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A V Aids

This document provides information about a seminar on projected and non-projected audiovisual aids. It defines audiovisual aids, discusses their purposes and types. The document outlines the central and specific objectives of the seminar. It then provides detailed descriptions and explanations of various non-projected aids including graphic aids like chalkboards, charts, and flip charts, as well as three-dimensional aids like objects, specimens and models. Projected aids such as slides, overhead projectors and films are also discussed.

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100% found this document useful (3 votes)
3K views58 pages

A V Aids

This document provides information about a seminar on projected and non-projected audiovisual aids. It defines audiovisual aids, discusses their purposes and types. The document outlines the central and specific objectives of the seminar. It then provides detailed descriptions and explanations of various non-projected aids including graphic aids like chalkboards, charts, and flip charts, as well as three-dimensional aids like objects, specimens and models. Projected aids such as slides, overhead projectors and films are also discussed.

Uploaded by

merin sunil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

SEMINAR ON

PROJECTED
AND
NON PROJECTED AIDS

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY

SUBMITTED BY

CENTRAL OBJECTIVES
2

By the end of the class, the students acquire knowledge regarding audio visual aids
and apply their skills while teaching the students.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

define a.v aids

explain the concept

discuss the meaning

list down the purposes

enlist the draw backs of a.v aids

discuss the types of a.v aids

explain chalkboard

describe charts

discuss flip charts

explain graphs

explain posters

describe flash cards

discuss the flannel graph

explain bulletin board

describe cartoon

discuss about diagrams and maps

explain photographs

narrate three dimensional aids

discuss objects and specimens

describe models

explain puppets
3

describe moulage, mock ups and dioramas

explain pamphlets and leaflets

describe slides and slide projector

discuss over head projector

describe film strip and television

discuss VCR/VCD (video)

explain camera

narrate LCD liquid crystal display and microscope

describe epidiascope

discuss computer, public address system and tape recorder

SL.NO CONTENT PAGE NO.


INTRODUCTION 6
4

DEFINITION 6
CONCEPT 6
MEANING 7
PURPOSE 7
DRAWBACKS 8
TYPES 8
NON PROJECTED AIDS
a. GRAPHIC AIDS
1. CHALK BOARD 10
2. CHART 12
3. FLIP CHART 16
4. GRAPHS 17
5. POSTERS 18
6. FLASH CARDS 20
7. FLANNEL GRAPH 21
8. BULLETIN 22
9. CARTOON 24
10. DIAGRAMS 25
11. MAPS 27
12. PHOTO GRAPHS. 27
b. THREE DIMENSIONAL AIDS
1. OBJECTS 28
2. SPECIMENS 29
3. MODELS 30
4. PUPPETS 31
5. MOULAGE 32
6. MOCKCUPS 32
7. DIORAMAS 32
c. PRINTED AIDS.
1. PAMPHLETS AND LEAFLETS 33
PROJECTED AIDS
1. SLIDES AND SLIDE PROJECTOR 34
2. OVERHEAD PROJECTOR 36
3. FILMS 39
4. T V 41
5. VCR/VCD 43
6. CAMERA 45
7. MICROSCOPE 47
ELECTRONICS
5

1. TAPE RECORDER 51
2. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM 53
3. COMPUTER 53
CONCLUSION 56
BIBLIOGRAPHY 57

A V AIDS
INTRODUCTION
6

Educational communication media and the teaching learning situation as


nursing education are also referred to as audio-visual aids. Undertaking of the
various communication media is very essential for all teachers in nursing because
there are so many changes have been occurs on the field of education. Research in
the behavioural sciences, the field of communication and of language and the
development of technologies relating to communication are resulting in the
development of new instructional materials.

Audio visual aids must be seen in their relationship to teaching and to the
learning process as a whole, until teacher understands the relationship between
audio-visual material and teaching-learning process, be cannot be expected to make
intelligent or fruitful utilization of the techniques, which after lot of assistance in day
today activities of teaching.

DEFINITION
Audio-visual aids are the sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate
and reinforce learning - Burton.

Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the learning more
effective, more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic - Kinder.

Audio visual aids are aids that are used by a teacher in teaching learning
situations for effective communication.

Audio visual aids are anything by means of which learning process may be
encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or sense of sight- Good’s
dictionary of Education.

CONCEPT
Audio-visual aids are sensitive tools used in teaching and as venues for learning.
These are planned educational material that appeals to the senses of the people and
learning, facilities for clear understanding.

A Chinese proverb: ‘If I here, I forget, if 1 sees, I remember, If I do, I know says
the importance of sensory perception in teaching and learning situation.

When we see it with our eyes we remember it for a longer time and when we
perform an activity with our own hands, we understand its process. This is because
of the fact that the more the senses are stimulated and involved the more will be the
learning and retention among learners.
7

By seeing – 87%, hearing – 07%, odour – 3% touch: 02%, taste: 01%,


individual will grasp.

MEANING
The sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce
learning. It helps the process of learning. I.e., motivation, classification and
stimulates the individuals. It makes dynamic learning experience more concrete,
realistic correlate and coordinate accurate concepts, interpretations, appreciation
and enables him to make learning effective, interesting, inspirational, meaningful and
vivid. It provides significant gains in informational learning, retention, recall, better
assimilation and personal growth and development.

PURPOSES
 Vicarious experience.
The first hand experience is the best type of educative experience is
the best type of education experience. But it is neither practicable nor
desirable to provide such experience to pupils. Substituted experience may be
provided under such conditions. For example, it is not possible for the pupils
in India to see the Eskimo. Similarly it is not possible for an average man to
climb the Mount Everest.
 Best motivators
They are the best motivators. The students work with more interest
and Zeal. They are more attentive.
 Clear images
These images are formed when we see hear, touch, taste and smell as
our experiences are direct and more or less permanent.
 Variety
‘Mere chalk and talk do not help. Audio-visual aids give variety and
provide different tools in the hands of the teacher like models, transparencies
etc
 Freedom
When audio visual aids are employed, there is greater scope for
children to move about, talk, laugh and comment upon. Under such an
atmosphere the students work because they want to work and not because
the teacher wants them to work.
 Opportunities to handle and manipulate
8

Many audio visual aids offer opportunities to students to handle and


manipulate things.
 Retentively
Audio visual aids contribute to increased reteutivity as they stimulate
response of the whole organism to the situation in which learning takes place.
Based on maxims of teaching
The use of audio-visual aids enables the teacher to follow the maxims of
teaching like concrete to abstract, known to unknown and learning by doing.
 Spread of education on a mass scale
Audio visual aids like radio and television help in providing
opportunities for education to people living in remote areas.

DRAWBACKS IN USING AV AIDS


 These are not essential for all instructional programs
 These are helpful for teaching, but aids will not substitute teachers and
books.
 Possible risks of ‘Spectatorism’ instead of ‘attitude of thoughtful enquiry’
 It requires more time for planning and preparing
 Tempts the teachers to narrow down the subject.
 Audio visual aids are not ends, but means.

TYPES OF AV AIDS
1. Non Projected Aids
a) Graphic aids
13. Chalk board
14. Chart
15. Flip chart
16. Graph
17. Poster
18. Flash cards
19. Flannel graph
20. Bulletin
21. Cartoon
22. Diagrams
23. Maps
24. Photo graphs.
b) Three dimensional aids
9

8. Objects
9. Specimens
10. Models
11. Puppets
12. Moulage
13. Mockups
14. Dioramas
c) Printed aids.
1. Pamphlets and leaflets.

II. Projected aids

1. Slides and slide projector


2. Overhead projector
3. Films
4. TV
5. VCR/VCD
6. Camera
7. Microscope

III. Electronics

1. Tape recorder
2. Public address system
3. Computer

NON PROJECTED AIDS


DEFINITION

The non-projected two-dimensional visuals, which are also called graphics, are the
most used as teaching-learning aids. Even though graphics materials are created by a
teacher to simplify illustrate and concretize learning experiences which may
otherwise be abstract, the most productive use of graphics in an active learning
situation is the student creation of the graphic material .

CHALK BOARD
10

The chalk board or blackboard is the most important aid in a hand of a teacher. A
teacher is a real assest in class teaching as it scarves to make direct appeal to the
child’s senses and seeks to strengthen the retention and assists the recall of facts.

Blackboard is a unique device. It is the oldest and best friend of a teacher.

It can be prepared with a piece of plywood about 30” x 40” Paint the
plywood with blackboard paint. To carry from one place to other place, make it to
two pieces and hinge it in the middle.

