Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 52 views

    Geometry Vs Linear Algebra: Points-Vectors and Distance-Norm

    Uploaded by

    lizza.gumilar
    Triangle and Schwarz inequalities are fundamental inequalities in linear algebra that relate the norm and dot product of vectors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Geometry Vs Linear Algebra: Points-Vectors and Distance-Norm

    Uploaded by

    lizza.gumilar
    52 views49 pages
    Triangle and Schwarz inequalities are fundamental inequalities in linear algebra that relate the norm and dot product of vectors.

    Original Title

    Matstat_Linier_Algebra_1.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Triangle and Schwarz inequalities are fundamental inequalities in linear algebra that relate the norm and dot product of vectors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    52 views49 pages

    Geometry Vs Linear Algebra: Points-Vectors and Distance-Norm

    Uploaded by

    lizza.gumilar
    Triangle and Schwarz inequalities are fundamental inequalities in linear algebra that relate the norm and dot product of vectors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 49

    Geometry vs Linear Algebra

    Points-Vectors and Distance-Norm

    Shang-Hua Teng
    and added from other various sources.
    2D Geometry: Points
    2D Linear Algebra: Vectors
    y

    (a,b)

    0
    x
    2D Geometry: Cartesian Coordinates
    y

    (a,b)

    x
    2D Geometry and Linear Algebra

    • Points
    • Cartesian Coordinates
    • Vectors
    2D Geometry: Distance
    2D Geometry: Distance

    How to express distance algebraically using coordinates???


    Algebra: Vector Operations
    • Vector Addition
     v1   w1   v1  w1 
    v    and w    then v  w   
     2
    v  2
    w  2
    v  w2

    • Scalar Multiplication
     3v1    v1 
    3v    and  v   
    3v2    v2 
    Geometry of Vector Operations
    • Vector Addition: v + w

    v+w

    v
    w
    Geometry of Vector Operations
    • -v 2v

    -v
    Linear Combination
    Linear combination of v and w
    {cv + d w : c, d are real numbers}
    Geometry of Vector Operations
    • Vector Subtraction: v - w

    v+w

    v
    v-w w
    Norm: Distance to the Origin
    • Norm of a vector: 2
    || v || v1  v2
    2

     v1 
    v 
    v2 
    Distance of Between Two Points

    dist(v, w) || v  w || v1  w1   v2  w2 


    2 2

    v
    v-w w
    Dot-Product (Inner Product)
    and Norm

    v  w  v1w1  v2 w2

    || v || v  v
    example

    Calculate the dot product of a=(1,2,3) and


    b=(4,−5,6).
    Calculate the dot product of a=(1,2,3) and
    b=(4,−5,6).

    a b=a1 b1+a2 b2+a3 b3,

    we calculate the dot product to be


    a b=1(4)+2(−5)+3(6)=4−10+18=12.
    Angle Between Two Vectors

    v
     w
    Polar Coordinate

    r v

    v  (r cos  , r sin  )  r (cos  , sin  )


    Dot Product: Angle and Length
    • Cosine Formula
    v  rv (cos  , sin  ) and w  rw (cos  , sin  )
    v  w  rv rw cos  cos   sin  sin  
     rv rw cos(   )
     ||v||||w| | cos 

    v
     w
    Perpendicular Vectors
    • v is perpendicular to w if and only if

    vw  0
    3D Points

    x
    3D Vector

    v  (v1 , v2 , v3 )

    x
    Row and Column Representation

    v  (v1 , v2 , v3 )

     v1 

    v  v2  
    v3 
    Algebra: Vector Operations
    • Vector Addition
     v1   w1   v1  w1 
    v  v2  and w   w2  then v  w  v2  w2 
         
    v3   w3  v3  w3 

    • Scalar Multiplication
     3v1    v1 
    3v  3v2  and  v   v2 
       
    3v3   v3 
    Linear Combination
    • Linear combination of v (line)
    {cv : c is a real number}
    • Linear combination of v and w (plane)
    {cv + d w : c, d are real numbers}
    • Linear combination of u, v and w (3 Space)
    {bu +cv + d w : b, c, d are real numbers}
    Geometry of Linear Combination

    v
    u
    Norm and Distance
    • Norm of a vector: 2 2
    || v || v1  v2  v3
    2

    v  (v1 , v2 , v3 )

    x
    • Distance
    dist(v, w) || v  w ||
     v1  w1   v2  w2   v3  w3 
    2 2 2
    Dot-Product (Inner Product)
    and Norm
    v  w  v1w1  v2 w2  v3 w3

    || v || v  v
    v  w  ||v||||w| | cos 
    Dimensions
    • One Dimensional Geometry

    • Two Dimensional Geometry

    • Three Dimensional Geometry

    • High Dimensional Geometry


    n-Dimensional Vectors and Points
    v  (v1 , v2 ,  , vn )

     v1 
     v2 
    v'   
     
    vn 
    Transpose of vectors
    High Dimensional Geometry
    • Vector Addition and Scalar Multiplication
    n
    • Dot-product v  w   vk wk
    k 1

    n
    • Norm  vk
    2
    || v || v  v 
    k 1

    • Cosine Formula v  w  ||v||||w|| cos 


    High Dimensional Linear Combination
    • Linear combination of v1 (line)
    {c v1 : c is a real number}
    • Linear combination of v1 and v2 (plane)
    {c1 v1 + c2 v2 : c1 ,c2 are real numbers}
    • Linear combination of d vectors v1 , v2 ,…, vd
    (d Space)
    {c1v1 +c2v2+…+ cdvd : c1,c2 ,…,cd are real numbers}
    Thank You!
    High Dimensional Algebra and
    Geometry
    • Triangle Inequality
    || v  w || ||v||  ||w||

    • Schwarz Inequality
    | v  w | ||v||||w||
    Basic Notations
    • Unit vector ||v||=1
    • v/||v|| is a unit vector
    • Row times a column vector = dot product
     w1 
    n w 
    v  w   vk wk  v1 v2  vn  2 
    k 1 
     
     wn 
    Basic Geometric Shapes:
    Circles (Spheres), Disks (Balls)

    x  c   x  c   r 2

    x  c   x  c   r 2
    • https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/trig-
    four-quadrants.html
    Vector Inequalities
    • Triangle Inequality
    || v  w || ||v||  ||w||

    • Schwarz Inequality
    | v  w | ||v||||w||
    Proof:
    | v  w | |v||||w|| | cos  ||| v |||| w ||
    Vector Inequalities
    • Triangle Inequality
    || v  w || ||v||  ||w||

    • Schwarz Inequality
    | v  w | ||v||||w||
    Proof:
    | v  w | |v||||w|| | cos  ||| v |||| w ||

    You might also like