Asphalt Mixture Performance

Tester (AMPT)
 
  The AMPT complements current asphalt mixture design
The Asphalt Pavement  procedures by providing engineering properties for mixture
Technology Program is an  evaluation and pavement structural design. This Technical
integrated, national effort to  Brief summarizes the development of the AMPT and
improve the long‐term  describes how the AMPT can be used in pavement
performance and cost  structural design and mixture design.
effectiveness of asphalt 
pavements. Managed by the  What is the AMPT?
Federal Highway Administration 
The AMPT is a testing machine specifically designed to
through partnerships with State 
highway agencies, Industry and  measure asphalt mixture engineering properties. Shown in
academia the program’s  Figure 1, it is a compact servo-hydraulic testing machine
primary goals are to reduce  that was developed through work completed under National
congestion, improve safety, and  Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP)
foster technology innovation. 
Projects 9-19, Superpave Support and Performance Models
The program was established to 
develop and implement  Management (1), and 9-29, Simple Performance Tester for
guidelines, methods,  Superpave Mix Design (2-5). With the AMPT, a mixture’s
procedures and other tools for  rutting resistance can be quickly evaluated using the flow
use in asphalt pavement 
number test. The flow number has been correlated with the
materials selection, mixture 
design, testing, construction  rutting resistance of mixtures from various full scale
and quality control.  pavement tests (1). The AMPT also greatly simplifies the
  development of dynamic modulus master curves needed for
pavement structural design using the AASHTOWare®
Pavement ME Design (formerly DARWin-ME™) Pavement
Design and Analysis Software or other mechanistic-
empirical structural design procedures. Dynamic modulus
Office of Pavement Technology  tests at multiple temperatures and loading frequencies are
FHWA‐HIF‐13‐005  used to develop the dynamic modulus master curve. In
addition to the flow number and the dynamic modulus tests,
February 2013 

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which have been standardized, work is currently underway to develop and standardize a direct
tension fatigue test for the AMPT that can be used to evaluate the resistance of a mixture to
fatigue and top down cracking (6,7).

Figure 1. Photographs of AMPT Equipment by Interlaken Technology Corporation (left)

and IPC Global (right).

Why Was the AMPT Developed?

The AMPT was developed in response to concerns raised by agency materials engineers that
the Superpave mixture design system, as implemented, did not include a fundamental
performance test of rutting resistance. The Marshall and Hveem mix design methods, that
Superpave was replacing, both included tests that engineers and technicians associated with
rutting resistance. Although the predictive capability of these tests was questionable, they
provided mix designers with a general assessment of the rutting resistance of the design mixture
that was not duplicated in the Superpave volumetric design procedure. The Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA) and the NCHRP initiated several research studies to evaluate various
tests as “simple performance tests” of rutting resistance that could compliment volumetric mix
design (1,8-10). These included: (1) parameters from the gyratory compactor, (2) wheel tracking
tests, (3) shear tests, (4) indirect tensile tests, and (5) triaxial tests. Concurrently, the American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Joint Task Force on

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Pavements began the development of a mechanistic-empirical pavement design procedure that
ultimately became AASHTOWare® Pavement ME Design (11). The compatibility of triaxial
tests for rutting resistance with the new mechanistic-empirical pavement design procedure led to
the selection of the flow number and dynamic modulus tests as the preferred performance tests to
complement mixture design and were included in the development of the AMPT equipment.

