Respiration and Gas Exchange PDF

1 What is produced by anaerobic respiration in yeast?
lactic acid carbon dioxide
A
B
C
D
2 What is the word equation for aerobic respiration in plants?
A carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
B glucose + carbon dioxide → water + oxygen
C glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
D glucose + water → carbon dioxide + oxygen
3 The diagram shows the positions of four farms and the concentrations of nitrate at different points
in a river.
Which farm is likely to have been using too much fertiliser on its land?
farm C
direction
of flow
farm A
farm D
farm B
direction
of flow
60
40
nitrate
concentration
/ ppm
20
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 During aerobic respiration glucose is broken down.
What is released in this process?
5 Which processes depend on the action of enzymes?
1 digestion
2 osmosis
3 respiration
A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 1 only D 2 and 3
6 Which description of anaerobic respiration in yeast is correct?
7 What is produced by yeast during anaerobic respiration?
A carbon dioxide and water

B ethanol and carbon dioxide
C ethanol and water
D lactic acid
8 The diagram shows an experiment to investigate gas exchange in a leaf.
black cover
ink drop
substance
to absorb
carbon dioxide
leaf
In which direction does the ink drop move and for what reason?
direction reason
A to the left photosynthesis

B to the left respiration
C to the right photosynthesis
D to the right respiration
9 Which process releases the most energy from one molecule of glucose?
A aerobic respiration
B anaerobic respiration in muscle
C anaerobic respiration in yeast
D photosynthesis
10 The diagram shows apparatus used to investigate anaerobic respiration in yeast.
glass coloured
tube liquid
air from which oxygen

has been removed
yeast in a
glucose solution
What happens to the coloured liquid?
A moves rapidly to the left

B moves slowly to the left
C moves to the right
D stays still
11 The list shows four metabolic processes.
1 carbon dioxide + water o glucose + oxygen
2 glucose o alcohol + carbon dioxide
3 glucose o lactic acid
4 glucose + oxygen o carbon dioxide + water
Which of these processes occur in muscles?
A 1 and 2 B 2 and 3 C 3 and 4 D 4 and 1
12 The graph shows the results of an experiment to investigate the rate of respiration of an organism
at different temperatures.
rate of
respiration
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
temperature / °C
What explains the difference between the rate of respiration at 50 °C and that at 30 °C?
A enzymes working faster at 50 °C
B enzymes working more slowly at 50 °C
C less oxygen available at 50 °C
D more oxygen available at 50 °C
13 The diagram shows an experiment to investigate the respiration of yeast.
balloon
gas evolved
yeast in yeast, sugar

sugar solution and new compound
at the beginning after 24 hours
Which gas is evolved and which new compound is present after 24 hours?
14 In which conditions do the leaves of a green plant respire?
15 Why does anaerobic respiration in muscles release less energy than aerobic respiration?
A Energy is lost in carbon dioxide.

B Energy is lost in oxygen.
C Energy remains trapped in ethanol.
D Energy remains trapped in lactic acid.
16 Which word equation represents anaerobic respiration in human muscle?
A glucose → carbon dioxide + ethanol (alcohol)
B glucose → carbon dioxide + lactic acid
C glucose → ethanol (alcohol)
D glucose → lactic acid
17 What are the products of anaerobic respiration in muscles?
A ethanol and carbon dioxide

B ethanol only
C lactic acid and carbon dioxide
D lactic acid only
18 Four metabolic reactions are shown.
1 carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
2 glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
3 glucose → lactic acid
4 glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
Which reactions take place in human cells to release energy?
A 1 and 2
1 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 4 D 3 and 4
19 The graph shows the energy released by two animals through respiration as the external
temperature changes.
Which conclusion can be drawn from the graph?
A Animals 1 and 2 release the least energy at 23 °C.

B Animal 2 always respires faster than animal 1.
C As the temperature rises, respiration always increases.
D The rate of respiration is the same for both animals at 23 °C.
20 Four word equations are shown.
P carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
Q glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
R glucose → lactic acid
S glucose → alcohol + carbon dioxide
What are the equations for anaerobic respiration in humans and anaerobic respiration in yeast?
21 What contains the greatest concentration of lactic acid?
A a bottle of alcoholic drink