USES

 It makes group discussion more concrete and understandable.


 It is used properly; it can set standards of neatness, accuracy and speed.
 It can restore the attention of the group.
 Many vague statements can be clarified by drawing sketches, outlines,
diagrams, directions and summaries.
 Initiates aural, visual sensations, helps in learning.
 It can be a means of motivation and interest.
 It can be used for recording the progress and status.
 It provides many educational opportunities in all curricular and co-
curricular activities.
 The teacher can erase writings and drawings and start a fresh.
 It provides a lot of scope for creative and decorative work.

RULES IN USING CHALK BOARD

 Boards should be kept clean always and uniform strokes with eraser
can be made to clean the board.
 Write the letters and drawings should be in larger size, legible.
 Avoid spelling mistakes
 Writing should be in straight rows
 Do not talk as you write
 Face in group after writing and continue the discussion. Extreme lower
corner of black board should not be use, as total members cannot see.
 Do not fill the board, only salient features have to be written.
 While writing on the board, the teacher should ensure that the class is
attentive.
 Use colored chalks
 Do not stand in front of the board, stand to one side
11

 Practice using the blackboard.

Types of Chalk Board

1) The ordinary chalk board held by on casel


A portable and adjustable blackboard put on a wooden easel can be
taken out of the class room while taking the class in open, useful for
teaching of art subjects in small class.
2) The roller type chalkboard with a mat surface
Made of thick canvas wrapped on a roller.
3) The Magnetic Board
Teacher can make three-dimensional demonstration with objects on a
vertical surface. Small magnets are used to hold suitable objects fixed
wherever they are put on this vertical surface.
Board is made up steel on which magnets can be fixed. The impulse is
aroused among the students while they use it as an exercise.
4) Black ceramic unbreakable board.
It will be framed with aluminium or teak wood. Frame as per the
requirement, useful for chalk piece writing.
5) Black or green glass chalkboard
It will be framed with teak wood and available black or green colour,
useful for chalk piece writing.
6) Lobby stand board
It is useful in lobby. Alphabets and figure are changeable. It will be light
weight and easy to carry. Stand height will be 6 feet.
7) Exhibition board
It can be folded and expanded easily. Both sides usable. It will come
with 2 panels, 3 panels and 4 panels. Papers and pamphlets can be fixed with
pushpin.
8) Double side stand board
One side white board for marker writing and another sides black board
for chalk piece writing. It is fixed on wheel stand .It can be moved from
one place to another place easily.
9) Reception board
Gold color powder coated aluminium frame. Golden letters can be fixed
on this board.
10)Tariff board
Useful for price list, reception, welcome to delegates and wedding.
11)Paging board
12

One side marker pen writing and one side letter interchangeable. It is
useful at public places to receive the VIP’s.
12)Pressing graph perforated board
It can be used vertically, horizontally in any place like educational
institution, administrative office.
13)Write and wipe off white board
It can be used for marker pen writing and it can be earned easily with
duster or ordinary cloth.
14)Information notice board
It is framed with aluminium frame; notices can be fixed with pushpins,
available in green blue and maroon colour.

CHALK BOARD OF DIFFERENT COLOURS AND COLOUR CHALKS

Sl.No. COLOUR OF THE BLACK BOARD COLOUR OF THE CHALK


1. Green chalk board White or yellow chalk
2. Grey chalk board Yellow
3. Red chalk board Green, yellow
4. Orange chalk board Blue or light Green
5. Yellow chalk board Blue
6. Rose chalk board Purple, dary Blue
7. Black chalk board Any color.

DISADVANTAGES

 Two dimensional aid


 Good handwriting is required
 Chalk dust can cause allergic reaction
 Content is erased and cannot be preserved for future use.

CHARTS
A chart is a combination of graphic, pictorial, numerical or vertical material
which presents a clear visual summary.

DEFINITION

Charts are the graphic aids depicting information in the form of tables,
picture, graph and diagram. (Kinder)

PURPOSES
13

 To show points of comparisons, distinctions and contrast between two or


more things.
 It is useful in learning situation for depicting organization and hierarchical
structures.
 To show relationship by means of facts and figures.
 To show continuity in process.
 To present abstract ideas in visual form.

SIZE OF THE CHART

The size of the chart should be large enough for the group of students to
whom it is to be presented. The optimum size of chart is 20” x 30”. The size of the
letters should be as follows:

1. Title - two and half inches


2. Subtitle and headings – one and one third inches
3. Space between lines- one to two inches.

PRINCIPLES

 Every detail depicted should be large enough to be seen by the group.


 Chart paper should be of 50x70 cm.
 Letters should be captioned in bold letters.
 Highlight contrasting features with different colors.
 Self explanatory.
 Based on content organize the type of chart.
 It should be neat appearance.
 Use a pointer to point out specific factors in chart.

MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR MAKING A CHART

 Chart paper
 Sketch pen
 Scale
 Stencil

Types of chart
14

1. NARATIVE CHART
Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing events in the process of
development or we can show an important improvement over a period of
time.
2. The cause and effect chart
Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the relationship between
two systems or between rights and responsibilities or between a complex
of conditions and change or conflict.
3. The chain chart
Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing transitions or cycles.
4. The evolution chart
Facts and ideas are expressed in specific items from beginning the data
and its projections in to future.
5. Strip Tease Chart
1. It enables the speaker to present the information step by step.
2. It has great suspense value which aids in holding the attention and
building interest.
3. The information on the chart is covered in thin paper strips to which it
has been applied either by tape, pins or sticky substances.
6. Pull chart
It consists of written messages which are hidden by strips of thick paper.
The messages can be shown to the viewer, one after another by pulling out
the concealing.
7. Flow chart
a) It can be used to show the organizational elements or administrative or
functional relationship
b) A flow chart is a graphic and system requiring presentation in the form of
connected divisions of the system in boxes and lines t show their relative
positions with respect to the highest positions in the system.
8. Tabulation chart
Here the numerical data are presented in a tabular form, used for
comparisons or for listing advantages and disadvantages of an organization. It
presents information in ordinary sequences.
9. Time or time chart
 Table charts are valuable and aid in teaching situation where breakdown
of a fact or statement is listed.
 It is a useful aid for showing points of comparison, distinctions and
contrast between two or more things
15

 While making table charts the following points have to be kept in mind.
 Chart should be 50x70 cm
 It should be captioned in bold letters
 The vertical columns should be filled in short phrases than complete
sentences
10. Genealogy chart
To represent historical facts or growth and development of the family. Taking
and analogy from the tree, the origin is shown in a single line, rectangle, circle or
other representation of the trunk and the various changes or developments are
shown.
11. Job chart
Job responsibilities o specific categories will be listed out and circulated
among its members.
12. Tree chart
 A chart is made from the trunk of the tree.
 The trunk represents the main idea and the branches represent various
developments, relationships or sub parts of the main idea.
13. Flip chart
 A set of charts related to a specific topic are tagged together and hang on
supporting hand/ stand.
 The individual charts will carry a series of related materials or messages in
sequences
14. Over lay chart
 It consists of illustrated sheets which can be placed one over the other
conveniently
 It enables the viewer to see not only the different arts but also to see
them against the total perspective when one is placed over the other.
15. Pie chart
 A circle will be drawn and the divisions will be made into different
sections
 Each section will be coded differently and code key will be given the right
corner of the chart.

FLIP CHARTS
16

Meaning

Illustration made on paper that is usually larger than 21 cm x 27 cm, bound together
with rings or strings. They flip over in sequence.

Audience size

15 to 30 people. It depends on the size of the flip chart too.

Purposes

 For showing relationship by means of facts and figures


 For presenting the material symbolically
 To show the continuity in process
 For presenting abstract ideas in visual form

Preparation

 Each sheet of paper should contain one idea or theme.


 Words, charts, diagrams and other symbols must be penned in a
sufficiently large enough size to be seen by people farthest from the
speaker.
 Use block lettering, since it is the easiest to read. Use all capital letters
 Use and vary the color. Also, check from a distance to make sure the color
works well and is not distracting.
 It should not contain too many details.
 The first card of bunch should be giving a brief introduction of the topic
 8 to 12 cards can be used in a bunch
 Each card should show a picture illustration in the front side, conveying
one idea of a time.
 Use a printer while explaining details of pictures on the card.