How Does the AMPT Differ From Other Asphalt Mixture Performance Test
Equipment?
A number of performance tests have been developed for evaluating asphalt mixtures (12).
The major differences between the AMPT tests and other rutting resistance tests like the Asphalt
Pavement Analyzer or the Hamburg Wheel Track Test are the fundamental mechanical nature of
the AMPT tests and that results can be used in AASHTOWare® Pavement ME Design to
estimate the performance of a pavement constructed with the mixture. The use of the same tests
for both mixture evaluation and structural design provides a link between mixture design and
structural analysis that has been an underlying goal of a substantial amount of past flexible
pavement research. Additionally, the AMPT tests have received national support rather than
regional support during their development. This has resulted in a generic equipment
specification for the AMPT, multiple vendors
producing production AMPT devices, AASHTO AMPT Standards
standards for testing and data analysis, initial • AASHTO TP 79, Provisional Standard
estimates of repeatability and reproducibility, and Method of Test for Determining the
Dynamic Modulus and Flow Number
coordinated training and support. Figure 2 is a for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Using the
Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester
flow chart showing the AMPT development, (AMPT)
which has taken approximately 10 years to • AASHTO PP 60, Provisional Standard
Practice for Preparation of Cylindrical
complete. The need for the AMPT was Performance Test Specimens Using
the Superpave Gyratory Compactor
established by agency materials engineers. The (SGC)
• AASHTO PP61, Provisional Standard
research and the development of draft test
Practice for Developing Dynamic
methods and prototype equipment was completed Modulus Master Curves for Hot Mix
Asphalt (HMA) Using the Asphalt
in NCHRP Project 9-19. Support continued Mixture Performance Tester (AMPT)
through NCHRP Project 9-29 to commercialize
the equipment by developing an equipment

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specification, evaluating first article devices, performing ruggedness testing on the first articles
to improve the equipment specification and test methods, developing AASHTO Provisional
standards, and conducting round robin testing to establish repeatability and reproducibility for
the flow number and dynamic modulus tests. The FHWA, through Transportation Pooled Fund
Project TPF-5(178), conducted training for the AMPT and is providing support to agencies as
they use the AMPT.

Figure 2. Flow Chart of AMPT Development.

How Are AMPT Test Specimens Prepared?

Tests in the AMPT are conducted on 100 mm (4 in) diameter by 150 mm (6 in) high test
specimens that are cored and sawed from larger 150 mm (6 in) diameter by 170± mm (6.75 in)
high gyratory specimens prepared in a Superpave gyratory compactor. Figure 3 illustrates the
major steps in the specimen fabrication process. First the over-height gyratory specimen is
prepared by compacting the mass of mixture needed to meet the target air voids to a
predetermined height. Next a 100 mm diameter core is removed from the center of the larger

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gyratory specimen using a standard diamond coring stand. Finally the ends are trimmed smooth
and parallel using a masonry saw. AMPT test specimen preparation has been standardized in
AASHTO PP 60, Provisional Standard Practice for Preparation of Cylindrical Performance
Test Specimens Using the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC). The size and dimensions of
the AMPT test specimen were selected to ensure that fundamental engineering properties are
measured in the AMPT tests. The test specimen is taken from the middle of a larger gyratory
specimen to improve specimen uniformity by eliminating high air voids that occur around the
circumference and at the ends of gyratory compacted specimens.

1. Prepare Over-height Gyratory Specimen

2. Core 100 mm Test

Specimen

3. Trim Ends

Figure 3. Major Steps in AMPT Test Specimen Preparation.

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How is the AMPT Used for Pavement Structural Design?
The primary material property used to characterize asphalt mixtures for pavement structural
design is a dynamic modulus master curve. During dynamic modulus testing, a specimen is
subjected to continuous sinusoidal, stress-controlled loading at a specified frequency and
temperature. Both the applied stress and the resulting strain are continuously recorded during
testing. The dynamic modulus is defined as the peak stress divided by the peak strain and is a
measure of the overall stiffness of the mixture at a particular test temperature and loading
frequency.

