested placement of this board is to have one near the administrator’s
office another near the library, conference hall, class room etc.
It content of the theme should be organized around the central theme of
content
The appearance must be neat orderly and attractive.
The material should be changed frequently to encourage the audience.
Student’s contribution should be encouraged and used.
A bulletin board committee should be appointed and they are responsible to
provide material.
Crowding of display materials should be avoided.
The bulletin board should be kept a little above the eye level of the overage
individual.
USES
A board for posting notices should be kept separate from those for current
events and study
A suggested plan for placement of bulletin board is to have one near the
educational administrators office, another near to the library or study , third
board in conference hall or main wards,4th one in class room
The content of the boards should be organized around a central theme of
content
The contributions should be well labeled
Crowding of display materials should be avoided
The bulletin board should be kept a little above the eye level of the average
individual
TYPES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CARTOON
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MEANING
USES
Personalized humor
Fantasy
Incongruity
Satire
Exaggeration.
The logic of cartoons lies in implication. The quality of the drawing should be
high primarily for visual effectiveness, Secondly for appreciation. It is simple, clear
which tells the story without too much explanation. The teacher should use the
symbols, which the student can understand easily, give time to the students can
understand easily, give time to the students for interpreting the symbols, then the
teacher may ask them, to give the meaning and apply to the subject being studied.
ADVANTAGES
PRECAUTIONS
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While using cartoons as instructional aids, the teacher ought to choose them
judiciously and discriminately as they can injure personal feelings or social group.
DISADVANTAGES
DIAGRAMS
DEFINITION
TYPES
1) Technically correct
2) Neatly drawn in proper proportion
3) Well labeled and explained
4) It can be moved and seen from all angles.
MAPS
TYPES OF MAPS
HISTORICAL MAPS
DISTRIBUTION MAPS
GEOGRAPHICAL MAPS
PHOTOGRAPHS
Pictures are the most commonly available graphic aids. Pictures include
photographs, pointing etc.
A picture can be flashed in front of the class and related questions are asked
to initiate the sections.
A series of pictures related to the lesson can be displayed in the classroom to
arouse curiosity and interest before the lesson begins.
The picture should be large enough for the whole class to see it properly.
The picture must have clear details for arresting attention and interest.
The pictures should be related to the lesson and meaningful to students.
The picture should be authentic and identifiable.
The picture must lead the class to some purposeful activity.
OBJECTS
Objects are real things and their use for class room teaching imparts a direct
learning experience to students.
SOURCES OF OBJECTS
Small size objects can be mounted by pasting them with adhesive, nail, cello
tape on cardboard. The collection of grains and seeds can be kept in small size
bottles or polythene bags and stuck on the cardboard label and catalogues the
objects.
USING OBJECTS
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Plan your teaching with certain simple and direct observation of the
objects be in referred to.
Ask questions elicit more details of the objects or specimen under
observation.
Clarify and emphasis the important structural details of the objects under
observation.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
SPECIMENS
Specimens are real objects taken from natural setting. It is simple that shows
quality or structure. Eg. Section of lung.
USES OF SPECIMEN
Specimens like section of lungs, heart, kidney etc can be preserved in suitable
bottles filled with formalin.
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ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
MODELS
PURPOSES
To provide the knowledge of the internal and external parts of a thing properly which
is not possible with two dimensional diagrams / charts.
TYPES OF MODELS
1) Scale model
2) Simplified models
3) Cross-sectional models
4) Working model
Scale Model
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Simplified Models
Cross-sectional model
Working model
Working model is a conceptual design tool that allows creating simulation that
replace vague, time consuming, inaccurate calculations.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
PUPPETS
One of the old and popular Indian folk arts has been puppetry. Puppets can serve
as an effective aid to learning. They can be made to illustrate lessons. It is necessary
to have a great deal action as well as plenty of music and dancing poster. In writing
or relating a puppet play, the age, background and taste of the clients should be
32
taken into consideration. A short puppet play is always preferable.It is belied that
puppet theatre began in India and China thousand years ago, and then spread to
other parts of the world.
In writing or selecting a puppet play, the age, background and tastes of the
students should be taken into consideration.
TYPES OF PUPPETS
Hand puppets
This fit in the hand like a glove and is operated from below by fingers.
Those wear in fingers are called finger puppets.