Advantages

 Help the speaker to proceed through the material


 Conveys information
 Provide the audience with something to look at in addition to the speaker
 Can be prepared prior to, as well as during the preparation
 Can be preserved for the future use
 Inexpensive

Disadvantages
17

 It requires the talent of using graphics


 Are not suitable for use in a large audience setting
 Deteriorate with constant use
 Some artistic ability is required for making homemade flip charts

GRAPHS

Graphs are flat pictures which employ dots, lines or pictures to visualize numerical
and statistical data to show relationship or statistics.

Meaning

Graph is a visual aid for presenting statistical information and contrasting the trend
or changes of certain attributes.

1. Pie graph
The data are presented throughout the sections for portions of a circle. In
determining the circumference of a circle we have to take into consideration a
quantity known as ‘pie’.

Method of construction

 The surface area of a circle is over 360 degree


 The total value or frequencies is equated to 360 degree and then the
angles corresponding to component parts are calculated
 After determining their angle, the required sectors in the circle are
drawn.
2. Bar graph
A graphical presentation, which extends the scale horizontally along the
length of bars. Each bar must be of the same width, height of the bar over a
period represents the corresponding time of variable. Graphs are available in
2 forms i.e., vertical and horizontal.
3. The line graph
 To show the trends and relationships: single line shows the relation
and the variation n quantity
 Quantitative data are plotted or when the data is continuous. The
concepts are represented with the help of lines drawn either
horizontally or vertically.

Pictorial graph
18

It is an outstanding method of graphic representation. Pictures are used for the


expression of ideas they are more attractive and easily understood. Vivid pictures will
be used to create rapid association with the graphic message; each visual symbol
may be used to indicate quantity.

Histogram or column diagram

It presents an accurate picture of the relative proportion of the total frequency from
interval to interval

Frequency polygon

A line graph for the graphical representation of the frequency distribution

Ogive

To determine quickly and accurately the statistical data like percentile, median,
quartile deviation can be used.

Cumulative frequency graphs

A line graph drawn by plotting actual upper limits of the class interval on the x-axis
and the respective cumulative frequencies on y-axis.

Disadvantages

 Too many representations are difficult to follow


 If percentages are very small fractions –it may be difficult to represent clearly
 If there are too many slices in the pie, the observer may be confused
 If percentages are too similar, an individual may have trouble in making
distinctions
 Careful, concentrated, time consuming effort is needed to prepare the graphs

POSTERS

Posters are the graphic aids with short, quick and typical messages with attention
capturing paintings. A poster may be used for one of the following instructional
purposes.

Uses

 Advertising an event or product


 Campaigning for a cause
 Giving a directive
19

 Popularizing a slogan
 Drawing attention towards desirable actins and values
 Giving a warning
 Popularizing a symbol or a sign
 Propaganda

Types

 Landscape
Landscape formal has eth width of the poster longer than the height
 Portrait
In portrait the height is more than width

Planning the poster

 A poster is not a journal paper


 Get the heart of the matter straight and leave out the rest
 Keep the introduction brief
 Script must be short and simple
 Use color to attract attention
 Confine to one theme per poster.

When preparing posters

 Each poster should contain one message or theme


 Words, charts, diagrams and other symbols must be penned in a large
sufficient size to be seen by everyone in the room.
 Use all capital letters, and do not slant or italize letters
 Use and vary the colour. Also, check from a distance to make sure the colour
works well and is not distracting

Features

 Simplicity in depiction
 Dramatic action – packed short message or idea in bold letters
 Colorfulness
 Eye catching figurative designs

Advantages

 It offers personal contact


20

 The work can be viewed as a whole entity I ne look through


 Vocabulary skills are not required
 Can convey complex ideas
 Facilitate student’s creativity

Disadvantages

 Posters tend to contain too much detail.


 Transporting hem can be difficult
 The more elaborate posters require extensive preparation and can be quite
costly.
 Viewers may not be comfortably seated.

FLASH CARDS

Flash card is a small compact card which flashes information before he class to
bring an idea. Flash cards are small cards of generally 25x30 cm size which are shown
for a few moments before the class to send across a message or impart an idea

Standards of flash card

 10” x 12” or 22” x 28” in size


 10-12 cards for one talk can be used
 Prepare a picture for each idea which will give visual impact to the idea
 It can be used individually or in combination with other charts

Audience size

 5-15 people
 Because illustrations are small, no more than 15 people should be in the
audience

Points for the teacher

 A set of cards can be prepared on a single topic, put in a sequential manner,


before starting the explanation
 The story on each card must be familiar, in simple words and local
terminology
 Hold the cards at the chest level where people can see clearly. Hold them
against the body and not in air, face.
 Glance down at cards , as we are ready to explain and make sure to give
correct information
21

 Use a pointer
 Do not cover the matter with hands
 Be enthusiastic and enjoy the explaining content
 Important points should be written overleaf

Advantages

 Inexpensive, can be home made from local materials


 Good way to present a changing message in areas where people gather
 Can be used for illiterate groups
 Helpful in overcoming the language barrier
 Easy to prepare , portable and economic

Disadvantages

 It cannot be used for larger groups


 If out of doors, weather damage can occur
 Constant supply of good educational material to put on the board is needed
 Viewers may loss interest when to many cards are used

TWO SIDED FLASH CARDS

Physical flash cards are two sided. In some contexts one wishes to correctly
produce the opposite side on being presented with either side.

THREE SIDED FLASH CARDS

Physical flash are necessarily two sided. A variant found in electronic flash
cards, is what is known as three sided cards. Here, the cared has three fields.

FLANNEL GRAPH

A flannel board is a display board mode of wood, cardboard covered with colored
flannel or wooden cloth. The items are sticked temporarily to the flannel board and
can be replaced.

 A piece of flannel, terry cloth or felt cloth attached to a rigid surface on which
cut out figures will be adhered.
 Collect the pictures of light objects or make outs and back them with sand
paper pieces.
 Display material on the flannel board in a sequence to develop the lesson
plan.
 Change the picture or cut out as you talk to the client.
22

 Use the flannel board to create proper scenes/designs relevant to the lesson.
 Flannel boards can be used to tell a story, inter relationship with different
parts or steps of process.

PURPOSES

 Enables teacher to develop an idea step by step in a very dramatic and


impressive manner
 It is an educative media for literate and illiterate
 Helps to convey idea more expressively

ADVANTAGES

 Inexpensive, easily made from local materials


 Easily maintained and transported in remote areas.
 Figures can be used in different presentations.
 Ideal for showing sequence of events and reviewing lesson, as figures can be
brought back on board.

DISADVANTAGES

 Requires considerable advance preparation.


 Difficult to use outside.
 Some artistic ability is required for making homemade figures.
 It can be used throughout discussion whenever needed, item can be placed
and explained, if the purpose served, items has to be removed.
 The pictures, which are selected, should be attractive and sufficiently large
group enough to be clearly seen by all the group members who are listening.

BULLETIN BOARD

INTRODUCTION

It is a surface of atleast 1.5x2 meters in which stick pins can be placed.


Drawings, photos and lettering can be displayed on board.

It will be used for both informational and educational purposes. It can


motivate, supplement and enrich learning stimulates thought. It employs intrinsic
motivation through the medium of interest, curiosity and desire for knowledge. The
successful use of this aid depends on the interest it inspires demands attention and
promotes reflecting thinking.
23

It is a simple device placed either indoor or outdoor, kept in a suitable place, it


can provide a suitable place for the display of all kinds of creative work of the
students. It is a soft board, which will hold pins or tags are most suitable.

Items generally used in bulletin board are:

1) Photographs
2) Cut out illustrations
3) Publications
4) Drawings
5) Specimens
6) Posters
7) Newspapers
8) Pasting up of – Announcements, assignments, distinctions, achievements

GUIDELINES

 A board for notices should be kept separate from current events and study.
 A suggested placement of this board is to have one near the administrator’s
office another near the library, conference hall, class room etc.
 It content of the theme should be organized around the central theme of
content
 The appearance must be neat orderly and attractive.
 The material should be changed frequently to encourage the audience.
 Student’s contribution should be encouraged and used.
 A bulletin board committee should be appointed and they are responsible to
provide material.
 Crowding of display materials should be avoided.
 The bulletin board should be kept a little above the eye level of the overage
individual.

USES

 To communicate the ideas


 To describe the ways of doing a particular item
 To follow – up instructions on things demonstrated and emphasized
 Photographs to show local activities
 To local announcement of importance to all
 To motivate the learner
 To intensity impressions and vitalize instruction
24

 To add variety to the classroom activity.

