From March - June 2018: TN 424: Multi-Carrier Modulation

TN 424: MULTI-CARRIER MODULATION
FROM MARCH -JUNE 2018

BY
DR. KILAVO H
Email: [email protected]
Mob: 0714247935
Room BG7
OFDM FOR WIRELESS CHANNELS
 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
has been shown to be an effective technique to combat
multipath fading in wireless communications.
 It has been successfully used for HF radio applications
and has been chosen as the standard for digital audio
broadcasting and digital terrestrial TV broadcasting in
Europe and high-speed wireless local areas networks.
2
PATH LOSS MODEL
 Path Loss
 Shadow Fading
 Multipath
Flat fading
Doppler spread
Delay spread
 Interference
3
PATH LOSS MODEL
4
PATH LOSS MODEL
 Different, often complicated, models are used for
different environments.
 A simple model for path loss, L, is
 where Pr is the local mean received signal power, Pt is

the transmitted power, and d is the transmitter receiver
distance.
 The path loss exponent α = 2 in free space; 2 ≤ α ≤ 4 in
typical environments. 5
SHADOW FADING
 The received signal is shadowed by obstructions such as
hills and buildings.
 This results in variations in the local mean received
signal power,
• Implications
– non uniform coverage
– increases the required transmit power 6
MULTIPATH
7
MULTIPATH
Constructive and destructive interference of arriving rays
8
FLAT FADING
 The delay spread is small compared to the symbol
period.
 The received signal envelope, r, follows a Rayleigh or
Rician distribution.
Implications
 increases the required transmit power
 causes bursts of errors 9
FLAT FADING
10
DOPPLER SPREAD
 A measure of the spectral broadening caused by the
channel time variation.
Example: 900 MHz, 60 mph, fD = 80 Hz

5 GHz, 5 mph, fD = 37 Hz
Implications
– signal amplitude and phase decorrelate after a time period ~ 1/fD
11
DELAY SPREAD
12
DELAY SPREAD
13
DELAY SPREAD
 A measure of the spectral broadening caused by the
channel time variation.
Implications
– signal amplitude and phase decorrelate after a time period ~ 1/fD
14
DELAY SPREAD
 FREQUENCY DOMAIN INTERPRETATION
15
Multiuser OFDM
 MCM/OFDM divides a wideband channel into
narrowband subchannels to mitigate ISI
 In multiuser systems these subchannels can be
allocated among different users
 Orthogonal allocation: Multiuser OFDM
 Semiorthogonal allocation: Multicarrier CDMA
 Adaptive techniques increase the spectral

efficiency of the subchannels.
 Spatial techniques help to mitigate interference
between users
OFDM
 OFDM overlaps substreams
 Substreams separated in receiver
 Minimum substream separation is B/N, total BW is B
2B/N
f0 fN
 Efficient IFFT structure at transmitter
 Similar FFT structure at receiver
 Subcarrier orthogonality must be preserved
 Impaired by timing jitter, frequency offset, and fading.
OFDM-FDMA
(a.k.a. OFDMA)
 Used by the CATV community

 Used to send upstream data from subscriber to cable
head-end.
 Assigns a subset of available carriers to each user
f
Adaptive OFDM-FDMA
 Different subcarriers assigned to different users
 Assignment can be orthogonal or semiorthogonal
f0 fN
 The fading on each individual subchannel is
independent from user to user
 Adaptive resource allocation gives each their “best”
subchannels and adapts optimally to these channels
 Multiple antennas reduces interference when multiple

users are assigned the same subchannels
OFDM-TDMA
 Each user sequentially sends one or more
OFDM symbols per frame
 A single OFDM-TDMA frame:
... User 1 User 2 ... User N-2 User N-1 User N ...
Multiuser OFDM with
Multiple Antennas
 Multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver can greatly
increase channel capacity
 Multiple antennas also used for spatial multiple access:
 Users separated by spatial signatures (versus CDMA time signatures)
 Spatial signatures are typically not orthogonal
 May require interference reduction (MUD, cancellation, etc.)
 Methods of spatial multiple access

 Singular value decomposition
 Space-time equalization
 Beamsteering
 OFDM required to remove ISI

 ISI degrades spatial signatures and interference mitigation
CDMA-based schemes
 Can combine concepts of CDMA and OFDM

 Reap the benefits of both techniques
 In 1993, three slightly different schemes were
independently proposed:
 MC-CDMA (Yee, Linnartz, Fettweis, and others)
 Multicarrier DS-CDMA (DaSilva and Sousa)
 MT-CDMA (Vandendorpe)
Multicarrier CDMA
 Multicarrier CDMA combines OFDM and CDMA
 Idea is to use DSSS to spread a narrowband signal
and then send each chip over a different subcarrier
 DSSS time operations converted to frequency domain
 Greatly reduces complexity of SS system
 FFT/IFFT replace synchronization and despreading
 More spectrally efficient than CDMA due to the
overlapped subcarriers in OFDM
 Multiple users assigned different spreading codes
 Similar interference properties as in CDMA
Multicarrier DS-CDMA
 The data is serial-to-parallel converted.