Shadow puppets
It is flat figure, usually made of leather. These are the silhouettes of cardboard
which produce shadows on a white screen
It is much bigger than a hand puppet. These are the painted cardboard
cutouts attached by sticks
Using puppets
Advantages
Disadvantages
MOULAGE
Eg: Body which shows evidence of trauma, infection, disease and surgical
intervention
MOCK UPS
It emphasizes the functional relationship between the device reality and its
workability
devices which are Imitations of real things without involving similarity of
appearance , the non functioning parts which that are unnecessary for
understanding g operational functions being omitted
certain elements of the original reality are emphasized on to make it more
meaningful for the purpose of instruction
DIORAMAS
The diorama scene is set up on a small stage with a group of modeled objects, kept
on the forehead, which is blended into a painted realistic background
Example
The objects and models are generally placed in a big box or show case with a
glass which can be artificially lighted
The human and animal figures should be modeled in clay to provide solidity
and reality and also because of the perspectives and background painting.
Example: stage diorama in religious festivals like Ganapathy, Navarathry etc.
PRINTED AIDS
Meaning
Pamphlet is a sheet of paper can be folded into two or three or five, the matter will
be printed on either side or both sides. Leaflet is a single sheet or paper folded to
make a full page of printed matter on a single side. They may be used to supplement
any class room teaching method.
Booklet is a small book with a cover page. It is particularly useful for topics which
have a high degree of public interest like controlling obesity, diabetic care, etc.
Purposes
Advantages
Disadvantages
PROJECTED AIDS
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Meaning
A slide is a single picture or image of some other surface through which light can pass
and which is mounted or use in a slide projector
Molded slides range in size from 2x2 or 4.5 x 4 inches. Slides can be made from
photographs and pictures b the teachers and pupils taking photographs and
snapshots when they go on field trips for historical, geographical, literary or scientific
excursions
Types of slides
Cellophane slides
Silhouette slides
Rinse a glass piece with kerosene and draw a diagram with crayon
Glass slide are breakable. Therefore they require care in handling and storage
They should be stored vertically in cardboard trays of right size
The tray should be covered to protect the slide
If the instructor has a large number of slides, they should be catalogued
subject wise
The film strip can be placed in rolled up position in a cylindrical container
Each container should be properly labeled
Advantages
The image on the screen can be held for any duration of time for detailed
discussion and explanations
For teaching, the teacher need not draw or prepare graphic aids for his lesson
Slide projectors capture the students attention and interest
When used with other teaching aids , slides can develop a lesson
economically and effectively
Slide can be used effectively to introduce, review and test a lesson.
Disadvantages
It is expensive
It takes more time for preparing slides.
OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
It projects transparencies with brilliant screen images suitable for use in a lighted
room. The teacher faces the class as he uses OHP, and the class views the
projections. The teacher can write or draw diagrams on the transparency while he
teaches, these are projected simultaneously on the screen by the OHP, thus it is used
as aid and tool in teaching – learning situation
Parts
Preparation
Special techniques
Characteristics
An OHP consist of a metal box with a 1000 W bulb and concave reflector
A condenser lens illuminates the transparency placed on the glass sheet on
the top of the box
The vertical rod at the side carries an objective convex lens parallel to the
transparency and a plan mirror to reflect the image on the screen.
The objective lens and mirror combination can slide up and down the rod with
the arrangement operated by a knob
The movement of objective lens and mirrors focuses image properly on the
screen
There is also a small exhaust or cooling fan in the over head projector to blow
out the excess heat produced by the bulb
Using marker pens and glass marking pencils one can draw diagrams
Even if the teacher is not good at drawing he can trace the diagram from
suitable source on the transparent acetate sheet
The teacher can prepare the transparency in advance for projection during the
presentation
The usual magnification of an OHP is five times, hence while writing on
transparency capital letters of atleast 5 to 7mm height should be used
Line space of 5 to 7 mm is also necessary for optimum legibility
For routine purposes, washed x-ray films can be used for making
transparencies and sketch pens to write and draw on these films for
projection
Acetate sheets and OHP marking pens can be employed for making more
permanent transparencies.
Working principles
Precautions
FILM STRIP
MEANING
TYPES
Cine films
Educational films
1. CINE FILMS
Cine films (16 mm formal for large audience and 8 mm formal for groups
and individual learning) are useful for demonstration of psychomotor skills,
development of attitudes and presentation of problems.
They are also suited for the introduction of a presentation.
As present, cine films are only used in education when extraordinary
clarity of real-time images is essential, eg. In teaching – learning of coronary
angiography.