Because the response of asphalt materials depends on both temperature and loading rate, the
later relating to traffic speed, the modulus of asphalt concrete cannot be described by a single
value. The dynamic modulus master curve is an equation that gives the modulus of an asphalt
concrete mixture for any combination of temperature and loading rate. During structural
analysis, AASHTOWare® Pavement ME Design uses the dynamic modulus master curve to
assign an appropriate modulus value depending on temperature, traffic speed, and depth in the
pavement structure. A dynamic modulus master curve is constructed using time-temperature
superposition as shown schematically in Figure 4. Dynamic modulus measurements are made at
different temperatures and frequency of loading. Then the data are shifted horizontally until the
data from different temperatures align into a smooth continuous function representing the
pavement response at various temperatures and loading rates. Conditions relating to cold
temperature and fast traffic speeds are the high reduced frequencies on one end of the master
curve and conditions relating to high temperature and slow traffic speeds are the low reduced
frequencies at the other end of the master curve.

Dynamic modulus testing in the AMPT requires the use of on-specimen deformation
measuring sensors to minimize errors associated with end effects. The sensors are mounted to
gauge points that are glued to the specimen and are designed to be rapidly installed. Dynamic
modulus testing for master curves should be performed on specimens prepared to the expected
in-place air void content; typically seven percent.

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 10000
4C

Dynamic Modulus, ksi

20 C
40 C
1000

100

10

1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Frequency, Hz

10000
Dynamic Modulus, ksi

4C
1000 20 C
40 C

100 3.0
Log Shift Factor

2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
10 -2.0
-3.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Temperature, C

1
0.0001 0.01 1 100

Reduced Frequency at 20 °, Hz

Figure 4. Schematic of Time-Temperature Superposition for Dynamic Modulus Master

Curve Construction. Raw Data (top), shifted data (bottom).

The construction of dynamic modulus master curves using the AMPT has been standardized
in AASHTO PP61, Provisional Standard Practice for Developing Dynamic Modulus Master
Curves for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Using the Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester (AMPT).
Dynamic modulus data are collected at three temperatures and four frequencies. A public

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domain Microsoft Excel™ application, MasterSolver 1, is used to perform the time-temperature
superposition and develop the dynamic modulus master curve for input in AASHTOWare®
Pavement ME Design. Figure 5 illustrates the four steps for using the AMPT and MasterSolver
to obtain dynamic modulus input data for AASHTOWare® Pavement ME Design.

Master Curves for Structural Design with the AMPT

Step 1 Prepare Specimens

• AASHTO PP60
• 2 or 3 replicates needed
• Expected in‐situ air void content

Step 2 Perform Dynamic Modulus Tests

• AASHTO PP61 and TP79
• 4 °C
• 20 °C
• High temperature based on binder grade

Step 3 Generate Master Curve with MasterSolver

• AASHTO PP61
• Input data
• Fit master curve
• Review goodness of Fit

Step 4 Input Master Curve Data for Design

• AASHTOware® Pavement ME Design moduli in MEPDG Input Sheet
of MasterSolver

Figure 5. Generating Dynamic Modulus Master Curves for Structural Design with the
AMPT and MasterSolver.

1
MasterSolver is available from http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/docs/NCHRP09-29_mastersolver2-2.xls
and includes a ‘README’ tab with details of the computations in the tool.

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How is the AMPT Used for Mixture Evaluation?
Currently, the primary use of the AMPT for mixture evaluation is assessing the rutting
resistance of a mixture using the flow number. As discussed in the next section, a fatigue
cracking test for the AMPT is under development. Evaluating the rutting resistance of a mixture
using the flow number is straightforward. During flow number testing, a specimen is subjected
to a repeated compressive load pulse at a specific test temperature. The resulting permanent
axial strains are measured for each load pulse and used to calculate the flow number, or point
where the specimen exhibits uncontrolled tertiary flow. Specimen mounted instrumentation is
not needed for the flow number test as the actuator displacement is used to measure the
permanent deformation. To evaluate rutting resistance, an unconfined flow number test using a
repeated axial stress of 600 kPa (87 psi) is conducted with the AMPT at the 50 percent reliability
temperature from LTPPBind version 3.1 at a depth of 20 mm for surface courses or the top of the
layer for intermediate and base courses. The specimens are prepared to target air voids of seven
percent. Typically flow number testing can be conducted on the specimens after they are tested
for dynamic modulus limiting the number of specimens required. The measured flow number is
then compared to criteria developed in NCHRP Project 9-33 for hot mix asphalt (HMA) or
NCHRP 9-43 for warm mix asphalt (WMA) (13). The criteria are shown in Table 1. The criteria
are different for HMA and WMA because the laboratory conditioning is different. HMA
specimens are short-term conditioned for 4 hours at 135 °C. WMA specimens are short-term
conditioned for 2 hours at the planned field compaction temperature, which is usually around
115 °C. Figure 6 illustrates the steps for using the AMPT to evaluate rutting resistance.