 Symbols on each branch spread in time.
 Spread signals transmitted via OFDM
 Get spreading in both time and frequency
c(t)
S/P convert IFFT

s(t) P/S convert
c(t)
Cellular System Overview
• Frequencies (or time slots or codes) are reused at spatially-

separated locations  exploits power falloff with distance.
• Base stations perform centralized control functions
(call setup, handoff, routing, etc.)
• Best efficiency obtained with minimum reuse distance
• System capacity is interference-limited.
8C32810.43-Cimini-7/98
Basic Design Considerations
 Spectral Sharing
 TD,CD or hybrid (TD/FD)
 Frequency reuse
 Reuse Distance
 Distance between cells using the same frequency, timeslot, or code
 Smaller reuse distance packs more users into a given area, but also
increases co-channel interference
 Cell radius
 Decreasing the cell size increases system capacity, but complicates
routing and handoff
 Resource allocation: power, BW, etc.

Long-Term Evolution (LTE)
 OFDM/MIMO
 Much higher data rates (50-100 Mbps)
 Greater spectral efficiency (bits/s/Hz)
 Flexible use of up to 100 MHz of spectrum
 Low packet latency (<5ms).
 Increased system capacity
 Reduced cost-per-bit
 Support for multimedia
Improving Performance
 Dynamic resource allocation
 Dynamic time/freq/code allocation
 Power control
 Antenna and MIMO techniques

 Sectorization and smart antennas
 Space-time processing
 Diversity/interference cancellation tradeoffs
 Interference cancellation
 Multiuser detection
MIMO in Cellular:
Performance Benefits
 Antenna gain  extended battery life, extended
range, and higher throughput
 Diversity gain  improved reliability, more
robust operation of services
 Interference suppression  improved quality,
reliability, and robustness
 Multiplexing gain  higher data rates
 Reduced interference to other systems
Optimal use of MIMO in cellular systems, especially
given practical constraints, remains an open problem
MUD in Cellular
In the uplink scenario, the BS RX must
decode all K desired users, while
suppressing other-cell interference from
many independent users. Because it is
challenging to dynamically synchronize
all K desired users, they generally
transmit asynchronously with respect to
each other, making orthogonal
spreading codes unviable.
In the downlink scenario, each RX

only needs to decode its own signal,
while suppressing other-cell
interference from just a few dominant
neighboring cells. Because all K users’
signals originate at the base station,
the link is synchronous and the K – 1
intracell interferers can be
orthogonalized at the base station
transmitter. Typically, though, some
orthogonality is lost in the channel.
MUD in Cellular
• Goal: decode interfering signals to remove them from desired signal
• Interference cancellation
– decode strongest signal first; subtract it from the remaining signals
– repeat cancellation process on remaining signals
– works best when signals received at very different power levels
• Optimal multiuser detector (Verdu Algorithm)

– cancels interference between users in parallel
– complexity increases exponentially with the number of users
• Other techniques trade off performance and complexity

– decorrelating detector
– decision-feedback detector
– multistage detector
• MUD often requires channel information; can be hard to obtain
7C29822.051-Cimini-9/97
Optimal Multiuser Detection
 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation
 Detect bits of all users simultaneously (2M possibilities)
 Matched filter bank followed by the VA (Verdu’86)
 VA uses fact that Ii=f(bj, ji)
 Complexity still high: (2M-1 states)
 In asynchronous case, algorithm extends over 3 bit times
 VA samples MFs in round robin fasion
y1+I1
X MF 1
sc1(t) Viterbi Algorithm
s1(t)+s2(t)+s3(t) y2+I2
X MF 2 Searches for ML
sc2(t) bit sequence
y3+I3
X MF 3
sc3(t)
Cellular System Capacity
 Shannon Capacity
 Shannon capacity does no incorporate reuse distance.
 Some results for TDMA systems with joint base station
processing (more later this week).
 User Capacity
 Calculates how many users can be supported for a given
performance specification.
 Results highly dependent on traffic, voice activity, and
propagation models.
 Can be improved through interference reduction
techniques. (Gilhousen et. al.)
 Area Spectral Efficiency
 Capacity per unit area
In practice, all techniques have roughly the same capacity
Qn
1. What kinds of wireless communication
problems might cause the phenomenon known
as multipath propagation?
2. What is the relationship between delay spread
and deep fade?
3. Briefly describe 4 different ways of
multiplexing. Among them, which one(s) are
most efficient and why?

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TN 424: MULTI-CARRIER MODULATION

FROM MARCH -JUNE 2018

 where Pr is the local mean received signal power, Pt is

Example: 900 MHz, 60 mph, fD = 80 Hz

 Adaptive techniques increase the spectral

 Used by the CATV community

 Multiple antennas reduces interference when multiple

 A single OFDM-TDMA frame:

 Methods of spatial multiple access

 OFDM required to remove ISI

 Can combine concepts of CDMA and OFDM

 The data is serial-to-parallel converted.

S/P convert IFFT

• Frequencies (or time slots or codes) are reused at spatially-

 Resource allocation: power, BW, etc.

 Antenna and MIMO techniques

In the downlink scenario, each RX

• Optimal multiuser detector (Verdu Algorithm)

• Other techniques trade off performance and complexity

• MUD often requires channel information; can be hard to obtain

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