2. EDUCATIONAL FILMS
o Films can teach factual materials effectively over a wide range of subject
matter, ages, abilities and conditions of use.
o Films can be effective in teaching perceptual motor skills.
o Films can be made more effective as learning tools through the use of
various teaching techniques.
o Films can modify motivations, interests, attitudes and opinion if they are
designed to stimulate or re-force existing beliefs of the audience.
o Films are greatly influential in their effectiveness on the audience learner
characteristics.
Motion pictures are made with films of cellulose acetate which is no highly
inflammable. The following is the description of films made in different widths.
1. 35 mm films
2. 16 mm films
3. 8 mm standard films
4. 8 mm super films
5. 70 mm films.
TYPES OF SCREEN
Types of screen
DISADVANTAGES
TELEVISION
DEFINITION
Television is the electronic means by which sound and light energy are transmitted
from one place to another
1. Commercial
Commercial station broadcast programs that commonly are seen at home, and its
programmes are directed primarily to general public consumption
2. Educational
a. Instructional television
It consist of broadcast that deliberately are designed to aid instructions ,
that is they are planned in relation to educational objectives and are
presented in an orderly and sequential arrangement of learning experience
b. Enrichment television
It is designed towards enriching learning but is not directed towards any
particular course of study nor is it presented in any learning sequences
1. Image multiplication
2. Image magnification
3. Image association
4. Image transportation
5. Image memory
The recording of live television through kinescope and video tapes for purpose of
later production is termed image memory.
ADVANTAGES
2. It can directly show the current happening and live shows happening even in
the remote parts.
3. A television set can work as a powerful medium of mass education.
4. In television programme well planned verbal description is added with audio
visual presentation.
5. Television programme breaks the monotony of normal dullness of classroom
instruction by the teacher.
6. Television programme can easily be made to include the latest information
and refinement update the knowledge of both students and teacher.
DISADVANTAGES
It is costly.
Staff is required for technical / maintenance of equipment.
Careful handling of equipment is needed.
VIDEO CASSETTES
The video cassettes are compact aids which have recordings of motion
pictures and sound.
Because of its compact size, a video cassette is like a motion and sound book.
Using a video cassette recorder, good programs can be taped from television
directly for use at an appropriate time.
OPERATION
It combines the advantages of both the motion picture and tape recorder.
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For teaching and training, videos are being used extensively these days
especially in the field of open education.
Video tape system (Video recording and repay) is a very powerful teaching-
learning medium.
It can also be used for teaching-learning of attitudinal skills and the
presentation of patient-management problems.
Video tape is specially suited to the teaching-learning of emergency
psychomotor skills (such as CPR) and endoscopic surgical skills (such as
bronchoscope, Gastroscopy and cystoscopy).
Professionally prepared video tapes are available on practically all topics.
Short presentations of video recordings followed by periods of discussion by
the students provide a very effective educational experience.
VIDEOSCOPE
A videoscope is a video system which can accept inputs from a video cassette
player, video CD or a computer.
A larger projection screen allows presentation from videotapes, floppies and
compact discs in class rooms.
It is a very versatile audio-visual method which allows projections of text,
images and animations with sound effects.
The earlier models were bulky and used three colour lamps (electronic guns)
to produce the pictures.
The current models use liquid crystal display (LCD) technology and therefore
are small and portable.
Advantages
Disadvantages
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CAMERA
Definition
Types
i. Miniature camera
a. Spy camera
This can be fit into the palm of a hand. It is used for taking pictures secretly
b. Wrist camera
It is not bigger than a wrist watch and can be strapped to the hand just like a wrist
watch.
This is the simplest of cameras. At one end it has a large hole covered by a simple
palmer type of lens
View camera
Such cameras are use by photographers to take picture for advertising a cloth box
can be squeezed or pulled out, twisted and turned. Sheet films are fitted into the
back. The front has movable holders for different lenses. When in use, this camera is
attached to a tripod that holds it steady
Press camera
This is a kind of view camera built especially for new paep photography and is built
very ruggedly to endure rough handling. Yet it always gives good picture.
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Studio camera
Upstairs lens focuses on image in the finder corresponding exactly to the one that
the lower lens focused on the film. One side of the camera is open to show how it s
built.
Aerial camera
This camera has an enormous lens. When aimed straight down from place, it
photographs miles of a country. Such cameras are used in making maps.
Movie camera
This is driven by a spring on an electric motor and the film moves through the
camera. The tiny claw automatically inserted into the holes along the sides of the
films, pulls the film through a channel the film gate. There is a spring in the gate just
opposite the lens of the camera. Here the film stops for an instanthile the shutter
opens just long enough for an exposure, when the shutter closes , the film lets in
light and the claw pulls the first film into position for the exposure of another frame.
This happens many times every second.
