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Common Difference D

The document discusses sequences and series. It defines finite and infinite sequences, arithmetic sequences which have a common difference between consecutive terms, and arithmetic series which are the sums of arithmetic sequences. It provides formulas to find terms of sequences defined recursively or explicitly, as well as formulas for partial sums of arithmetic series. Examples are given for finding terms, common differences, and sums.

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Rochelle Joy Cruz
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544 views

Common Difference D

The document discusses sequences and series. It defines finite and infinite sequences, arithmetic sequences which have a common difference between consecutive terms, and arithmetic series which are the sums of arithmetic sequences. It provides formulas to find terms of sequences defined recursively or explicitly, as well as formulas for partial sums of arithmetic series. Examples are given for finding terms, common differences, and sums.

Uploaded by

Rochelle Joy Cruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math

Sequence and Series


 Sequence
- is a succession of numbers in a specific order.
- Each number in a sequence is a called TERM.
---The terms are formed according to some fixed rule or property. They are arranged as first
term, second term, third term and so on.

 Finite Sequence- sequence with a definite number of terms.

Sequence First Term Last Term No. of Terms


1. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1 5 5
2. -2, 4, -8,…, 128, -256 -2 -256 8
3. 38, 33, 28, 18, 13 38 13 6

 Infinite Sequence- sequence with NO definite number of terms

A. 25, 17, 9, … 1, -9, -15


B. 0.5, 1.5, 4.5, … 9.5, 16.5, 25.5
C. 4, 5, 9, 14, … 29, 37, 60

 Extremes- First and Last Term of sequence


 Means- Between First and Last Terms of sequence

Functional Notation
Example:
Use Functional Relation F(n)= 2n – 3 where n is natural number to write infinite sequence.
F(1)= 2(1) – 3 F(2)= 2(2) – 3 F(3)= 2(3) – 3 F(4)= 2(4) – 3 F(5)= 2(5) – 3
F(1)= 2 – 3 F(2)= 4 – 3 F(3)= 6 – 3 F(4)= 8 – 3 F(5)= 10 – 3
F(1)= -1 F(2)= 1 F(3)= 3 F(4)= 5 F(5)= 7 -1, 1, 3, 5, 7, …

Arithmetic Sequence
 Arithmetic Sequence is sequence in which the difference between any two consecutive terms
is the same.
 This constant difference is called COMMON DIFFERENCE, and will be denoted by d

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE COMMON DIFFERENCE


21, 31, 41, 51, … d= 31 – 21= 10
28, 24, 20, 16, … d= 24 – 28= -4
0, 1/3, 2/3, 1, 4/3, … d= 4/3 – 1= 1/3
Example:
Find the common difference of the arithmetic sequence and the next three terms
A= 8, 5, 2, -1, -4, -7, -10, -13 d= 5 – 8= -3

Recursive Form of a Sequence


A sequence is sa

Explicit Form of a Sequence


 Explicit Form can be used to find a term of a sequence by determining its position

Ex. Use the given explicit form of a sequence to write its first two terms: an= n2 – 2
a1= 12 – 2 a2= 22 – 2
a1= 1 – 2 a2= 4 – 2
a1= -1 a2= 2

 Series
- Indicate sum of the terms of sequence
- The simplified sum of a series for a specific value of n is called the of the series

Example:
3 8 15 24
o 0, , , ,
2 3 4 5
S1= 0 = 0
3 3
S2= 0 + =
2 2
3 8 25
S3= 0 + + =
2 3 6
3 8 15 95
S4= 0 + + + =
2 3 4 12
3 8 15 24 763
S5= 0 + + + + =
2 3 4 5 60
763
S5=
60

a. 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 +10
5

∑ ¿2 n 2(1) = 2
n =1
2(2) = 4
2(3) = 6
2(4) = 8
2(5) = 10
Expanded Form
3

a. ∑ ¿2 n+1
n =1
n(1)= 2(1) + 1 n(2)= 2(2) + 1 n(3)= 2(3) + 1
n(1)= 2+ 1 n(2)= 4 + 1 n(3)= 6 + 1
n(1)= 3 n(2)= 5 n(3)= 7 3 + 5 + 7= 15

Arithmetic Sequence
Arithmetic Mean
- The terms of an arithmetic sequence that are between two given
Example:
o 5, 8, 11, 14, 17 .The AM is 8 and 17

The arithmetic mean between -5 and +3 are ___________.