PRINCIPLES IN THE USE OF BOARD

 A board for posting notices should be kept separate from those for current
events and study
 A suggested plan for placement of bulletin board is to have one near the
educational administrators office, another near to the library or study , third
board in conference hall or main wards,4th one in class room
 The content of the boards should be organized around a central theme of
content
 The contributions should be well labeled
 Crowding of display materials should be avoided
 The bulletin board should be kept a little above the eye level of the average
individual

TYPES

1) Flannel board /felt board


2) Magnetic board
3) Fixed type
4) Movable type
5) Folded type

ADVANTAGES

 A excellent way to use actual materials in a real situation


 Local materials can be used
 Good way to get have participation by the audience
 Inexpensive

DISADVANTAGES

 They have to be used as supplementary aids to other teaching aids


 It require lot of preplanning and preparations

CARTOON
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It is a metaphoric presentation of reality. It makes learning more interesting and


effective as it creates a strong appeal to emotion. It uses symbols to portray an
opinion, a scene or a situation.

MEANING

A cartoon is a humorous creature which gives a subtle message. In a cartoon,


the features of objects and people are exaggerated along with generally recognized
symbols. In short, a cartoon is a figurative and subtle graphic aid. A cartoon has on
instantaneous visual and tickling message.

USES

 Attract attentions of learners


 Helps in converging information efficiently
 Stimulates interest in learners.

The Cartoons Make Use Of

 Personalized humor
 Fantasy
 Incongruity
 Satire
 Exaggeration.

The logic of cartoons lies in implication. The quality of the drawing should be
high primarily for visual effectiveness, Secondly for appreciation. It is simple, clear
which tells the story without too much explanation. The teacher should use the
symbols, which the student can understand easily, give time to the students can
understand easily, give time to the students for interpreting the symbols, then the
teacher may ask them, to give the meaning and apply to the subject being studied.

Because of their uniqueness and simplicity, they can be used in appraising,


interpreting and emphasizing.

ADVANTAGES

1) Cartoon can be effectively used to initiate certain lesson.


2) Used to motivate student to start discussion.
3) Can be used for making lessons lively and interesting.
4) For making teaching lively and interesting

PRECAUTIONS
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While using cartoons as instructional aids, the teacher ought to choose them
judiciously and discriminately as they can injure personal feelings or social group.

DISADVANTAGES

 It hampes the development of language in learners.


 Content brought out in the form of comics develop the tendency in the
learners to ignore or bypass the original work.

DIAGRAMS

It is a simplified drawing designed to show interrelation primarily by means of


lines and symbols. Eg. Stick figures, geometry drawing, and facial expressions.
Drawings can be done by hand to convey a variety of ideas, concepts and situations.
It can be better used for summary and review.

DEFINITION

A diagram is a two—dimensional geometric symbolic representation of


information according to some visualization technique. The essences of a diagram
can be seen as:

 A form of visual formatting devices


 A display that do not show quantitative data, but rather relationships and
abstract information.
 With building blocks such as geometrical shapes connected by lines,
arrows or other visual links.

TYPES

 Graph based diagrams


These take a collection of items and relationships between them;
express them by giving each item a 2D position, while the relationships are
expressed as connections between the items or overlaps between the items.
 Chart like diagram techniques
It display a relationship between two variables that take either discrete
or a continuous ranges of values.
 Other types
a) Train diagram
It is a service planning diagram which is a document designed for
railroad traffic safety and control.
b) Exploded view
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It is a diagram, picture or technical drawing of an object that shows the


relationship or order of assembly of various parts.
c) Population Density Diagram
It is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. It is
frequently applied to living organisms and particularly to humans.
d) Pioneer Plaques
These are a pair of gold-anodized aluminium plaques which were
placed on board, featuring a pictorial message. The plaques show the nude
figures of a human male and female along with several symbols that are
designed to provide information.
e) Three-dimensional diagram
It is a geometric 3 parameters model of the physical universe in which
we exist. These three dimensions are commonly called length, width and
depth.

STANDARD OF A GOOD DIAGRAM

1) Technically correct
2) Neatly drawn in proper proportion
3) Well labeled and explained
4) It can be moved and seen from all angles.

MAPS

A graphic representation of the earth’s surface or portions of it is termed as


maps. These are flat representations of the earth’s surface, which convey the
information by means of lines, symbols, words and colors.

TYPES OF MAPS

 HISTORICAL MAPS

Historical maps are those which represent graphically a succession of event’s


states or an act.

 DISTRIBUTION MAPS

A distribution map is a map that uses colors to show information such as


population or housing.

 GEOGRAPHICAL MAPS

A geographical map is a map which shows geographical landmarks.


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PHOTOGRAPHS

Pictures are the most commonly available graphic aids. Pictures include
photographs, pointing etc.

It provides an environment of reality learner’s point of view is the main


criterion in the selection of pictures. It should be relevant to the topic and it should
be coloured, accurate and suitable size, watched by all students easily; too many
pictures should not be displayed in one lesson, after showing the picture, it should be
removed from the view of students, sufficient time should be allowed.

EFFECTIVE USE OF PICTURES

 A picture can be flashed in front of the class and related questions are asked
to initiate the sections.
 A series of pictures related to the lesson can be displayed in the classroom to
arouse curiosity and interest before the lesson begins.
 The picture should be large enough for the whole class to see it properly.
 The picture must have clear details for arresting attention and interest.
 The pictures should be related to the lesson and meaningful to students.
 The picture should be authentic and identifiable.
 The picture must lead the class to some purposeful activity.

THREE DIMENSIONAL AIDS

OBJECTS

Objects are real things and their use for class room teaching imparts a direct
learning experience to students.

SOURCES OF OBJECTS

 Manufactures and factories


 Discarded material from houses, stores etc.
 Local market

Small size objects can be mounted by pasting them with adhesive, nail, cello
tape on cardboard. The collection of grains and seeds can be kept in small size
bottles or polythene bags and stuck on the cardboard label and catalogues the
objects.

USING OBJECTS
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 Plan your teaching with certain simple and direct observation of the
objects be in referred to.
 Ask questions elicit more details of the objects or specimen under
observation.
 Clarify and emphasis the important structural details of the objects under
observation.

ADVANTAGES

 They arouse student’s interest in learning.


 As they being real, and three dimensional things, heightens the sense of
reality in the classroom.
 They make classroom teaching lively.

DISADVANTAGES

 Needs much time to prepare


 Getting real object is expensive
 Not applicable for all topics

SPECIMENS

Specimens are real objects taken from natural setting. It is simple that shows
quality or structure. Eg. Section of lung.

USES OF SPECIMEN

 Plan your teaching with certain simple or direct observations of the


object/specimen being referred to
 Ask questions from students to elicit more details of the features of the
specimen under observation.
 Clarify and emphasize important structural details of the specimen under
observation.
 Provide review and practice to make learning permanent.

MOUNTING AND DISPLAYING OF SPECIMEN

 Specimens like section of lungs, heart, kidney etc can be preserved in suitable
bottles filled with formalin.
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 After mounting the specimen should be labeled and catalogued.

ADVANTAGES

 They arouse student’s interest in learning.


 They involve all the five senses in the process of learning.
 As they being real, and three dimensional things, heightens reality in the
classroom.
 They make classroom teaching lively.

DISADVANTAGES

 Needs much time to prepare.


 Getting real specimen is expensive.
 Not applicable for all topic.

MODELS

A model is a recognizable representation of a real thing three dimensionally, i.e.,


heights, width and depth. They are substitutes for real things. Models are concrete
objects made up of clay, cotton, cardboard, thermo coal, cloth, wood etc. Models
enable client to have a correct concept of the objects.

PURPOSES

To provide the knowledge of the internal and external parts of a thing properly which
is not possible with two dimensional diagrams / charts.

TYPES OF MODELS

1) Scale model
2) Simplified models
3) Cross-sectional models
4) Working model

Scale Model
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A scale model is a physical model, a representation or copy of an object that is larger


or smaller than the actual size of the object, which scales to maintain the relative
proportions of the physical size of the original object.

Simplified Models

Simplified models can equally be described by a small number of masses and


cross-sections. These promoters are directly related to collider physics observables.

Cross-sectional model

Eg: cross section of blood vessels, kidneys.

Working model

Eg: fetal circulation

Working model is a conceptual design tool that allows creating simulation that
replace vague, time consuming, inaccurate calculations.