B a loaf of freshly baked bread
C muscle cells during vigorous exercise
D yeast cells kept in glucose at 70 °C for 30 minutes
22 Which process uses the greatest amount of energy?
A gaseous diffusion
B protein synthesis
C respiration
D starch digestion
23 Which chemical could be used to show that cells are respiring aerobically?
A Benedict’s solution
B dilute sulfuric acid
C ethanol
D limewater
24 When does respiration take place in animals and plants?
animals plants
A all the time all the time
B all the time night time only
C day time only day time only
D day time only night time only
25 An athlete takes part in a race. The graph shows her breathing rate before, during and after the
race.
At which point does her body contain the greatest amount of lactic acid?
C
breathing B
rate D
A
time
start end
of race of race
26 What is produced by anaerobic respiration in a muscle?
lactic acid carbon dioxide
A key
B = produced
C = not produced
D
27 Four test-tubes were set up as shown in the diagram and left in full sunlight.
After several hours, which test-tube would contain the most dissolved carbon dioxide?
A B C D
pond
pond weed
water
weed
water water
water
snail snail
28 Which process depends on energy from respiration?
A diffusion
B osmosis
C peristalsis
D photosynthesis
29 Which process, inside cells, releases energy useful to the human body?
A digestion
B excretion
C mitosis
D respiration
30 How are aerobic and anaerobic respiration similar?
A Both involve breaking down glucose.

B Both need a low concentration of oxygen.
C In muscles, both produce carbon dioxide.
D In yeast, both produce alcohol.
31 What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?
A glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
B glucose → alcohol + carbon dioxide
C glucose → alcohol + water
D glucose → lactic acid + water
32 An experiment is set up to investigate the uptake of oxygen by germinating seeds.
water bath soda lime absorbs

at 25 °C carbon dioxide
germinating dead seeds rinsed

seeds in antiseptic
X
coloured coloured
water water
What happens to the levels at X and Y?
33 Which process does not release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?
A decomposition of animals
B photosynthesis of plants
C respiration of animals
D respiration of plants
34 Which statement about respiration is not correct?
A All living cells respire.

B Heat is always produced.
C Plants respire in the light and in the dark.
D Plants take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen.
35 Yeast, warm water and substance Z were put into a test-tube. The apparatus was then set up as
shown. After a while, the lime water began to go cloudy.
yeast, warm water lime water

and substance Z
What is substance Z?
A alcohol
B carbon dioxide
C glucose
D oxygen
36 The table shows some of the features of respiration.
Which row is correct for anaerobic respiration?
37 Four words are shown below.
alcohol anaerobic sugar yeast
These words can be used in the spaces P, Q, R and S to complete the sentence below.
‘In brewing and bread making, respiration takes place. The micro-organism called ……P……
uses ……Q.….. as a source of food. The product of this ……R…… respiration is ……S…… .’
Which combination of words correctly completes the sentences?
38 The diagram shows two experiments on the gaseous exchange in small aerobic crustaceans.
Soda-lime absorbs carbon dioxide.
P Q
coloured coloured
liquid marker liquid marker
small aerobic
crustaceans
wire gauze
soda-lime glass beads instead
of soda-lime
Which way does the liquid marker move?
39 Which substances are formed during anaerobic respiration in animals and yeast?
animals yeast
A alcohol alcohol and lactic acid

B alcohol and carbon dioxide alcohol
C lactic acid alcohol and carbon dioxide
D lactic acid and water lactic acid
40 An athlete runs a race. The graph shows how the concentration of lactic acid in his leg muscles
changes.
6
lactic acid
concentration 4
(arbitary units)
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time from start of race / min
For how long did the athlete run?
A 2 minutes
B 4 minutes
C 6 minutes
D 10 minutes
41 An athlete produces lactic acid in the leg muscles while running a race. After the race he is seen
to breathe faster and deeper.
How does this help to remove the lactic acid?
A More carbon dioxide is used up.

B More energy is needed.
C More lactic acid is breathed out.
D More oxygen is breathed in.
42 The flow diagram shows what happens to food in humans.
Which stage shows human respiration?
large complex food molecules
smaller food molecules in the gut
smaller food molecules in

the blood and body cells
C D
large molecules smaller molecules and
in body cells energy in body cells
43 What is produced during anaerobic respiration in muscles?
alcohol carbon dioxide lactic acid
A
B
C
D
44 Which chemical contains energy that is released in aerobic respiration?
A carbon dioxide
B glucose
C oxygen
D water
45 In an experiment to investigate anaerobic respiration, two bottles are set up in a warm room, as
shown in the diagram.
P Q
balloon balloon
sugar, yeast yeast