Table 1. Flow Number Test Criteria.

Design Traffic,
HMA1 WMA1
Million ESAL
<3 -- --
3 to < 10 50 30
10 to < 30 190 105
> 30 740 415
1
HMA conditioned 4 hours at 135 °C, WMA
conditioned 2 hours at field compaction temperature.

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 Rutting Resistance with the AMPT

Step 1 Determine Test Temperature

•50 % reliability high pavement temperature from LTPPBind 3.1
•20 mm for surface courses
•Top of layer for intermediate and base courses
•No adjustments for speed or traffic level

Step 2 Prepare Test Specimens AASHTO PP60

•3 or 4 replicates needed
•Target air voids of 7 percent
•Condition HMA 4 hours at 135 °C
•Condition WMA 2 hours at field compaction temperature

Step 3 Perform Flow Number Tests

•AASHTO TP79
•Unconfined
•600 kPa (87 psi) repeated deviatoric stress
•Test temperature from LTPPBind 3.1 as determined above

Step 4 Compare to Criteria

•HMA or WMA
•Traffic level

Figure 6. Evaluating Rutting Resistance with the AMPT.

Can Cracking be Evaluated with the AMPT?

With increasing amounts of recycled binders from reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and
recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) and other modifiers like crumb rubber, sulfur, and fibers being
used in asphalt mixtures, the development of a cracking test for mixture evaluation is of growing

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interest. Current mix design procedures rely on a minimum volume of effective binder, and
proper binder properties to mitigate fatigue and thermal cracking. Due to uncertainties
associated with the mixing of new and recycled binders, and the effect of modifiers that cannot
be accurately evaluated through binder testing, a test related to mixture cracking resistance is
needed to provide confidence in mixtures designed with these materials.

A thermal cracking test is not possible in the AMPT. The temperature control in the AMPT is
limited to the range from 4 °C to 70 °C and the load capacity is not high enough for low
temperature testing. Tests for fatigue cracking are possible and there is ongoing work to develop
an appropriate fatigue testing protocol for the AMPT (6,7). The fatigue methods that are being
pursued are based on continuum damage principles. The testing involves performing cyclic
direct tension tests and monitoring the change in the modulus of the mixture with increasing
cycles. Figure 7 shows an AMPT test specimen with tension end plates needed for testing and a
fixture for gluing multiple specimens. The current focus of the research is developing efficient
testing and data analysis protocols for use by technicians responsible for asphalt pavement mix
designs. It is anticipated that draft test methods for fatigue testing will be submitted to AASHTO
in 2013.

Figure 7. AMPT Fatigue Test Specimen and Gluing Fixture.

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Are There Other Tests That Can be Used?
The AMPT is not the only performance testing equipment available for asphalt concrete mix
design. Table 2 summarizes a number of tests that have received some level of industry
acceptance. This table is organized by five major types of performance tests: modulus,
permanent deformation, load associated cracking, thermal cracking and moisture sensitivity. The
applicability of each test to routine mixture design is rated based on the following criteria.

1. Standardization. Has a standard method for the test been adopted by AASHTO or
ASTM, or is there work in progress that will lead to standardization in the near future? It
is critical that performance tests included in mix design methods be standardized and that
estimates of within and between laboratory precision be available so that the tests can be
confidently used by technicians and engineers involved in the mixture design process.