ADVANTAGES

 It simplifies reality and learning makes direct and meaningful.


 Concretizes the abstract concepts.
 Enables us to reduce or enlarge objects to observable size.
 It provides the correct concept of a real object. Eg. Dam, bridge
 A working model explains the various processes of objects and machines.
 The size can be adjusted as needed
 They stimulate interest and capture attention

DISADVANTAGES

 Needs much time and skill to prepare


 Not applicable for all topic
 Costly
 Needs more storage place

PUPPETS

One of the old and popular Indian folk arts has been puppetry. Puppets can serve
as an effective aid to learning. They can be made to illustrate lessons. It is necessary
to have a great deal action as well as plenty of music and dancing poster. In writing
or relating a puppet play, the age, background and taste of the clients should be
32

taken into consideration. A short puppet play is always preferable.It is belied that
puppet theatre began in India and China thousand years ago, and then spread to
other parts of the world.

In writing or selecting a puppet play, the age, background and tastes of the
students should be taken into consideration.

TYPES OF PUPPETS

 Hand puppets

This fit in the hand like a glove and is operated from below by fingers.
Those wear in fingers are called finger puppets.

 Shadow puppets

It is flat figure, usually made of leather. These are the silhouettes of cardboard
which produce shadows on a white screen

 Stick puppets/rod puppets

It is much bigger than a hand puppet. These are the painted cardboard
cutouts attached by sticks

 Marionettes and string puppets

Figures which movable limbs are operated through strings.

Using puppets

Puppet action should be accompanied by

 Short dialogue which are easily comprehensive.


 A puppet show should not have too many characters
 Put in short duration songs and dances to arouse emotions
 The main problem or question should be introduced in the beginning of the
puppet show and answers come out at the end of it to keep interest and
suspense.

Advantages

 Puppetry has all advantages of dramatization along with providing


amusement and entertainment
 A puppet show can heighten the human erosion and capture attention
 In nursing, puppetry is used for health education
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 They are humorous

Disadvantages

 It cannot be used for longer groups


 Consumes time in preparation
 Costumes required
 Requires skill in preparation and presentation

MOULAGE

Moulage can be made of plastic material to stimulate some life objects

Eg: Body which shows evidence of trauma, infection, disease and surgical
intervention

MOCK UPS

 It emphasizes the functional relationship between the device reality and its
workability
 devices which are Imitations of real things without involving similarity of
appearance , the non functioning parts which that are unnecessary for
understanding g operational functions being omitted
 certain elements of the original reality are emphasized on to make it more
meaningful for the purpose of instruction

Eg: an artificial kidney to demonstrate

DIORAMAS

It is a three dimensional scene in depth in a group of modeled objects and figures in


a natural setting

The diorama scene is set up on a small stage with a group of modeled objects, kept
on the forehead, which is blended into a painted realistic background

Example

 A harvest scene, landing scene, a scene of school activities, scene from


freedom struggle, a scene from man landing on the moon
 It is a three dimensional arrangement of related objects, models and cutouts
to illustrate the central theme or the concept
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 The objects and models are generally placed in a big box or show case with a
glass which can be artificially lighted
 The human and animal figures should be modeled in clay to provide solidity
and reality and also because of the perspectives and background painting.
 Example: stage diorama in religious festivals like Ganapathy, Navarathry etc.

PRINTED AIDS

PAMPHLETS, BOOKLETS AND LEAFLETS

Meaning

Pamphlet is a sheet of paper can be folded into two or three or five, the matter will
be printed on either side or both sides. Leaflet is a single sheet or paper folded to
make a full page of printed matter on a single side. They may be used to supplement
any class room teaching method.

Booklet is a small book with a cover page. It is particularly useful for topics which
have a high degree of public interest like controlling obesity, diabetic care, etc.

Purposes

 To provide basic information related to an object or topic


 To provide additional information
 The language spoken must be considered while distributing it
 Illustration with pictures would enhance the comprehension in the learner
 This serves as an indispensable learning or teaching aid.

Advantages

 Allows self pacing


 God for reference and revision
 Reduces the need for notes
 Can be reproduced in local language
 Some learn best through reading

Disadvantages

 It requires more time planning and preparing


 Tempts the teacher to narrow down the subject

PROJECTED AIDS
35

SLIDES AND SLIDES PROJECTOR

Meaning

A slide is a single picture or image of some other surface through which light can pass
and which is mounted or use in a slide projector

Molded slides range in size from 2x2 or 4.5 x 4 inches. Slides can be made from
photographs and pictures b the teachers and pupils taking photographs and
snapshots when they go on field trips for historical, geographical, literary or scientific
excursions

Types of slides

 Marker ink slides

A diagram is drawn on a glass piece with a marker pen

 Cellophane slides

Cellophane cut outs are pasted on glass pieces

 Silhouette slides

Paper cut outs are pasted on glass pieces

 Etched glass slides

Rinse a glass piece with kerosene and draw a diagram with crayon

GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE USE OF SLIDE PROJECTORS

 For maximum effectiveness, it is preferable to convey only one idea or


message per slide.
 The layout of the slide matter should be simple and open with plenty of white
space and adequate margins
 The shape of the format should be a horizontal rectangle with a height and
width ratio of 2:3
 Each slide should have seven lines or less of text including the caption
 The title should have five words or less and other lines can have seven words
or less
 In terms of letters, there should be more than 32 letters per line.
 Make your own slides or buy them commercially
36

Using a common slide projector

 Place the slide projector on a rigid ad stable table


 Place the screen at an appropriate place so that the whole class can seen it
 Insert the slide carrier in its place behind the object is in tube after opening
the tube
 Mount a slide of film strip on its carrier
 Insert the projector cord plug into the wall socket
 Darken the room in which projection is to be carried out
 Switch the cooling fan first and then the projection bulb
 Focus on the image on the screen sharply by moving or sliding the objective
lens forward and backward
 Show the slide and explain your subject matter with its aid. Remove the slide
after this
 Insert the next slide or move the film strip to get the next frame
 Present the slide or frame sequentially
 After the lesson, switch off the bulb first the cooling fan. Unplug the slide
projector and store it.

Care of the slide

 Glass slide are breakable. Therefore they require care in handling and storage
 They should be stored vertically in cardboard trays of right size
 The tray should be covered to protect the slide
 If the instructor has a large number of slides, they should be catalogued
subject wise
 The film strip can be placed in rolled up position in a cylindrical container
 Each container should be properly labeled

Advantages

 It shows projection of the photographic images of clinical lessons, x-rays,


scans, operative fields, specimens etc
 Slide projector requires simple skill to operate
 It is small in size and commercially available slide projector work out quite
cheaper because of their repeated use
 Specially prepared slides provide a logical and sequential order of
presentation
 It can be used in a class room in semi dark condition by covering the windows
with news paper sheets
37

 The image on the screen can be held for any duration of time for detailed
discussion and explanations
 For teaching, the teacher need not draw or prepare graphic aids for his lesson
 Slide projectors capture the students attention and interest
 When used with other teaching aids , slides can develop a lesson
economically and effectively
 Slide can be used effectively to introduce, review and test a lesson.

Disadvantages

 It is expensive
 It takes more time for preparing slides.

OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

It projects transparencies with brilliant screen images suitable for use in a lighted
room. The teacher faces the class as he uses OHP, and the class views the
projections. The teacher can write or draw diagrams on the transparency while he
teaches, these are projected simultaneously on the screen by the OHP, thus it is used
as aid and tool in teaching – learning situation

OHP is a device for projecting a matter, which is written or drawn on a transparent


sheet or acetate on to a screen.

