Q1. Define between aqueduct & super-passage?

(3)

Aqueduct:-

An aqueduct is a structure I which the chanal flow over the drainage & the flow of the drainage in the
Barrel is open channel flow.

Super-Passage:-

In a super-passage the canal is taken below the drainage and flow in the chanal is open channel flow.

Q2. What are the preventive & remedial measure of silt control entry in irrigation
canals? (10)

i. Silt control at head.

II. Orientation of head works / Canal head regulator

Q3. Write down the approximate value of crops water requirement’s data of the
followings crops: (2)

Cotton 25-40 Δcm

Wheat 37 Δcm

Rice 125-150 Δcm

Potatoes 60-90 Δcm

Sugar cane 90 Δcm

Q4. Write down the four main canals & four link canals in Pakistan? (4)

Four Main Canals Four link Canals

1. Upper Jhelum 1. Trimmu-Sidhnai

2. Lower Chenab 2. Sidhnai-Mailsi
3. Balloki-Sulemanki-II
3. Rakh Branch Canal
4. Chashma-Jhelum
4. Pakpattan Canal 5. Mailsi-Bahawal
5. jhang Barrage 6. Rasul-Qadirabad
6. Phuleli Canal 7. Qadirabad-Balloki
8. L.C.C Feeder
9. Taunsa-Panjnad

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Q5. What are the factors which effect on duty with respect to water requirements
of crops? (4)

1. Climate
2. Type of Crop
3. Water table
4. Ground Slope
5. Intensity of Irrigation
6. Conveyance Losses
a. Type of soil
b. Subsoil water
c. Age of canal
d. Position of FSL w.r.t to NSL
e. Amount of Silt carried by canal
f. Wetted perimeter
7. Method of Application of water
8. Method of Ploughing
9. Crop Period
10. Base Period
11. Delta of a Crop

Q6. Write note on the followings:

Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) (3)

Function Of Water Users Associations:-

 Equitable distribution of water amongst its members.

 Operation & Maintenance of canal system.
 Collection of water charges.
 Resolve Dispute amongst members.
 Representing interest of farmers & coordinating with Government.

Benefits Of Farmers:-

 Water Entitlement.
 Assured supply of water.
 Freedom of cropping pattern.
 Conjunctive Use.

Drip Irrigation (3)

Drip irrigation is a type of micro-irrigation system that has the potential to save water and nutrients by
allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either from above the soil surface or buried below the
surface. The goal is to place water directly into the root zone and minimize evaporation. Drip irrigation
systems distribute water through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters.

Causes of water logging (4)

 Seepage of water from chanal system.

 The main cause of water logging In Pakistan is seepage of water from network of chanal system
40-50% water is lost from main chanals, seeps through soil and raised the ground water.
 In some cases the water table has risen up to root zones or even surface of soil.

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WARABANDI System (3)

WARABANDI is a rotational method for equitable distribution of the available water in an irrigation
system by turns fixed according to a predetermined schedule specifying year, day, time and duration of
supply to each irrigator in proportion to the size of his landholding in the outlet command.

Two types of WARABANDI

I. Kachcha Warabandi
II. Pucca Warabandi

Retrogression (3)

Soil retrogression and degradation are two regressive evolution processes associated with the loss of
equilibrium of a stable soil. Retrogression is primarily due to soil erosion and corresponds to a
phenomenon where succession reverts the land to its natural physical state.

Minimum Modular Head (3)

It is the minimum head required to keep an outlet operative.

Salinity (3)

Salinity is the measure of all the salts dissolved in water. Salinity is usually measured in parts per
thousand (ppt or  ). The average ocean salinity is 35ppt and the average river water salinity is 0.5ppt or
less.

SCARPs.(3)

Salinity Control and Reclamation (SCARP) Transition Pilot Project

The SCARP Transition and Improvement Project will be the pilot phase of a salinity control and
reclamation project (SCARP) transition program to privatize ground water development in SCARP areas
having adequate quality fresh groundwater.

Inverted Filter:-
Protective filters consists of one or more layer of coarse-grained free-draining material placed over a less
pervious soil called base.

It is also called inverted filter.

Q7. Write a note on Ravi and Mailsi syphons. (2)

The Ravi is a transboundary river crossing northwestern India and eastern Pakistan.

The Mailsi Siphon was constructed to enable the water of canal to cross the flood pain of large river. The
river Sutlej at Mailsi in west Pakistan contains very little water for eight or nine month of the year.

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Q8. Differentiate silt excluders and silt ejectors with the help of neat sketches.
How the efficiency of these can be estimated? (6)

Silt:-

Amount of sediments entering into the channel/canal is called silt.

Silt excluders:-

Silt excluder is a device by which silt is excluded from water entering the chanal.

Factors effecting the efficiency of silt excluders:-

i) An increase in escape supply increases the efficiency to a certain point but further increases in escape
supply may not increase the efficiency substantially.

ii) The grade of sediment affects the efficiency. For coarser silt the efficiency is more. For smaller grades
it is less.

If  Ic
E  1
If

Where
E = Energy

If = Silt intensity in the a approach canal in ppm

Ic = Silt intensity in the chanal

Silt ejectors:-

The silt after it has entered the canal is extracted or thrown out by SILT EJECTOR. It is placed in the bed
of main canal and is located say 1000 yard d/s of the head regulator. It is curative or remedial measures.
It is also called silt ejectors.

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Q9. Describe various types of canal outlets used and their main characteristics. (4)

Canal outlet is a device through which water is released from a distributing channel into a water

Canal outlets are of the following three types:

1. Non-Modular Outlets

2. Semi-Modular Outlets

3. Modular Outlets.

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