2. Criteria. Have criteria for using the test been developed? Past experience with
attempted implementation of the Superpave Mixture Analysis System suggests that test
criteria differentiating acceptable and unacceptable performance should be provided for
routine mixture design. Pavement performance models may also be used by some
organizations as additional assurance for critical projects.

3. Complexity. Are the test methods and required data analyses appropriate for technicians
and engineers involved in the mixture design process? Many pavement performance tests
involve the manufacture of special test specimens or the use of instrumentation that
technicians are not familiar with. Data analysis often involves relatively complex
theories that can be beyond the capabilities of engineers and technicians involved in mix
design. Computer control and data analysis can eliminate much of the test complexity;
however, the equipment and algorithms must be robust. An excellent example of proper
use of computer control is the dynamic shear rheometer, which is very sophisticated
equipment and uses relatively complex analysis, but because the control and data analysis
are robust, dynamic shear rheometers were quickly adopted for use in the asphalt
industry.

4. Equipment. Is the equipment for the test available from commercial sources at a
reasonable cost and if the test is relatively complex, is the computer control and analysis
software reliable? Preferably the equipment should be available from multiple sources so
that demand and competition in the market place will lead to continuous improvement of
the equipment. The Superpave gyratory compactor and the dynamic shear rheometer are
excellent examples of equipment that is available from multiple vendors where there is a
history of manufacturer driven improvement

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 Table 2. Assessment of Available Performance Tests for Use in Routine Mixture Design.

Standardization Criteria Complexity Equipment

Property Method Performance
Mix Design
Method Precision Prediction Method Analysis Availability Reliability Cost
Pass/Fail
Model
AMPT Dynamic Modulus Yes Yes Yes Moderate Moderate Yes High Moderate
Simple Shear Yes Yes Yes Moderate Moderate Yes Moderate High
Modulus NA
Indirect Tension Dynamic
No No Yes Moderate Moderate No Moderate High
Modulus
AMPT Flow Number Yes Yes Yes Yes Moderate Low Yes High Moderate
Repeated Shear Yes Yes Yes Yes Moderate Moderate Yes Moderate High
Permanent High Temperature Indirect
Draft No Yes No Low Low Yes High Low
Deformation Tensile Strength
Asphalt Pavement Analyzer Yes No Yes No Moderate Low Yes High Moderate
Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device Yes No Yes No Moderate Low Yes High Moderate
Flexural Fatigue Yes No No Yes High Moderate Yes High Moderate
Load AMPT Continuum Damage No No No Yes High High Yes High Moderate
Associated
Cracking Energy Ratio No No Yes Yes High High Yes High High
Fracture Energy No No No Yes Low Low Yes High High
IDT Creep and Strength Yes No No Yes High High Yes High High
Thermal
Disc Shaped Compact Tension Yes Yes Yes Yes High Low Yes High High
Cracking
Semi Circular Bend Draft No Yes No Moderate Low Yes High High
Moisture Tensile Strength Ratio Yes Yes Yes No Moderate Low Yes High Low
Sensitivity Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device Yes No Yes No Moderate Low Yes High Moderate

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 Table 2 shows that substantial progress has been made developing modulus, permanent
deformation, and moisture sensitivity tests for asphalt mixtures. Standards and criteria for these
tests have been developed and equipment is readily available at low to moderate costs. Many of
these tests lack precision statements that are needed when a test method is used to accept or
reject material. In recent years, progress has been made on using fracture energy tests for low
temperature cracking analysis. Much of this work has been done in Transportation Pooled Fund
Study 776 (14). Only limited progress has been made on developing tests for load associated
cracking for asphalt mixtures. Although continuum damage and fracture energy approaches
appear promising, only the flexural fatigue test has been standardized.