-5, a2, 3 -5, -1, 3

an= a1 + (n – 1) d
a3= a1 + (n – 1) d
3= -5 + (3 – 1) d
3= -5 + 2d
3 + 5= 2d
8 = 2d
d= 4

Insert 3 arithmetic means between 17 and 1


17, a2, a3, a4, 1 17, 13, 9, 5, 1

an= a1 + (n – 1) d
a5= a1 + (n – 1) d
1= 17 + (5 – 1) d
1= 17 + 4d
1 – 17= + 4d
-16= 4d
d= -4

Insert four arithmetic means between 38 and 98


38, a2, a3, a4, a5, 98 38, 50, 62, 74, 86, 98

an= a1 + (n – 1) d
a6= a1 + (n – 1) d
98= 38 + (6 – 1) d
98= 38 + 5d
98 – 38= 5d
60= 5d
d= 12

Insert 4 arithmetic means between 5 and 25.


5, a2, a3, a4, a5, 25 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25

an= a1 + (n – 1) d
a6= a1 + (n – 1) d
25= 5 + (6 – 1) d
25= 5 + 5d
25 – 5= 5d
20 = 5d
d= 4

Arithmetic Sequence and Series


Example: 1956, 2026, 2096, 2166, 2236
 The difference between any two consecutive terms is the same. This constant difference is called
common difference (d)

Give the common difference of each sequence:


a. 21, 31, 41, 51, … d=10
b. 28, 24, 20, 16, … d= 4
1 2 4 1
c. 0, , , 1, d=
3 3 3 3

Graph of an Arithmetic Sequence


As is function whose domain is the set of counting numbers

Example:
A(n) = 8, 5, 2, -1,-4, …

In the notebook…

Determine whether each sequence is Arithmetic or not


a. 21, 38, 55, 72, 89 d= 17
b. 2, 4, 8, 6, 32 not arithmetic
 If a1 and d are known, it is easy to find any term in an arithmetic sequence by using the rule:
Formula for nth term: an= a1 + (n – 1) d where;
n= no. of terms
a1= 1st term
d= common difference

Example: 5, 12, 19, 26, …


Since a1= 5 and d= 7, then the nth term is an= 5 + (n – 1)(7)

Write the 12th term of sequence 3, 5, 7, 9


a12= 3 + (12 – 1) 2
a12= 3 + (11) 2
a12= 3 + 22
a12= 25

Arithmetic Series
Is the sum of the terms of an arithmetic sequence

Formula:
n
Sn= (a1 + an)
2
Now, since we also know that an= a1 + (n – 1) d then by substitution, we have:
n
Sn= (2a1 + (n - 1 ) d)
2

Example 1: Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the arithmetic sequence 5, 9, 13, 17, ...
n
Sn= (2a1 + (n – 1) d)
2
10
S10= (2(5) + (10 - 1 ) 4)
2
10
S10= (2(5) + (9) 4)
2
10
S10= (10+ 36)
2
10
S10= (46)
2
10 46
S10= ( )
2 1
S10= 230

Sum of the positive integers from 1 to 100


n
Sn= (2a1 + (n – 1) d)
2
100
S100= (2(1) + (100 – 1) 1)
2
100
S100= (2(1) + (99) 1)
2
100
S100= (2 + 99)
2
100
S100= 101
2
S100= 5050

n
Sn= (a1 + an)
2
100
S100= (1 + 100)
2
100
S100= 101
2
S100= 5050

Find an S10 if:


a. a1 = 5 and a10 = 68
n
Sn= (a1 + an)
2
10
S10= (5+ 68)
2
10
S10= (73)
2
S10= 365

b. a1 = 5 and d=7
n
Sn= (2a1 + (n – 1) d)
2
10
S10= (2(5)+ (10 – 1) -7)
2
10
S10= (2(5)+ (9) -7)
2
10
S10= (10 + -63)
2
10
S10= (53)
2
Activity- Sequence
Find the next two terms of each sequence.
1. 700, 70, 0.7, 0.07, 0.007
2. 4.7, 5.6, 6.5, 7.4, 8.3, 9.2
Write the fist two terms of the sequence defined by the ff. function.
3. F(n)= nn

F(1)= 11 F(2)= 22
F(1)= 1 F(2)= 4

n
4. F(n)=
n+1
1 2
F(1)= F(2)=
1+ 1 2+ 1
1 2
F(1)= F(2)=
2 3

1
5. F(n)=
n(n+1)

1 1
F(1)= F(2)=
1(1+ 1) 2(2+1)
1 1
F(1)= F(2)=
1(2) 2(3)
1 1
F(1)= F(2)=
2 6

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