and water and water
What would happen to each balloon after one day?
P Q P Q
A B
P Q P Q
C D
1 Fig. 2.1 shows a person sitting in a room. A thermometer shows the temperature of the
room.
50
40
30
°C
20
10
Fig. 2.1
(a) Give three uses of energy in the body of the person in Fig. 2.1.
1.
2.
3. [3]
(b) Name the process carried out by the person in Fig. 2.1 that releases energy.
[2]
(c) The person leaves the room and runs very fast for 200 m. When the person stops
running, his breathing rate and his heart rate remain high.
Explain why the person’s breathing rate and heart rate remain high after the run.
[4]
(d) There are changes in the skin at the beginning of the run and during the run. These
changes involve the blood vessels and the sweat glands.
Describe what happens to the blood vessels and sweat glands at the beginning of the
run and during the run.
Explain why these changes happen.
[5]
[Total: 14]
2 (a State, using chemical symbols, the equation for aerobic respiration.
[3]
A student compared the respiration of germinating mung bean seeds with pea seeds using
the apparatus shown in Fig. 3.1.
stopwatch
syringe
oil droplet capillary tube
0 1
bag of seeds
soda lime
Fig. 3.1
The soda lime absorbs any carbon dioxide released by the germinating seeds. The student
recorded the position of the oil droplet every minute over a period of six minutes.
(b) State three variables that should be kept constant in this investigation.
3 [3]
(c) Table 3.1 shows the student’s results.
Table 3.1
(i) State which way the droplet moves and explain your answer.
[3]
(ii) State what happens to the movement of the droplet after three minutes and
suggest an explanation.
[2]
[Total: 11]
3 (a) Define the term aerobic respiration.
[2]
During exercise the movement of the ribcage enables air to enter the lungs.
(b) Describe how the ribcage is moved during inspiration (breathing in) and explain how
this causes air to enter the lungs.
[4]
(c) Explain how the ribcage returns to its resting position during expiration (breathing out).
[2]
Some students carried out an investigation on a 16-year old athlete. Table 3.1 shows the
results of their investigation on the athlete’s breathing at rest and immediately after 20
minutes of running.
Ventilation rate is the volume of air taken into the lungs per minute.
Table 3.1
(d)
d) Calculate the ventilation rate of the athlete immediately after 20 minutes of running.
Write your answer in Table 3.1. [1]
(ii) Explain why the athlete has a high ventilation rate after the exercise has
finished.
[5]
[Total: 14]
4 (a In the space below write a balanced chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in
muscles.
…….…………………….……….. …………………..…..………….. [2]
Some students investigated the breathing of a 16-year old male athlete. Fig. 3.1 shows the
pattern of his breathing for 60 seconds when resting. Fig. 3.2 shows the pattern of his
breathing while he took some exercise for 60 seconds.
volume
of air / dm3 1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time / s
Fig. 3.1
volume
of air / dm3 1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time / s
Fig. 3.2
Table 3.1 shows a summary of the results obtained by the students.
Table 3.1
breathing at rest breathing during exercise
volume of air breathed in

0.5
with each breath / dm3 ……………………………
rate of breathing / number of

11
breaths per minute ……………………………
volume of air breathed in

5.5
per minute / dm3 ……………………………
(b) Using information from Fig. 3.2, complete Table 3.1.
Write your answers in Table 3.1. [3]
(c) Explain the effect of exercise on the student’s breathing.
[5]
(d) During strenuous exercise, the hormone adrenaline causes changes in the pulse rate
and in the concentration of glucose in the blood.
Explain the importance of these changes during strenuous exercise.
pulse rate
concentration of glucose in the blood
[5]
[Total: 15]
1 Table 5.1 shows the energy reserves for skeletal muscles in an athlete.
Table 5.1
time the reserve would