As shown in Table 2, the AMPT is moderate cost equipment that shows promise for being
able to conduct tests for modulus, permanent deformation, and load associated cracking using a
specimen that can be prepared in the Superpave gyratory compactor that is available in most
laboratories. The modulus and permanent deformation tests have been standardized and initial
estimates of precision are available. The load associated cracking test is currently under
development and is expected to be standardized in 2013. Another major benefit that the AMPT
provides is the ability to link mixture design to pavement structural design. The AMPT tests
provide data that can be used for both mixture evaluation and for pavement performance
predictions using AASHTOWare® Pavement ME Design or other mechanistic-empirical
structural design software.

References and Additional Information:

1. Witczak, M.W., Kaloush, K., Pellinen, T., El-Basyouny, M., and VonQuintus, H.,
“Simple Performance Test for Superpave Mix Design,” NCHRP Report 465,
Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2002.

2. Bonaquist, R.F., Christensen, D.W., and Stump, W, “Simple Performance Tester for
Superpave Mix Design: First Article Development and Evaluation, NCHRP Report 513,
Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2003.

3. Bonaquist, R., “Refining the Simple Performance Tester for Use in Routine Practice,”
NCHRP Report 614, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2008.

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4. Bonaquist, R., “Ruggedness Testing of the Dynamic Modulus and Flow Number Tests
with the Simple Performance Tester,” NCHRP Report 629, Transportation Research
Board, Washington, D.C., 2008.

5. Bonaquist, R., “Precision of the Dynamic Modulus and Flow Number Tests Conducted
with the Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester,” NCHRP Report 702, Transportation
Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2011.

6. Hou, T., Underwood, B.S., and Kim, R., “Fatigue Performance Prediction of North
Carolina Mixtures Using the Simplified Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Model,”
Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Volume 79, 2010.

7. Christensen, D.W., and Bonaquist, R. “Analysis of HMA Fatigue Data Using the
Concepts of Reduced Loading Cycles and Endurance Limit,” Journal of the Association
of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Volume 78, 2009.

8. Anderson, R.M., Turner, P.A., Peterson, R.L., and Mallick, R.B., “Relationship of
Superpave Gyratory Compaction Properties to HMA Rutting Behavior,” NCHRP
Report 478, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2002.

9. Kandhal, P.S., and Cooler, L.A., Jr., “Accelerated Laboratory Rutting Tests: Evaluation
of the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer,” NCHRP Report 508, Transportation Research
Board, Washington, D.C., 2003.

10. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Research Results Digest Number 262,
“Field Shear Test for Hot Mix Asphalt,” Transportation Research Board, Washington,
D.C., February, 2002.

11. Applied Research Associates, “Guide for Mechanistic-Empirical Design of New and
Rehabilitated Pavement Structures,” Final Report of NCHRP Project 1-37A, National
Cooperative Highway Research Program, March, 2004.

12. Advanced Asphalt Technologies, LLC “A Manual for Design of Hot Mix Asphalt with
Commentary,” NCHRP Report 673, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.,
2011.

13. Bonaquist, R., “Mix Design Practices for Warm Mix Asphalt,” NCHRP Report 691,
Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2011.

14. Marasteanu, M., Zofka, A., Turos, M., Li, X., Velasquez, R., Li, X., Buttlar, W., Paulino,
G., Braham, A. Dave, E., Ojo, J., Bahia, H., Williams, C., Bausano, J., Gallistel, A., and
McGraw, J., “Investigation of Low Temperature Cracking in Asphalt Pavements National
Pooled Fund Study 776,” Report MN/RC 2007-43, Minnesota Department of
Transportation, St. Paul, MN, October 2007.

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Contact—For information/questions related to the Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester, contact
the following:
Jeff Withee - [email protected] (Office of Pavement Technology)
Nelson Gibson - [email protected] (Office of Infrastructure R&D)
Tom Harman – [email protected] (Pavement & Materials Technical Service Team)

Distribution—This TechBrief is being distributed according to a standard distribution. Direct

distribution is being made to the Resource Centers and Divisions.

Notice—This TechBrief is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of

Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The TechBrief does not establish
policies or regulations, nor does it imply FHWA endorsement of the conclusions or
recommendations. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the contents or their use.

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