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Sources of Ethics and Morality

The document discusses different sources and theories of ethics and morality. It covers virtue ethics, divine command theory, idealism, realism, deontology, utilitarianism, and ethical egoism. The key theories discussed are virtue ethics, deontology, and utilitarianism. It also covers normative ethics and different normative theories including virtue theory, deontological theory, and consequentialism.

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Giselle Estoquia
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106 views11 pages

Sources of Ethics and Morality

The document discusses different sources and theories of ethics and morality. It covers virtue ethics, divine command theory, idealism, realism, deontology, utilitarianism, and ethical egoism. The key theories discussed are virtue ethics, deontology, and utilitarianism. It also covers normative ethics and different normative theories including virtue theory, deontological theory, and consequentialism.

Uploaded by

Giselle Estoquia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sources of Ethics

and Morality
• A. Human reason- primary source, acquisition and
application of the knowledge of ethics.
• B. Contemporary and historical experiences
• a. personal experience
• b. experience of others

Sources of Ethics and


Morality
• 1. Virtue Ethics- refers to the moral practice or action in
conformity to a standard of right (as divine law or the highest
good).Good character traits.
• Eg. Prudence, justice, temperance and fortitude. (habit)
• - the goodness of an act is determined by the individual’s po
• session of moral characters or virtues.
• 2. Divine command ethics- the religious idea that there is a
divine being (God, Allah), a series of rules or commandments
that believers claim can provide moral guidance to all.

Theory of Ethics
• 3. Idealism (Plato- 347-427 BC?)
• - The truth can be known by reasoning alone. (Deontology)
• Rene Descartes- “I think, therefore I am”, “ if no one hears, it
does not exist”, prove and disprove the existence of God.
• 4. Realism – opposite of idealism.(Arestotle- 322-384 BC)
• - Material objects exist in themselves, apart from the mind’s or
consciousness. (Utilitarianism)
• -” I am, therefore I think” (sarte and camus)

Ethics Theories
• Study of morals on how one should ought to act, not one
thinks one should act.
• To establish what is morally right and what is morally
wrong in regard to human action.

Normative Ethics
• 1. Virtue theories- “are acquired good habits that are used to
regulate emotions”.(Arestotle)
• Eg. Courage in facing fear of danger.
• 2. Duty/Deontological/nonconsequential Theories (Immanuel
Kant)
• - base morality on principles of obligation/duty arising from
his profession regardless of the consequences.
• Duties:
• a. Fidelity- the duty to keep promises.
• b. Reparation- the duty to compensate others when we harm
them.

Theories of Normative
Ethics
• c. Gratitude- the duty to thank those who help us.
• d. Justice- the duty to recognize merit.
• e. Beneficence- The duty to improve the conditions of
others.
• To do good.
• f. Self – improvement- The duty to improve our virtue
and intelligence.
• h. Nonmaleficence- the duty to not injure others.

Normative Theories
• 3. Consequentialist/Teleological/Utilitarianism Theories
• -Based morality on the consequences of human action.
• An action is morally right if the consequences of such
action are more favorable than unfavorable.
• End result of the action than the means or nature of the
action. “ the end justifies the means”. (End or telos)

Normative Theories
• “We judge morality of each action by first determining
the good and the bad consequences of it”.
• “The pleasure that results from a person’s action should
outweigh the pain for it to be morally right.”

• Ethical Egoism/ social contract theory (Thomas Hobes)


• -”Persons being selfish individuals are at risk of suffering
the consequences of each other selfish interests”.
• “Selfishness motivates individuals to adopt moral rules to
protect themselves from selfish whims of one another”.

Utilitarianism (Jeremy
Bentham)
• - these are rights derived from the state which are not
only asserted as moral prerogatives, but they also
afforded governmental guarantees and protection.

Legal rights
• A. Ignorance
• B. Poverty
• C. Compensation of Innocent victim
• D. Lack of experience of law enforcers

Problems of Legal Rights

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