GRADE 10 SCIENCE REVIEWER

TOPIC NO. 1: WAVES

Classification of Waves

1. Mechanical Waves: These are waves which needs a medium for it to travel. TOPIC NO. 2: ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
2. Electromagnetic Waves: These are waves which does not need any medium
for it to travel. These waves are the result between the interaction of electric The electromagnetic spectrum is a range or chart that shows the seven (7)
and magnetic fields. electromagnetic waves that can be found on nature which is ARRANGED in
INCREASING FREQUENCY and DECREASING WAVELENGTH.
Classification of Mechanical and Electromagnetic Waves
The uses and functions of electromagnetic waves found in the electromagnetic
1. Transverse Waves: These are waves in which its particles travel spectrum can be summarized in the song written by Wong Yan and Emerson Foo.
PERPENDICULAR to the direction of the wave motion.
2. Longitudinal Waves: These are waves in which its particles travel The Electromagnetic Spectrum Song.
PARALLEL to the direction of the wave motion. (Wong Yann and Emerson Foo)

Anatomy of a Wave The electromagnetic spectrum is just a name

Of a range of radiation, let me tell you what they are.
1. Crest – highest point of a wave Radio waves,
2. Trough – lowest point of a wave Microwaves,
3. Amplitude – Vertical distance from the midpoint to one of the crest or troughs Infra-red Radiation,
of the wave Visible Light,
4. Wavelength – horizontal distance from one crest to another crest or from one Ultra-Violet,
trough to another trough. X-rays,
Gamma Rays.
Wave speed
From the TV station to your living room,
1. Wave speed can be determined by multiplying frequency of the wave from That is the work of Radio waves.
its wavelength. That is, Heating food in just second,
v=λf Microwaves do that.
Heat treatment for illness,
Take pictures in the dark,
Where v is wave speed in meters per second (m), λ is wavelength in meters They are even in your remote control,
(m), and f is frequency in Hertz (Hz) or 1/seconds (1/s). Infra-red Radiation.

The electromagnetic spectrum is just a name

Of a range of radiation, let me tell you what they are.
2. The formula for the wave speed can be rearranged so that it can solve for
Radio waves,
frequency or wavelength.
Microwaves,
To solve for frequency f :
Infra-red Radiation,
Visible Light,
v Ultra-Violet,
f=
λ X-rays,
Gamma Rays.
To solve for wavelength λ: Red,
v Orange,
λ=
f Yellow, green, blue,
Indigo, violet. ii. Irregular / Diffuse reflection: This is the type of reflection in
That is the only part of the spectrum, which light rays strikes the reflecting surface in a diffuse
That can be seen by us. manner. This type of reflection happens only on ROUGH
The sun tan on your skin kill bacteria and viruses, surfaces and DOES NOT PRODUCE ANY IMAGE.
Used to detect forgery,
That is Ultra-violet. b. There is a law of reflection. Law of reflection states that the angle of
incidence will be always equal to the angle of reflection.
The electromagnetic spectrum is just a name c. Example of reflection are the ff:
Of a range of radiation, let me tell you what they are. i. Looking at yourself in the mirror.
Radio waves, ii. Seeing reflection of objects in smooth and shiny surfaces.
Microwaves,
Infra-red Radiation, 2. Refraction: This is the property in which light bends as it passes from one
Visible Light, medium to another.
Ultra-Violet, a. Light bends because there is a CHANGE IN THE SPEED OF
X-rays, LIGHT as it passes from one medium to another.
Gamma Rays. b. Example of refraction are the ff:
i. The pencil submerged in the glass half - filled with water
See your broken bones and hidden bombs, looks bent as you view it from the glass.
That is the work of X-rays.
Kill cancer cells and sterilise, 3. Diffraction: This is the property in which light slightly bends when it passes
Dangerous Gamma rays do that. through a small slit.
Now we have completed the Electromagnetic Spectrum. a. Example of diffraction are the ff:
If you still do not understand, then play this song again! i. Looking at the CD or DVD’s under white light produces
rainbow colors.
The electromagnetic spectrum is just a name 4. Dispersion: This is the property in which white light disperses into several
Of a range of radiation, let me tell you what they are. colors as it passes through a prism.
Radio waves, a. Example of dispersion are the ff:
Microwaves, i. Formation of rainbows in the sky. The white light passes
Infra-red Radiation, through the raindrops and it disperses into rainbow colors.
Visible Light,
Ultra-Violet, TOPIC NO. 4: MIRRORS
X-rays,
1. Mirrors can be classified into two types: Plane and Spherical Mirrors.
Gamma Rays.
a. Plane mirrors are flat and two -dimensional mirrors which forms
upright and virtual images.
TOPIC NO. 3: PROPERTIES OF LIGHT i. In addition to that, plane mirrors form LATERALLY
INVERTED IMAGES. That is when you raise your right
There are four properties of light namely: reflection, refraction, diffraction, and hand in front of the mirror, your image raises its left hand.
dispersion. b. Spherical mirrors are categorized into two: Concave and Convex
mirrors.
1. Reflection: This is the property in which light bounces off on a reflecting i. Concave mirrors are mirrors that are curved inward. They
surface. usually form real and inverted images but if the object is
a. There are two types of reflection: regular / specular reflection and placed in between it focus and vertex, it is upright and
irregular / diffuse reflection. virtual. These mirrors are also called CONVERGING
i. Regular / Specular reflection: This is the type of reflection MIRRORS.
in which light rays strikes the reflecting surface in a regular ii. Convex mirrors are mirrors that are curved outward. They
manner. This type of reflection happens only on SMOOTH usually form virtual and upright images. These mirrors are
and SHINY surfaces and PRODUCES IMAGES. also called DIVERGING MIRRORS.
c. Concave mirrors are often used in the ff:
 i. Make up mirrors
ii. Dentists’ mirrors
iii. Back of a spoon
d. Convex mirrors are often used in the ff:
i. Side mirrors of vehicles
ii. Security mirrors in stores
2. In order to locate and describe the images formed in spherical mirrors, ray
diagrams are used. Ray diagrams often have three different rays on it.

CHARACTERISTICS OF IMAGES FORMED ON A CONCAVE MIRROR

Location of the Location of the Size of the Position of Nature of

Object Image Image the Image the Image
1. At F NO IMAGE FORMED
2. At C At C Same size Inverted Real
3. Bet C and f Beyond C Enlarged Inverted Real
4. Beyond C Bet C and f Reduced Inverted Real
5. Bet F and V Behind the mirror Enlarged Upright Virtual