Parts of a camera
Diaphragm
The diaphragm opening can also be made larger or smaller to suit the photographs
needed. The larger the opening the more light will pass through and strike the film.
Lens
Shutter
Flash attachment
Precautions
Advantages
Simple set up
Not too expensive
Observations are recorded in the natural environment
Disadvantages
MICROSCOPE
Definition
Types
1) Simple microscope
It is a microscope containing only one magnifying lens. Images seen when using a
magnifying glass usually appear about 3 to 20 times as large as the object. During the
late 1600s, scientists believed that Leeuwenhoek’s simple microscope had a
maximum magnifying power of about 300 times larger than the objects actual size.
2) Compound microscope
3) Electron microscope
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It uses an electron beam, a source of illumination and magnets in focus the beam.
Small infectious agents such as rabies and small pox viruses can be seen through an
electron microscope. Although they were known to exist, they could not be seen
until the electron microscope was developed
Properties
Magnification
Resolution
Definition
Parts of Microscope
Uses
To visualize microorganisms
To see the internal details of cells scanning electron microscope is used.
Definition
LCD is a display technology that uses rod shaped molecules (liquid crystals).
Used in
Digital watches, laptop computers, microwave oven, CD players and other electronic
devices
Functioning
LCD displays utilize two sheets of polarizing material with a liquid crystal solution
between them. An electronic current passed through the liquid causes the crystals to
align so that light cannot pass through them.
LCD Panel
An electronic LCD display panel can be used with a high lumen overhead projector to
achieve an effect similar to that of a video projector. This is less expensive. The image
is not as sharp and the animation not as smooth as that of a video projector.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Expensive
Requires electricity
Flat pictures
Post cards and photographs
News items and illustrations
Books illustrations
Tables of statistics
Hand work diagrams
Solid objects- watches , coins, nature study samples and geological specimens,
maps
Advantages
Disadvantages
Costly
Requires electricity
ELECTRONICS
TAPE RECORDER
Definition
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A tape recorder is used to record sounds on magnetic tape which can be reproduced
at will as many times as required
Audio tape
Audio tapes can be adapted to any teaching and learning situation for any size of
audience and for self learning. Audio tapes can be used to provide narration for slide
sequences, give commentary for silent films and film strips, demonstrate heart
sounds and give instructions for use of equipment. Professionally prepared audio
tapes are available which have recorded dialogues among subject experts on
different topics. These audio tapes are good media for presenting discussion among
experts on controversial topics.
Immediacy
Books and describe that have events that have happened, but
recordings can describe events as they happen.
Emotion impact
The student’s interest can be captured and ger imagination stirred
through the combined effect of voice, environmental sounds and music.
Authenticity
Through tape recorders, it is possible for experts to visit any class room
at any time
Conquest of time and space
Through simulated programs, audio media can actually overcome the
barriers of time and space
One way communication
Through simulated programs, audio media can actually overcome the
barriers of time and space
Audition
Tape programs can be auditioned to determine their educational value
Needs and interest
Recording made by the teacher and the students can be used to meet
their specific needs and their by enhance the teaching-learning situation.
Advantages
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Tape recorder can be used to record educational broadcasts and for replay at
suitable and convenient times
It can be used for music and other sound effects for use during staging of
dramas in the colleges and cultural performances
It can be used to record the speeches of important visitors to the institution
and this can be effectively used later
Tape recorders are largely used in language laboratories for giving speech
training and for correction of pronunciation defects
Tape recorders can be used for appreciation or and for teaching music
Instructions for doing experiments or any activity can be recorded on cassette
and the individual can listen to it through the head phones and do the
necessary operations without disturbance to others
A tape recorder can be used very effectively during the micro teaching
sessions. It will provide the necessary feedback for discussions to improve the
lesson.
Disadvantages
The principle of audiotape recording is that plastic tape, covered in ferrous oxide or
chromium dioxide, is pulled at a constant speed past two electromagnetic heads. The
tape is capable of being magnetized and as it passes over the ‘erase’ head any
previous signal is wiped off. It then passes over the ‘record’ head, where magnetic
impulses from the sound source are recorded on it. When the tape is played back,
the record heads picks up these magnetic impulses and converts them back to the
recorded sound via the loud speaker. The erase head in non operational during play,
to avoid wiping off the recording
Public address system is required for communication in large groups (more than 30 –
50 students). This system aims at reproducing the original sound at a higher
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intensity. The quality of reproduction depends on the public address system and the
acoustic qualities of the hall. The public address system consists of microphone,
amplifier and speakers.