Parts

 Lamp-light power (1000 W bulb)


 Fan-disposes the heat and protects the components
 Concave mirror – reflects the light form the lamp upwards to the stage
 stage contain
o Fresnel lens : a plastic lens which spreads the light evenly over the glass
o Stage glass
o ; which holds the transparency
o Projection head
o Mirror slit behind the projector head
o Acetate sheets

Preparation

 Materials should be readable from 2-3m by naked eye


38

 8-10 lines in a page


 Not more than6 words in a line
 Avoid purple colour
 Red for highlight
 Yellow and orange to be banned
 Size of letters 5-7mm preferably capitals

Special techniques

 Masking and unmasking


 Overlay
 Radiographs and CT
 Projection of objects
 Chemical reactions can be shown
 Minor procedures like copper T insertion can be shown

Characteristics

 An OHP consist of a metal box with a 1000 W bulb and concave reflector
 A condenser lens illuminates the transparency placed on the glass sheet on
the top of the box
 The vertical rod at the side carries an objective convex lens parallel to the
transparency and a plan mirror to reflect the image on the screen.
 The objective lens and mirror combination can slide up and down the rod with
the arrangement operated by a knob
 The movement of objective lens and mirrors focuses image properly on the
screen
 There is also a small exhaust or cooling fan in the over head projector to blow
out the excess heat produced by the bulb

Overhead projector transparencies

 Readymade transparencies on acetate sheets are available


 The size of a transparency sheet can be as big as 25x25cmon which the
teacher can write with marker pens that will be projected on the screen
simultaneously
 Transparencies are made using diazoammonia process. The diazocoaated
projection which makes the OHP much more effective than a still projector
 The teacher can make his own transparencies also using acetate or cellophane
sheets which are properly framed with cardboard
39

 Using marker pens and glass marking pencils one can draw diagrams
 Even if the teacher is not good at drawing he can trace the diagram from
suitable source on the transparent acetate sheet
 The teacher can prepare the transparency in advance for projection during the
presentation
 The usual magnification of an OHP is five times, hence while writing on
transparency capital letters of atleast 5 to 7mm height should be used
 Line space of 5 to 7 mm is also necessary for optimum legibility
 For routine purposes, washed x-ray films can be used for making
transparencies and sketch pens to write and draw on these films for
projection
 Acetate sheets and OHP marking pens can be employed for making more
permanent transparencies.

Working principles

While using an OHP, one should proceed in the following steps:

1. Place the OHP on a stable table


2. Put the cord plug into a power wall socket. Switch on the blower first and then
the bulb
3. Place the acetate or cellophane transparency on the glass top
4. Move the objective lens and mirror assembly up and down to get the image in
focus on the screen
5. Explain about the material on the transparency sitting behind the OHP with a
small pointer.

Precautions

a. When the projector is not in use it should be covered so that no dust


deposited on its lenses and bulb which will make the image on the screen dull
b. Dust the projector before and after use and occasionally clean the lens with a
soft tissue paper or flamed cloth available with opticians
c. Do not keep the bulb on for a long time, it can overheat the projector and
damage the acetate transparencies
d. Switch off the bulb after every 5 to 10 minutes of use of the projector keeping
the blower on for some time
e. Do not shift the OHP too low as it will make the image distorted , that is,
image will get wider at the top and narrower at the bottom
40

FILM STRIP

MEANING

Film strip is a series of sequenced slides on a piece of film covering a large


portion of a lesson.

TYPES

 Cine films
 Educational films
1. CINE FILMS
Cine films (16 mm formal for large audience and 8 mm formal for groups
and individual learning) are useful for demonstration of psychomotor skills,
development of attitudes and presentation of problems.
They are also suited for the introduction of a presentation.
As present, cine films are only used in education when extraordinary
clarity of real-time images is essential, eg. In teaching – learning of coronary
angiography.
2. EDUCATIONAL FILMS
o Films can teach factual materials effectively over a wide range of subject
matter, ages, abilities and conditions of use.
o Films can be effective in teaching perceptual motor skills.
o Films can be made more effective as learning tools through the use of
various teaching techniques.
o Films can modify motivations, interests, attitudes and opinion if they are
designed to stimulate or re-force existing beliefs of the audience.
o Films are greatly influential in their effectiveness on the audience learner
characteristics.

CLASSIFICATION OF EDUCATIONAL FILMS

Educational films fall into 4 basic overlapping

1. The entertainment film


2. The advertising film
3. The documentary film
4. The text film.

FILMS OF DIFFERENT GAUGES


41

Motion pictures are made with films of cellulose acetate which is no highly
inflammable. The following is the description of films made in different widths.

1. 35 mm films
2. 16 mm films
3. 8 mm standard films
4. 8 mm super films
5. 70 mm films.

TYPES OF SCREEN

Though a motion picture can be screened on a wall, it is always appropriate to


have a proper portable screen.

Types of screen

Though a motion picture can be screened on a wall, it is always appropriate to have a


proper portable screen

SL.N Types Description Advantages


o
1. Silver screen An aluminium powder It reflects the light well and
coated cloth screen is give an illusion of depth to
called silver screen the image
2. Matle screen A simple white cloth It is cheap and suitable for
screen with smooth wide rooms
surface
3. Beaded screen A white cloth screen It reflects the light well and is
coated with glass beads useful for narrow long rooms
4. Translucent A thin white silken cloth It gives distinct images on
screen or tracing cloth screen both sides of the screen
suitable for exhibitions where
projection is done behind
without the audience seeing
the projector
ADVANTAGES

 To provide a background of sensory experience ( visual and auditory growth)


 To provide concrete experience which serve as a basis for thinking , reasoning
and problem solving
 To present a large amount of information in a short period of time
 To increase the amount of initial learning and permanency of learning
 To develop attitudes , appreciation and better social relationships
42

 To promote unitary learning


 To introduce a unit by presenting a whole range of problems for students to
attract
 To supplement laboratory instructions

DISADVANTAGES

 Handling of film needs technical skill


 Darkening of the hall is needed
 Supply of electricity should be continuous
 Costly

TELEVISION

DEFINITION

Television is the electronic means by which sound and light energy are transmitted
from one place to another

Types of television programme

1. Commercial

Commercial station broadcast programs that commonly are seen at home, and its
programmes are directed primarily to general public consumption

2. Educational
a. Instructional television
It consist of broadcast that deliberately are designed to aid instructions ,
that is they are planned in relation to educational objectives and are
presented in an orderly and sequential arrangement of learning experience
b. Enrichment television
It is designed towards enriching learning but is not directed towards any
particular course of study nor is it presented in any learning sequences

Functional Characteristics of Television

1. Image multiplication

The simultaneous display of source information at 2 or more physically separated


location is termed image multiplication. TV is able to present information
simultaneously in student in different settings within a school and or to a number of
schools.
43

2. Image magnification

Through television it is possible to enlarge the image to minimum magnification of 50


times of the original size and up to 100 times by means of the television camera lens
alone

3. Image association

The simultaneous display of different images on a single viewing/ monitor from 2 or


more times camera is described as image association. This technique is widely used
in the teaching of sciences; it is accomplished through superimposition and split
screen techniques.

4. Image transportation

Transportation of image from or to a difficult or inaccessible location for purpose of


display is described as image transportation. It is the moving of instruction instead of
students and instruments.

5. Image memory

The recording of live television through kinescope and video tapes for purpose of
later production is termed image memory.

EDUCATIONAL VALUES OF TELEVISION

1. It changes the role of the teacher in the class room.


2. It uses better use of faculty time.
3. Feedback or 2 way communications between teacher and student helps in
establishing better relationship and more support between teacher and
student.
4. It can teach a large number of students of one time.
5. It provides resources often not available in a classroom.
6. Skill, knowledge and time are required to prepare effective television
instruction.
7. Instructional television provides excellent learning opportunities.

ADVANTAGES

1. Television appeals to the age, ear and emotions.


44

2. It can directly show the current happening and live shows happening even in
the remote parts.
3. A television set can work as a powerful medium of mass education.
4. In television programme well planned verbal description is added with audio
visual presentation.
5. Television programme breaks the monotony of normal dullness of classroom
instruction by the teacher.
6. Television programme can easily be made to include the latest information
and refinement update the knowledge of both students and teacher.

DISADVANTAGES

 It is costly.
 Staff is required for technical / maintenance of equipment.
 Careful handling of equipment is needed.

VCR / VCD (VIDEO)

Video is electronic motion picture equipment which scans pictures from


magnetic tape on a cathode ray tube screen.

VIDEO CASSETTES

 The video cassettes are compact aids which have recordings of motion
pictures and sound.
 Because of its compact size, a video cassette is like a motion and sound book.
 Using a video cassette recorder, good programs can be taped from television
directly for use at an appropriate time.

OPERATION

 Operating a video is very simple as only a cassette is to be inserted into the


video player and a button is to be pressed.
 Also no darkroom facilities are required for video lessons.
 Control of the equipment is placed in the hands of the learner i.e. stopping,
reviewing etc.

VIDEO CASSETE PLAYER

 It combines the advantages of both the motion picture and tape recorder.
45

 For teaching and training, videos are being used extensively these days
especially in the field of open education.