last / min
energy reserve mass / g energy / kJ
marathon
walking
running
blood glucose 3 48 4 1
liver glycogen 100 1660 86 20
muscle glycogen 350 5800 280 71
fat in skin 9000 337 500 15 500 4018
(a)
a) ( Compare the effect of walking and marathon running on energy reserves.
[2]
(ii) Suggest which two energy reserves would be most readily available to muscles
during exercise.
1.
2. [1]
(iii) Underline the two food groups to which the energy reserves in Table 5.1 belong.
protein mineral fibre fat carbohydrate [1]
(iv) Calculate the energy per gram of glycogen.
Show your working.
energy = kJ [2]
(b) Suggest why athletes eat foods high in
(i) proteins, during training;
[1]
(ii) carbohydrates, for three days before a marathon race.
[2]
(c) During a fast race (a 100 metre sprint), 95% of the energy comes from anaerobic
respiration.
During a marathon, only 2% of the energy comes from anaerobic respiration.
(i) State the equation, in symbols, for anaerobic respiration in muscles.
[2]
(ii) Suggest and explain why a sprinter can use mainly anaerobic respiration during
the race, while a marathon runner needs to use aerobic respiration.
[4]
(iii) Explain how, during a marathon race, the blood glucose concentration stays fairly
constant, but the mass of glycogen in the liver decreases.
[2]
[Total: 17]
2 To stay healthy we need a balanced diet.
(a) Define the term balanced diet.
[2]
Protein is one nutrient present in a balanced diet. The body cannot store protein, so any
excess amino acids are broken down in the process of deamination, as shown in Fig. 5.1.
excess
amino acid
non-nitrogen nitrogen
compound compound
X urea
respiration
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Fig. 5.1
(b)
b) Name the organ where deamination takes place.
[1]
(ii) Compound X is used as an energy source in respiration.
Suggest the name of compound X.
[1]
(iii) State the type of respiration shown in Fig. 5.1.
Explain your answer.
type of respiration
explanation
[2]
(c) The urea produced is transported to the kidney, where it is excreted.
Describe how urea is transported in the blood to the kidney.
[2]
Fig. 5.2 shows a kidney tubule (nephron) and its associated blood vessels.
A
B
Fig. 5.2
(d) Complete the table by naming the parts labelled A to D and stating one function for
each.
name of part function
[8]
(e) The volume of blood filtered by the kidneys is 1.18 dm3 min 1.
(i) Calculate the total volume of blood filtered in 24 hours.
Show your working.
volume = [2]
(ii) If the total volume of urine produced in 24 hours is 1.7 dm3, calculate the
percentage volume of the filtered blood excreted as urine in 24 hours.
Show your working.
% volume = [2]
[Total: 20]
Content removed due to copyright restrictions.
Fig. 2.2
(a) (i) State the oxygen uptake at rest, before the athlete started running.
....................................cm3 kg–1 min–1 [1]
(ii) Use Fig. 2.2 to describe the changes in oxygen uptake during and after running on the
treadmill (from 2 to 25 minutes).
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(iii) Explain the change in oxygen uptake during the run (between 2 and 13 minutes).
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(b) The lactic acid concentration in the blood of the athlete was measured at intervals.
At the end of the slow run the lactic acid concentration had increased by 30%.
After a rest, the athlete ran at a much faster speed on the treadmill. At the beginning of this
exercise the lactic acid concentration in his blood was 100 mg dm–3. After 11 minutes running
at the faster speed, his lactic acid concentration was 270 mg dm–3.
(i) Calculate the percentage increase in lactic acid concentration at the end of the faster
run.
Show your working.
answer ........................................................... %
[2]
(ii) Explain why the percentage increase in lactic acid is much greater when running at the
faster speed.
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[Total: 14]
2 Researchers designed an investigation to find the effect of increasing levels of exercise on two
groups of people.
The first group of people were trained cyclists and the second group were untrained cyclists.
The researchers asked all the people to cycle at four levels of effort: 30%, 45%, 60% and 75% of
their maximum cycle speed.
They cycled for eight minutes at each level of effort.
(a) The researchers predicted that the pulse rate of all the cyclists would increase during exercise.
Explain this prediction.
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...............................................................................................................................................[2]
Fig. 3.1 shows the average concentration of lactic acid in the blood of the trained cyclists and
untrained cyclists in the investigation.
level of effort after

