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    Briefly Describe Mechanisms of Hormone Action

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    Mustafa Dadah
    There are three main mechanisms by which hormones act: 1) Intracellular signaling - hormones bind to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane, causing a change in receptor structure and opening ion channels. 2) Activation of intracellular enzymes - hormone binding causes structural changes in receptors that activate enzymes inside the cell membrane. 3) Second messengers - hormone binding activates intracellular signaling molecules like cAMP or IP3 that activate protein kinases and initiate downstream effects. Hormones can also increase gene expression, causing increased protein synthesis and action of proteins as enzymes, transporters, or structural components.

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    Briefly Describe Mechanisms of Hormone Action

    Uploaded by

    Mustafa Dadah
    19 views2 pages
    There are three main mechanisms by which hormones act: 1) Intracellular signaling - hormones bind to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane, causing a change in receptor structure and opening ion channels. 2) Activation of intracellular enzymes - hormone binding causes structural changes in receptors that activate enzymes inside the cell membrane. 3) Second messengers - hormone binding activates intracellular signaling molecules like cAMP or IP3 that activate protein kinases and initiate downstream effects. Hormones can also increase gene expression, causing increased protein synthesis and action of proteins as enzymes, transporters, or structural components.

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    Briefly describe mechanisms of hormone action

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    There are three main mechanisms by which hormones act: 1) Intracellular signaling - hormones bind to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane, causing a change in receptor structure and opening ion channels. 2) Activation of intracellular enzymes - hormone binding causes structural changes in receptors that activate enzymes inside the cell membrane. 3) Second messengers - hormone binding activates intracellular signaling molecules like cAMP or IP3 that activate protein kinases and initiate downstream effects. Hormones can also increase gene expression, causing increased protein synthesis and action of proteins as enzymes, transporters, or structural components.

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    19 views2 pages

    Briefly Describe Mechanisms of Hormone Action

    Uploaded by

    Mustafa Dadah
    There are three main mechanisms by which hormones act: 1) Intracellular signaling - hormones bind to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane, causing a change in receptor structure and opening ion channels. 2) Activation of intracellular enzymes - hormone binding causes structural changes in receptors that activate enzymes inside the cell membrane. 3) Second messengers - hormone binding activates intracellular signaling molecules like cAMP or IP3 that activate protein kinases and initiate downstream effects. Hormones can also increase gene expression, causing increased protein synthesis and action of proteins as enzymes, transporters, or structural components.

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    Briefly describe mechanisms of hormone action

    1) Intracellular signaling

    Acetylcholine and norepinephrine, combine with receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. This
    almost always causes a change in the structure of the receptor, usually opening or closing
    a channel for one or more ions

    2) activation of intracellular enzymes

    When the hormone binds to the extracellular part of the receptor, an enzyme immediately
    inside the cell membrane is activated (or occasionallyinactivated).
    Eg .Insulin bind to receptor portion that protrudes outside the membrane
    - Cause structural change in receptor molecule

    3) Second messenger
    - Interact with receptor on the exterior
    - Coupling of receptor to intracellular enzyme machinery
    - Results in generation of an intracellular signal or message
    - Known as “second messenger”

    Eg cyclic AMP

    - Hormone bind to receptor on cell surface


    - Hormone – receptor complex
    - Activate Gs protein
    - Gs protein activates adenyl cyclase enzyme
    - Activated adenyl cyclase
    - Catalyze the conversion of ATP  cAMP
    - cAMP activate protein kinase-A which
    - Catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins

    Eg Phospholipase-C Second Messenger

    - The phospholipase-C (PLC) catalyze breakdown of phospholipids in cell membrane


    - Phosphatidylinositol biphosphate (PIP2) converted into Inositol triphosphate (IP3) and
    Diacylglycerol (DAG)

    Eg Ca++ - Calmodulin Second Messenger

    - Ca++ entry into the cell by change in membrane potential


    - Open Ca++ channels
    - Hormone interact with membrane receptor which open Ca++ channels
    - On entering the cell Ca++ bind to calmodulin
    - The Ca++ - calmodulin complex-
    - Activate calmodulin – dependent – kinases and Initiate multiple effects

    4.Regulation of Gene Expression

    - Hormone cause increase protein synthesis in target cells

    Protein then act as

    - Enzymes
    - Transport proteins
    - Structural proteins

    Hormones that act by this mechanism include

    - Steroids
    - Thyroid hormones
    - 1,25 dihydrocholecalciferol

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