VIDEO TAPE SYSTEM

 Video tape system (Video recording and repay) is a very powerful teaching-
learning medium.
 It can also be used for teaching-learning of attitudinal skills and the
presentation of patient-management problems.
 Video tape is specially suited to the teaching-learning of emergency
psychomotor skills (such as CPR) and endoscopic surgical skills (such as
bronchoscope, Gastroscopy and cystoscopy).
 Professionally prepared video tapes are available on practically all topics.
 Short presentations of video recordings followed by periods of discussion by
the students provide a very effective educational experience.

VIDEOSCOPE

 A videoscope is a video system which can accept inputs from a video cassette
player, video CD or a computer.
 A larger projection screen allows presentation from videotapes, floppies and
compact discs in class rooms.
 It is a very versatile audio-visual method which allows projections of text,
images and animations with sound effects.
 The earlier models were bulky and used three colour lamps (electronic guns)
to produce the pictures.
 The current models use liquid crystal display (LCD) technology and therefore
are small and portable.

Advantages

 Video works well for demonstration of mastery, particularly with psychomotor


skills
 Video recording of an oral examination can be used for evaluating the
examination process
 Video tape system can be used for teaching/ learning in small and large
groups and also for self instruction
 The recorded image can be played back immediately and repeatedly
 The recorded image is also available for editing and improvement

Disadvantages
46

 Videotaping is an expensive equipment


 Electricity required
 Requires certain level of competence in using the requirement

CAMERA

Definition

A device for taking photographs or recording moving images

Types

i. Miniature camera

Such cameras are very small. Some special cameras are

a. Spy camera

This can be fit into the palm of a hand. It is used for taking pictures secretly

b. Wrist camera

It is not bigger than a wrist watch and can be strapped to the hand just like a wrist
watch.

ii. Box camera

This is the simplest of cameras. At one end it has a large hole covered by a simple
palmer type of lens

iii. Folding camera

These types of cameras are

 View camera

Such cameras are use by photographers to take picture for advertising a cloth box
can be squeezed or pulled out, twisted and turned. Sheet films are fitted into the
back. The front has movable holders for different lenses. When in use, this camera is
attached to a tripod that holds it steady

 Press camera

This is a kind of view camera built especially for new paep photography and is built
very ruggedly to endure rough handling. Yet it always gives good picture.
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 Studio camera

This is an oversize camera. It is put on a tripod which may even be wheeled.

 Twin lens reflex

Upstairs lens focuses on image in the finder corresponding exactly to the one that
the lower lens focused on the film. One side of the camera is open to show how it s
built.

 Aerial camera

This camera has an enormous lens. When aimed straight down from place, it
photographs miles of a country. Such cameras are used in making maps.

 Movie camera

This is driven by a spring on an electric motor and the film moves through the
camera. The tiny claw automatically inserted into the holes along the sides of the
films, pulls the film through a channel the film gate. There is a spring in the gate just
opposite the lens of the camera. Here the film stops for an instanthile the shutter
opens just long enough for an exposure, when the shutter closes , the film lets in
light and the claw pulls the first film into position for the exposure of another frame.
This happens many times every second.

Parts of a camera

 Diaphragm

The diaphragm opening can also be made larger or smaller to suit the photographs
needed. The larger the opening the more light will pass through and strike the film.

 Lens

A lens designed to let in ore light is called fatter lens

 Shutter

Flash attachment

 Automatic picture taking

Some cameras have an automatic arrangement. In these, the photographers himself


can adjust the camera with distance, lighting, timing etc on the tripod stand after
making the setting
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Precautions

 The subject must be at a stand still


 Do not obstruct the lens
 Do not move the camera up and down
 Do not take the pictures against the sun
 Wind the film after each exposure

Advantages

 Simple set up
 Not too expensive
 Observations are recorded in the natural environment

Disadvantages

 Time consuming process


 The camera needs to be stored carefully safely

MICROSCOPE

Definition

A microscope is an optical instrument that is used to observe tiny objects, often


objects that cannot be seen that all with naked human eye

Types

1) Simple microscope

It is a microscope containing only one magnifying lens. Images seen when using a
magnifying glass usually appear about 3 to 20 times as large as the object. During the
late 1600s, scientists believed that Leeuwenhoek’s simple microscope had a
maximum magnifying power of about 300 times larger than the objects actual size.

2) Compound microscope

A compound microscope is a microscope that contains more than one magnifying


lens. Compound light microscope usually magnifies objects about 1000 times

3) Electron microscope
49

It uses an electron beam, a source of illumination and magnets in focus the beam.
Small infectious agents such as rabies and small pox viruses can be seen through an
electron microscope. Although they were known to exist, they could not be seen
until the electron microscope was developed

Types of electron microscope

 Transmission electron microscope


 Scanning electron microscope

Properties

There are 3 essential properties of microscope

 Magnification
 Resolution
 Definition

Parts of Microscope

 Ocular lens /eyepiece: magnifying lens


 Revolving nose piece: hold s the objective lenses
 Objective lens: used to magnify objects placed on the stage
 Stage: flat surface upon which the specimen is place
 Iris diaphragm control arm: used to adjust light coming through the condenser
 Condenser control knob: used to adjust the height of the condenser
 Coarse and fine adjustment knobs: use to focus the lenses

Uses

 To visualize microorganisms
 To see the internal details of cells scanning electron microscope is used.

GUIDELINES FOR USE OF MICROSCOPE

 Before beginning to examine a specimen the microscope should be checked to


ensure
 The objectives are clean and free from immersion oil
 The eye pieces are free from dust
 Never use alcohol for cleaning any part of microscope
 The condenser is racked up until its top surface is 1-2 mm below the object
carrying slide.
50

COMMON DIFFICULTIES IN MICROSCOPY

 Inability to obtain a sharp image with oil immersion


 Dirt or dry oil adherent to the front lens of object
 Slide carrying object being put upside down

LCD-LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

Definition

LCD is a display technology that uses rod shaped molecules (liquid crystals).

Used in

Digital watches, laptop computers, microwave oven, CD players and other electronic
devices

Functioning

LCD displays utilize two sheets of polarizing material with a liquid crystal solution
between them. An electronic current passed through the liquid causes the crystals to
align so that light cannot pass through them.

LCD Panel

An electronic LCD display panel can be used with a high lumen overhead projector to
achieve an effect similar to that of a video projector. This is less expensive. The image
is not as sharp and the animation not as smooth as that of a video projector.

Advantages

 Used for teaching and learning activities


 It makes the class interesting
 Draws the attention of the students
 Content is retained in memory
 Video clips similar to live demonstration can be shown

Disadvantages

 Expensive
 Requires electricity

EPIDIASCOPE (OPAQUE PROJECTOR)


51

An epidiascope projector, projects the image of a solid object. It is often referred to


as an opaque projector. The principle is bright light is concentrated upon an opaque
object and the brilliantly illuminated image is reflected by a mirror through a very
large lens on to a screen

EPIDIASCOPE CAN PROJECT

 Flat pictures
 Post cards and photographs
 News items and illustrations
 Books illustrations
 Tables of statistics
 Hand work diagrams
 Solid objects- watches , coins, nature study samples and geological specimens,
maps

Advantages

 It has the ability to compel attention


 It keeps the initiative of selection of material, and pace of presentation in the
teacher’s hand
 The preparation of material is simple and its preview for the purposes of
lesson preparation presents no difficulty
 The nature of material makes addition s, amendments, alteration and
substitution easy
 Material can always be up to date

Disadvantages

 Costly
 Requires electricity

ELECTRONICS
TAPE RECORDER

Definition
52

A tape recorder is used to record sounds on magnetic tape which can be reproduced
at will as many times as required

Audio tape

It is a magnetic tape used for recording.

Audio tapes can be adapted to any teaching and learning situation for any size of
audience and for self learning. Audio tapes can be used to provide narration for slide
sequences, give commentary for silent films and film strips, demonstrate heart
sounds and give instructions for use of equipment. Professionally prepared audio
tapes are available which have recorded dialogues among subject experts on
different topics. These audio tapes are good media for presenting discussion among
experts on controversial topics.

Characteristics of audio through tape recorder

 Immediacy
Books and describe that have events that have happened, but
recordings can describe events as they happen.
 Emotion impact
The student’s interest can be captured and ger imagination stirred
through the combined effect of voice, environmental sounds and music.
 Authenticity
Through tape recorders, it is possible for experts to visit any class room
at any time
 Conquest of time and space
Through simulated programs, audio media can actually overcome the
barriers of time and space
 One way communication
Through simulated programs, audio media can actually overcome the
barriers of time and space
 Audition
Tape programs can be auditioned to determine their educational value
 Needs and interest
Recording made by the teacher and the students can be used to meet
their specific needs and their by enhance the teaching-learning situation.