30% 45% 60% 75% exercise
10 key
8 untrained cyclists
trained cyclists
average 6
lactic acid
concentration 4
/ arbitrary units
2
0
0 8 16 24 32 40
time / minutes
Fig. 3.1
(b) Describe the effect of the increasing levels of effort on the average lactic acid concentration in
the blood of the untrained cyclists.
You should use data from Fig. 3.1 in your answer.
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(c) Lactic acid is produced in the muscles during anaerobic respiration.
(i) Define the term anaerobic respiration.
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.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Describe how the lactic acid produced in muscle cells enters the blood.
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.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Name the component of the blood that transports lactic acid.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Explain why the lactic acid concentration in the blood in trained cyclists is different from the
untrained cyclists eight minutes after the exercise.
You should use data from Fig. 3.1 in your answer.
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[Total: 13]
3 (a) Define the term respiration.
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(b) A rowing machine is a piece of apparatus that is used in many fitness centres.
Fig. 4.1 shows a man training on a rowing machine. The man in the photograph has his arms
extended during the rowing stroke as shown in Fig. 4.2.
Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2
Use Fig. 4.2 to describe how the hand is moved closer to the chest during the rowing stroke.
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(c) The man has an intense workout on the rowing machine.
Fig. 4.3 shows his oxygen uptake before and during the exercise.
3.0
2.5
2.0
oxygen
consumption 1.5
/ dm3 min–1
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
time / min
exercise starts exercise ends
Fig. 4.3
(i) Explain why there is a steep increase in the man’s oxygen consumption at the start of the
exercise.
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(ii) It took 10 minutes after the man had stopped rowing for his oxygen consumption to
decrease to its resting value.
On Fig. 4.3 draw a line between 20 minutes and 35 minutes to show the change in
oxygen consumption after exercise has stopped. [2]
(iii) Explain why the man’s oxygen consumption did not return to the resting value
immediately after exercise.
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[Total: 15]
(ii) a source of nitrogen
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(iii) the air lock.
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(d) Fig. 4.2 shows the change in the yeast population and in the alcohol content in the student’s
fermenter.
7 7
× × × ×
6 × 6
×
yeast 5 × 5 alcohol
yeast
population × concentration
/ g dm–3 4 × 4 / g dm–3
×
3 × × × × × 3
× ×
2 × × 2
alcohol
× ×
1× × 1
× ×
×
×
0× 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
time / hours
Fig. 4.2
(i) Describe the changes in the population of yeast.
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(ii) Explain the changes you have described.
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(e) Name two industrial processes that rely on anaerobic respiration of yeast.
1 .................................................................................................................................................
2 .............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 17]
2 (a Fig. 1.1 shows the human head, neck and thorax.
J B
H
C
G D
E
Fig. 1.1
Complete Table 1.1 by writing one letter from Fig. 1.1 to identify the named structures.
The first one has been done for you.
Table 1.1
structure letter from Fig. 1.1
left lung D
bronchus
diaphragm
intercostal muscle
rib
trachea
[5]
(b) In an investigation, a student breathed in and out of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1.2.
Valve X opens to allow atmospheric air in while valve Y is closed.
When the student breathes out, valve X is closed and valve Y opens to allow breathed
out air into the bag.
atmospheric
air
valve X
valve Y
air breathed out
bag for collection

of breathed out air
breathed out air
Fig. 1.2
The student breathed in and out four times. The bag was sealed and the volume of air
inside the bag was measured.
A sample of air from the bag was analysed for the percentage composition of oxygen,
carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
The student then did some vigorous exercise for five minutes. After the exercise, the
student repeated the procedure.
The results of the investigation are shown in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2
sample of breathed out air
before exercise after exercise
total volume of air collected in bag / cm3 2 000

00 15000
mean volume of air per breath / cm3 500
percentage of oxygen / % 17.2 15.3
percentage of carbon dioxide / % 3.6 5.5
percentage of nitrogen / % 74.9 74.7
(i) Calculate the mean volume of air per breath after exercise.
Write your answer in Table 1.2.
Show your working.
[1]
(ii) Suggest one way, not shown in Table 1.2, in which the student’s breathing
changed after exercise.
[1]
(iii) The figures in Table 1.2 for the percentage composition of air in each sample do
not add up to 100 %.
Name one other gas that would be present in both samples of air.
[1]
(iv) The results for oxygen and carbon dioxide in the samples of breathed out air taken
before and after exercise are different.
Describe and explain these differences.
[3]
[Total: 11]
3 (a Yeast cells and human muscle cells can carry out both aerobic and anaerobic
respiration.
Complete Table 4.1 by writing the end products of aerobic and anaerobic respiration in
these two types of cell.
Table 4.1
end products of respiration

cell
aerobic
erobic an
………………….………….... ………………….…………....
yeast + +
………………….………….... ………………….…………....
………………….…………....
human muscle
+ ……………………………..
cell
………………….…………....
[4]
(b) During exercise there are changes to:
• breathing rate;
• ventilation rate;
• oxygen absorption;
• heart rate;
• blood pressure.
The effect of strenuous exercise is shown in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2
Explain why the changes shown in Table 4.2 occur during exercise.
[5]
[Total: 9]
4 Niusila Opeloge from Samoa holds a Commonwealth Games record for weightlifting. He
can lift 338 kg. Weightlifting is an example of an anaerobic sport as muscles act over a
short period of time.
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in muscle.
………………………….. ………………………….. [2]