Microphone is a sound transducer that converts sound energy into electrical energy.
The electrical energy is reconverted to sound energy by the speakers at a higher
intensity. Microphone may either be mobile or fixed to a floor or a floor stand.
The speaker should maintain a distance of about 20 cm from the lips to avoid sound
distortions
Amplifier controls the volume and the tone of the sound. Tone control consist of low
frequency (bass) and high frequency (treble) components and helps in giving the
desirable quality of sound.
COMPUTERS
Eric Ashby, the historian, has called information technology, the fifth major
revolution in education, after instruction by professional teachers, creation of the
written word, printing and advances in educational science and technology
Computer is often compared with the human brain which can be called as the most
powerful supercomputers. Computer can perform excellent job that is tedious and
complicated without error, but it is the human brain that is behind the computer to
make the machine work competently. The human can make sense out of
disorganized non sense, but computer can make sense out of sense only.
Characteristics
Ability to operate automatically: does not require prompt input from the
operator at each stage of operation
Diligence: computer does not get tired, bored or lazy.
Scientific approach: the entire approach to problem solving in computers is
scientific and logical
Versatility: the computer is a versatile tool for doing a variety of jobs.
Input device
Output devices
A memory store
A processing unit
A control unit
INPUT DEVICES
These devices help to feed the data to the computer. They include
Keyboard: they are the basic input devices through which data and programs
are fed into the computer. They have numeric and alphabetic, symbols, edit,
control and function keys. A keyboard is very much like that of a standard
computer.
Mouse: it is used to position the cursor on the screen. Its manipulation on a
flat surface moves the cursor in the same direction as the movement of the
mouse. The box contains a ball underneath, which senses the movement and
transmits it to the cursor over the screen.
Light pen: this is a pen like device connected by cable to display. When
pointed at the screen the computer revises the position of the point. It can be
moved and repositioned as required. It helps to draw pictures on the screen
or make changes to an already drawn picture or figure.
Graphic table: it is a computer-based terminal with additional features for
creating, storing and printing pictures. One can create an image of a picture by
simply moving a stylus on the picture. As the stylus moves, the picture is
created and drawn on the screen for checking.
Joy stick: moving a joy stick increases or decreases the voltage level in a
resistor. It helps in playing games using a computer.
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Optical character reader: they are input devices used to read any printed text.
They can interpret handmade marks and characters and special symbols and
codes
OCRs scan: it reads the text optically, character by character and convert them
into a machine readable code and store them into the system’s memory. They
can read at a rate of 2400 characters per second
Voice input: this is another means of communication via the computer. It
incorporates the wave from which it is created, and analyses it.
OUTPUT DEVICES
Output devices translate information back into understandable form. The data fed
into the computer are processed as per the instructions given to the computer and
returned in the form of output.
Printers: it is the most commonly used output device. The paper copy
obtained from the printer is often referred to as the printout
Visual display unit: when the program is keyed in, the screen displays the
characters. The user can read the program line by line and make corrections
before it is stored or printed. Screen sizes differ from system to system. The
cursor on the screen is controlled by the cursor keys on the keyboard.
Computer output microfilm (COM): when large amounts of data are to be
printed and stored for future reference, conventional paper output will not be
economical. In such situations, computer output microfilm is used, which
consists of photographed images produced in miniature by the computer.
Audio response unit: computer audio output or voice response units speak,
by arranging half-second records of voice sounds of prerecorded words.
Plotters: they are used to produce output containing graphics or diagrams.
With the availability of multi color plotters, they are increasingly used for
preparing financial documents, annual reports and engineering drawings
Memory store: it contains all the information, which has been fed into the
computer through the input equipment.
Processing unit: it operates and processes the information out of a large
amount of stored information in terms of scientific criteria.
External storage devices: the purpose of external storage device is to retain
data and programs for future use. A number of files containing information
can be stored in this manner.
Control unit: this controls the actions of the processing units
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Floppy disks: it is flexible plastic disk coated with magnetic material and works
like a photograph record. Information can be recorded or read by inserting it
into a disk drive connected to the computer
Hard disks: they are suitable for storing large volumes of information and are
properly known as the Winchester disks. A hard disk consists of two or more
magnetic plates fixed to a spindle one below the other with a set of read or
write leads. These are permanently sealed inside a casing to protect it from
dust.
CONCLUSION
Audio visual aids are any devices which can be used to make the learning experience
more concrete. It can supplement teaching, but are not substitute for teachers and
books. It should not be misused; they should be used properly to attain the
educational and instructional objectives
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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