Advantages
53

 Tape recorder can be used to record educational broadcasts and for replay at
suitable and convenient times
 It can be used for music and other sound effects for use during staging of
dramas in the colleges and cultural performances
 It can be used to record the speeches of important visitors to the institution
and this can be effectively used later
 Tape recorders are largely used in language laboratories for giving speech
training and for correction of pronunciation defects
 Tape recorders can be used for appreciation or and for teaching music
 Instructions for doing experiments or any activity can be recorded on cassette
and the individual can listen to it through the head phones and do the
necessary operations without disturbance to others
 A tape recorder can be used very effectively during the micro teaching
sessions. It will provide the necessary feedback for discussions to improve the
lesson.

Disadvantages

 There is no personal contact with the speaker


 It does not cater to individual differences
 Listening for a long term generally distract
 It encourages passive learning
 It is costly, and so all people cannot afford it
 It does not provide a laboratory experience, though instructions may be given

The principle of audiotape recording is that plastic tape, covered in ferrous oxide or
chromium dioxide, is pulled at a constant speed past two electromagnetic heads. The
tape is capable of being magnetized and as it passes over the ‘erase’ head any
previous signal is wiped off. It then passes over the ‘record’ head, where magnetic
impulses from the sound source are recorded on it. When the tape is played back,
the record heads picks up these magnetic impulses and converts them back to the
recorded sound via the loud speaker. The erase head in non operational during play,
to avoid wiping off the recording

PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM

Public address system is required for communication in large groups (more than 30 –
50 students). This system aims at reproducing the original sound at a higher
54

intensity. The quality of reproduction depends on the public address system and the
acoustic qualities of the hall. The public address system consists of microphone,
amplifier and speakers.

Microphone is a sound transducer that converts sound energy into electrical energy.
The electrical energy is reconverted to sound energy by the speakers at a higher
intensity. Microphone may either be mobile or fixed to a floor or a floor stand.

The speaker should maintain a distance of about 20 cm from the lips to avoid sound
distortions

Amplifier controls the volume and the tone of the sound. Tone control consist of low
frequency (bass) and high frequency (treble) components and helps in giving the
desirable quality of sound.

COMPUTERS

Eric Ashby, the historian, has called information technology, the fifth major
revolution in education, after instruction by professional teachers, creation of the
written word, printing and advances in educational science and technology

Computer is an electronic data processing machine capable of performing millions of


operation with tremendous speed. It has the capacity of storing large volume of data,
which can be used in future. Computer only follows the instructions given by the
user, without any strain, self thinking or reasoning. With the above qualities,
computer can be used in almost all fields.

Computer is often compared with the human brain which can be called as the most
powerful supercomputers. Computer can perform excellent job that is tedious and
complicated without error, but it is the human brain that is behind the computer to
make the machine work competently. The human can make sense out of
disorganized non sense, but computer can make sense out of sense only.

Characteristics

A computer possess the following characteristics

 Speed: computers work at incredible speed. They can handle millions of


instructions at one second
 Storage: a large volume of information be can stored in memory
 Accuracy: a device that is nearly 100% accurate depends on the operator
55

 Ability to operate automatically: does not require prompt input from the
operator at each stage of operation
 Diligence: computer does not get tired, bored or lazy.
 Scientific approach: the entire approach to problem solving in computers is
scientific and logical
 Versatility: the computer is a versatile tool for doing a variety of jobs.

Parts of the computer

The computer basically consists of following parts

 Input device
 Output devices
 A memory store
 A processing unit
 A control unit

INPUT DEVICES

These devices help to feed the data to the computer. They include

 Keyboard: they are the basic input devices through which data and programs
are fed into the computer. They have numeric and alphabetic, symbols, edit,
control and function keys. A keyboard is very much like that of a standard
computer.
 Mouse: it is used to position the cursor on the screen. Its manipulation on a
flat surface moves the cursor in the same direction as the movement of the
mouse. The box contains a ball underneath, which senses the movement and
transmits it to the cursor over the screen.
 Light pen: this is a pen like device connected by cable to display. When
pointed at the screen the computer revises the position of the point. It can be
moved and repositioned as required. It helps to draw pictures on the screen
or make changes to an already drawn picture or figure.
 Graphic table: it is a computer-based terminal with additional features for
creating, storing and printing pictures. One can create an image of a picture by
simply moving a stylus on the picture. As the stylus moves, the picture is
created and drawn on the screen for checking.
 Joy stick: moving a joy stick increases or decreases the voltage level in a
resistor. It helps in playing games using a computer.
56

 Optical character reader: they are input devices used to read any printed text.
They can interpret handmade marks and characters and special symbols and
codes
 OCRs scan: it reads the text optically, character by character and convert them
into a machine readable code and store them into the system’s memory. They
can read at a rate of 2400 characters per second
 Voice input: this is another means of communication via the computer. It
incorporates the wave from which it is created, and analyses it.

OUTPUT DEVICES

Output devices translate information back into understandable form. The data fed
into the computer are processed as per the instructions given to the computer and
returned in the form of output.

 Printers: it is the most commonly used output device. The paper copy
obtained from the printer is often referred to as the printout
 Visual display unit: when the program is keyed in, the screen displays the
characters. The user can read the program line by line and make corrections
before it is stored or printed. Screen sizes differ from system to system. The
cursor on the screen is controlled by the cursor keys on the keyboard.
 Computer output microfilm (COM): when large amounts of data are to be
printed and stored for future reference, conventional paper output will not be
economical. In such situations, computer output microfilm is used, which
consists of photographed images produced in miniature by the computer.
 Audio response unit: computer audio output or voice response units speak,
by arranging half-second records of voice sounds of prerecorded words.
 Plotters: they are used to produce output containing graphics or diagrams.
With the availability of multi color plotters, they are increasingly used for
preparing financial documents, annual reports and engineering drawings
 Memory store: it contains all the information, which has been fed into the
computer through the input equipment.
 Processing unit: it operates and processes the information out of a large
amount of stored information in terms of scientific criteria.
 External storage devices: the purpose of external storage device is to retain
data and programs for future use. A number of files containing information
can be stored in this manner.
 Control unit: this controls the actions of the processing units
57

 Floppy disks: it is flexible plastic disk coated with magnetic material and works
like a photograph record. Information can be recorded or read by inserting it
into a disk drive connected to the computer
 Hard disks: they are suitable for storing large volumes of information and are
properly known as the Winchester disks. A hard disk consists of two or more
magnetic plates fixed to a spindle one below the other with a set of read or
write leads. These are permanently sealed inside a casing to protect it from
dust.

CONCLUSION
Audio visual aids are any devices which can be used to make the learning experience
more concrete. It can supplement teaching, but are not substitute for teachers and
books. It should not be misused; they should be used properly to attain the
educational and instructional objectives

BIBLIOGRAPHY
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 K.P Neeraja. (2003) Textbook of Nursing Education (1 st edition) Jaypee


Brothers Medical Publishers. New Delhi. Page No.206-313
 D. Elakkuvana Bhaskara Raj, Nima Bhaskar (2013) Textbook of Nursing
Education (1st edition) Emmess medical Publishers, Rajajinagar, Bangalore.
Page no.153-157
 R. Sudha (2013) Nursing Education (1st edition) Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers. New Delhi. Page No.
 BT Basavanthappa [2011] Nursing Education [2 nd edition] Jaypee brothers
medical publishers, Haryana Page No. 514-517
 Malarvizhi, S. Amritha Santhi.[2012] Textbook on communication and
Education (2nd edition) pee vee publications. Page no. 260-313
 Carrol L. Isasiw, Dolly, Mary-Anne [2010] curriculum in development in nursing
education [2nd edition] Jones and Bartlett publishers, New Delhi. Page No.172
 B.Sankaranarayan, B. Sindhu (2009) Learning and Teaching Nursing (3 rd
Edition) Brainfill. Page No.201- 220
 Theresa Harvey The Journal Of Nursing Education.Vol.45 Issue 6. Page No. 18-
19
 www.preservearticles.com/.../what-is-non-projected-two-dimensional-co...
 www.slideshare.net/cheryl_tayco/projected
 sites.google.com/site/mariamalshanfari/nonprojectedvisuals

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