Weightlifting involves contraction of the muscles of the arms.
Fig. 4.1 shows the muscles that move the forearm.
scapula
humerus
biceps
radius
triceps
ulna
elbow joint
Fig. 4.1
(b) Describe how the muscles identified in Fig. 4.1 work to move the forearm up.
[2]
Exercise that occurs over a longer period of time than weightlifting often involves aerobic
respiration as well as anaerobic respiration.
Fig. 4.2 shows the oxygen consumed by an athlete during and after a 5000 metre race.
3.0
2.0
oxygen
consumption
/ dm3 min–1
1.0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
race starts race ends
time / min
Fig. 4.2
(c) Describe the athlete’s oxygen consumption during and after the race as shown in
Fig. 4.2.
You will gain credit for using the figures in the graph to support your answer.
during
after
[4]
(d) Explain why the oxygen consumption does not return immediately to the resting level
after the exercise is finished.
[5]
[Total: 13]
(b) Fig. 3.2 shows part of the epithelium that lines the trachea.
Fig. 3.2
Explain how the cells labelled A and B in Fig. 3.2 protect the gas exchange system.
[4]
[Total: 10]
2 Fig. 3.1 shows structures in the human thorax.
Fig. 3.1
(a) Complete the table by identifying parts A, B and C and describing their roles in
breathing in.
part name role in breathing in
[6]
Fig. 3.2 shows some cells from the lining of the bronchus.
Fig. 3.2
(b) (i) Explain how these cells help to keep the bronchus free from dust and bacteria.
[4]
(ii) Des
Describe
D
Descri
Desc
escri how the actions one named
compound of tobacco smoke.
[2]
[Total: 12]
(b) The gas exchange system contains cartilage.
Describe the function of cartilage in the gas exchange system.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Soon after starting physical activity the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood increases.
(i) Name the process inside cells that produces carbon dioxide.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State the effect on breathing of an increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the blood.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Explain how this effect on breathing is coordinated.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [3]
[Total: 13]
2 Fig. 4.1 shows part of the human gas exchange system.
Fig. 4.1
(a) (i) Name structure K.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Ciliated cells and goblet cells line structure L.
Explain the function of these cells in structure L.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli.
(i) Describe how oxygen molecules move from the alveoli into the blood.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) During inspiration, air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs.
Describe the mechanism of inspiration.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
(iii) Name one gas that is found in a higher concentration in expired air than in inspired air.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Tobacco smoke affects the gas exchange system.
Name two components of tobacco smoke and describe their effect on the gas exchange
system.
component 1 .............................................................................................................................
effect .........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
component 2 .............................................................................................................................
effect .........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 16]
3 The pressure in the lungs of a student before and during the start of a volleyball match was
recorded.
The results are shown in Fig. 2.1.
lung pressure
/ arbitrary units
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Use the results in Fig. 2.1 to calculate the breathing rate before the start of the match.
Express your answer to the nearest whole number.
Show your working.
..................................breaths per minute

[2]
(ii) Use the results in Fig. 2.1 to describe how the pattern of breathing during the match is
different from the pattern of breathing before the match starts.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Describe the process of inhalation.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(c) Carbon dioxide is excreted from the body through the lungs.
(i) Explain why this process is termed excretion.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Name the part of the blood in which most carbon dioxide is transported.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Describe the effect of increased carbon dioxide concentration on blood pH.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Carbon dioxide moves from the blood capillaries into the alveoli by diffusion.
Explain why the rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide increases during exercise.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 14]
4 Fig. 6.1 shows the movement of the ribs and the diaphragm during breathing in.
external
intercostal
muscles
vertebrae
sternum
diaphragm
Fig. 6.1
(a) State what happens to the following structures during breathing in.
diaphragm ..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
ribcage .......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
external intercostal muscles ......................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Explain the effect of strenuous physical activity on the pH of the blood.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 6]
5 The table shows the approximate composition of air breathed out by a mammal.
Where does the nitrogen in the air breathed out come from?
A It is a product of proteins broken down in the mammal.

B It is a product of respiration.
C It is exchanged for oxygen which is taken into the blood.
D It is in the air that was breathed in.
6 What helps oxygen to be absorbed rapidly into the blood in the lungs?
A Air breathed in has less oxygen than air breathed out.

B Alveoli have thick walls and a large surface area.
C Alveoli have thin walls and a large surface area.
D The concentration of oxygen in the blood is higher than in the alveoli.
7 The diagram shows the composition of four samples of air (O2 = oxygen, CO2 = carbon dioxide,
N2 = nitrogen).
K L M N
100
80
composition 60
/% 40
20
0
O2 CO2 N2 O2 CO2 N2 O2 CO2 N2 O2 CO2 N2
Which sample is inspired air and which sample is expired air?
8 The diagram shows some of the structures in a human lung.
Where is the carbon dioxide concentration highest?
from pulmonary artery

C
to pulmonary vein
9 The table shows the composition of four samples of air.
Which sample is inspired air and which sample is expired air?
10 A girl holds her breath for 30 seconds, breathes out, and then breathes in.
Compared with the air she breathes out, the air she breathes in contains less
A carbon dioxide and water vapour.

B nitrogen and water vapour.
C oxygen and carbon dioxide.
D oxygen and nitrogen.
11 What makes alveoli suitable as a gas exchange surface?
large total surface well-supplied with

area blood vessels
A
B
C
D
12 The graph shows changes in the volume of air in the lungs of a person at rest, over a period of 30
seconds.
2
volume
of air in
lungs 1
/ dm3
0
0 30
time / s
Which graph shows changes in the volume of air in the lungs of the same person immediately
after they have done five minutes of vigorous exercise?
A B
2 2
volume volume
of air in of air in
lungs 1 lungs 1
/ dm3 / dm3
0 0
0 30 0 30
time / s time / s
C D
2 2
volume volume
of air in of air in
lungs 1 lungs 1
/ dm3 / dm3
0 0
0 30 0 30
time / s time / s
13 A sample of expired air is collected in a gas jar. Another gas jar contains normal atmospheric air.
A lighted candle is placed inside each gas jar as shown. The time taken for each flame to go out
is measured. As the candles burn they use up the oxygen available in the jar.
lid
air
sample
candle
gas jar X gas jar Y
The table shows the results of this experiment.
What is an explanation of the difference between the results in jars X and Y?
A Jar X contains atmospheric air which has more carbon dioxide.

B Jar X contains expired air which has more carbon dioxide.
C Jar Y contains atmospheric air which has less oxygen.
D Jar Y contains expired air which has less oxygen.
14 The diagram shows a section through an alveolus and a capillary.
Why does carbon dioxide move from X to Y?
A Air has a lower concentration of carbon dioxide than blood.

B Carbon dioxide moves more freely in air than in blood.
C Carbon dioxide must replace oxygen.
D Diffusion of carbon dioxide can only be out of the blood.
15 The diagram shows some structures in the human neck and thorax.
The lining of tube Q has cilia.
What is an important function of the cilia?
A to help in the exchange of gases

B to increase the internal surface area of tube Q
C to moisten the air entering and leaving the lungs
D to move mucus towards the throat
16 The diagram shows some ciliated cells from the trachea.
What is the function of the parts labelled X?
A detecting stimuli
B exchanging gases
C moving mucus
D trapping bacteria
17 What are the functions of the diaphragm and the cilia in the human gas exchange system?
diaphragm cilia
A contracts to cause breathing in carry mucus to the throat

B contracts to cause breathing out trap bacteria from the air
C relaxes to cause breathing in filter dust from the air
D relaxes to cause breathing out produce mucus
18 The table shows the percentage composition of three gases in atmospheric air.
19 Which materials are excreted by kidneys and lungs?
20 The graph shows the rate and depth of a person’s breathing before exercise.
2.5
volume of air in 2.0

lungs during
breathing / dm3 1.5
1.0
0 4 8
time / s
Which graph shows the rate and depth of breathing of the same person immediately after a
period of exercise?
A B
2.5 2.5
volume of air in 2.0 volume of air in 2.0

lungs during lungs during
breathing / dm3 1.5 breathing / dm3 1.5
1.0 1.0
0 4 8 0 4 8
time / s time / s
C D
2.5 2.5
volume of air in 2.0 volume of air in 2.0

lungs during lungs during
breathing / dm3 1.5 breathing / dm3 1.5
1.0 1.0
0 4 8 0 4 8
time / s time / s
21 The diagram shows changes in air pressure inside the lungs during a complete cycle of
breathing. Atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa.
Which position on the graph marks the point at which the ribs are beginning to be raised?
B
102
pressure
in lungs 101
/ kPa
D
100
time
22 Which substance is lost from the body by the kidneys, lungs and skin?
A carbon dioxide
B excess ions
C urea
D water
23 What are the properties of an efficient gas exchange system, assuming it has a good blood
supply?
A large surface and thick walls

B large surface and thin walls
C small surface and thick walls
D small surface and thin walls
24 The diagram shows someone blowing up a balloon.
What percentage of the gas in the balloon is carbon dioxide?
A 0.04 % B 0.4 % C 4.0 % D 40 %

25 What increases the rate of diffusion of oxygen into red blood cells in the lungs?
A Air leaving the lungs is saturated with water vapour.

B Air leaving the lungs still contains 16 % oxygen.
C Blood arriving in the lungs is saturated with oxygen.
D Blood is taken away from the lungs as it circulates.
26 From the graph, when did the person begin a period of vigorous exercise after resting?
C D
breathing rate / B
breaths per minute
A
time / minutes
27 In an experiment, three glass bell jars were set up as shown in the diagram.
air
from
bell jar
lungs
green
plant
P Q R
left in sunlight left open to the air breathed out by a
for 8 hours air for 8 hours student for 5 minutes
At the end of the experiment, which bell jar has the most oxygen and which has the least?
28 The diagram represents the exchange of gases during breathing and during respiration in the
body.
oxygen
oxygen in blood
X Y
carbon
carbon dioxide
dioxide
in blood
What is represented by X and by Y?
29 Gas exchange in annelid worms occurs through the whole of the skin surface.
What are the most likely characteristics of the skin surface?
30 Which route is taken by air passing into the lungs of a human?
A alveolus → trachea → bronchus
B bronchus → trachea → alveolus
C trachea → alveolus → bronchus
D trachea → bronchus → alveolus
31 What are features of gaseous exchange surfaces in animals?
A thick-walled, dry, large area

B thick-walled, moist, small area
C thin-walled, dry, small area
D thin-walled, moist, large area
32 Which features are present in gaseous exchange surfaces?
large surface area moist thick walls
A key
B = present
C = not present
D

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1 What is produced by anaerobic respiration in yeast?

lactic acid carbon dioxide

2 What is the word equation for aerobic respiration in plants?

A carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

B glucose + carbon dioxide → water + oxygen

C glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

D glucose + water → carbon dioxide + oxygen

What is released in this process?

5 Which processes depend on the action of enzymes?

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 1 only D 2 and 3

6 Which description of anaerobic respiration in yeast is correct?

7 What is produced by yeast during anaerobic respiration?

A carbon dioxide and water

A to the left photosynthesis

air from which oxygen

What happens to the coloured liquid?

A moves rapidly to the left

11 The list shows four metabolic processes.

1 carbon dioxide + water o glucose + oxygen

2 glucose o alcohol + carbon dioxide

3 glucose o lactic acid

4 glucose + oxygen o carbon dioxide + water

Which of these processes occur in muscles?

A 1 and 2 B 2 and 3 C 3 and 4 D 4 and 1

A enzymes working faster at 50 °C

B enzymes working more slowly at 50 °C

C less oxygen available at 50 °C

D more oxygen available at 50 °C

13 The diagram shows an experiment to investigate the respiration of yeast.

yeast in yeast, sugar

at the beginning after 24 hours

A Energy is lost in carbon dioxide.

16 Which word equation represents anaerobic respiration in human muscle?

A glucose → carbon dioxide + ethanol (alcohol)

B glucose → carbon dioxide + lactic acid

C glucose → ethanol (alcohol)

D glucose → lactic acid

17 What are the products of anaerobic respiration in muscles?

A ethanol and carbon dioxide

1 carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

2 glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide

3 glucose → lactic acid

4 glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

Which reactions take place in human cells to release energy?

Which conclusion can be drawn from the graph?

A Animals 1 and 2 release the least energy at 23 °C.

D The rate of respiration is the same for both animals at 23 °C.

P carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

Q glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

R glucose → lactic acid

S glucose → alcohol + carbon dioxide

21 What contains the greatest concentration of lactic acid?

A a bottle of alcoholic drink

D yeast cells kept in glucose at 70 °C for 30 minutes

22 Which process uses the greatest amount of energy?

24 When does respiration take place in animals and plants?

26 What is produced by anaerobic respiration in a muscle?

lactic acid carbon dioxide

28 Which process depends on energy from respiration?