SEM II

Green Computing
 Unit1
• Overview and issues
– Green computing?
– Problems?
– Plan for the future
– Cost savings
• Initiatives and standards
– Global initiatives
– North America
– Asia
 Introduction

• What is green computing?

• Using computer resources efficiently
• Designing , manufacturing, disposing
computers with no impact on environment
• Reduce use of hazardous materials
• Energy use efficiently
• REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE
• Early initiative by Energy Star program from
USA
• Started in 1992
• To promote energy efficiency in hardware
• Work habits of users and businesses so…..
• Impact on global environment is minimum
 Technology harms environment
how?
• Pollution
• Consuming resources
• Waste
• Disrupting ecology
• Health hazards
• Pollution ----
– Air, water, heat , noise pollution due to production
and use of technology
• Consuming resources
– Non renewable resources (metal, coal)
– Renewable resources are consumed faster than
they renew themselves (tree, water)
• Waste…
– Manufacturing technology creates waste
– Used computers, electronics gadgets are thrown
when outdates, or broken
– This is called techno trash
– They contain hazardous material
– Disposed using special method
• Disrupting ecology
– To build factories ---land is cleared (animals used
to live)
– Pollution Contaminates food chain
– Affects the environment’s natural cycle
• Health Hazards
• Toxic materials can harm health (cancer)
• Technology addiction causes health problems
(obesity)
PROBLEMS faced while applying Green
computing
(components)
• Money
• Toxins
• Power consumption
• Heat
• Equipment disposal
• The business of recycling
• Company’s carbon footprint
 money
• Money---
• Now a days everyone understands importance
of green computing
• Implementation is a problem
• Adopting green infrastructure , costs more
money
 Toxins
• Toxins is poison
• E-waste should be disposed properly
• If not it is used for landfill
• Electronics contain
– non biodegradable materials
– heavy metals
– toxic materials (lead, cadmium, mercury,
polychlorinated biphenynils…[PCB])
 Toxins found on computer
1. Lead in the cathode ray tube and solder
2. Arsenic in older cathode ray tubes
3. Antimony trioxide used as flame retardant
4. Polybrominated flame retardants in plastic casings,
cables, and circuit boards
5. Selenium used as a power supply rectifier in circuit
boards
6. Cadmium in circuit boards and semiconductors
7. Chromium used as corrosion protection in steel
8. Cobalt in steel for structure and magnetism
9. Mercury in switches and the housing (casing)
• Toxic materials when used as a landfill, it leak
into the ground
• Contaminate water, plants
• Toxic materials can cause nausea, vomiting,
cancer
•
 Power consumption
• Desktop pcs, servers require power
• Cooling also requires electricity
• Electricity costs you money to buy from the
electrical utility
• utility has to generate the electricity by using
fossil fuel
• which generate more greenhouse gas emissions.
• Green computing tries to reduce power
consumption of the computer devices
• Energy wasted by pcs causes global warming
 Power consumption (contd)
• Two ways to rely less on fossil fuel
– 1. virtualization
– 2. Generate own power
• (more about this in later units)
 Heat
• The energy consumed to cool the equipment
is also an issue
• More equipment– more heat generated–
more electricity used to cool the equipment
 Equipment Disposal
• Computers and other devices are discarded
once they become obsolete
• Should not be disposed like non electronic
item
• If disposed properly they are secondary
source of raw material
• If not disposed properly , can be sources for
toxins and carcinogens
 The business of recycling
• Recycling e-waste is complicated
• First, the metals and plastics must be separated,
and
• Then the circuit boards are shredded to
separate the aluminium, iron, and copper from
the valuable precious metals, such as silver.
• Labor intensive and so expensive process so
‘shady recycling’ business
• Uncontrolled burning, disassembly, disposal
causes environmental and health problems
 The business of recycling (contd)
• The Recycling Process
E-waste processing generally involves first
dismantling the equipment into different
components:
• Metal frames
• Power supplies
• Circuit boards
• Plastics
 Company’s carbon footprint
• Company’s carbon footprint is total amount of carbon
dioxide a company contributes to the environment
• carbon footprint relates to greenhouse gases
• Measuring
• Four major steps are used to measure carbon footprint:
1. Define what is included in your carbon footprint.
2. Set your baseline.
3. Track, calculate, and analyze your footprint.
4. Report your results to stakeholders.
 Company’s carbon footprint (contd)
• Measuring (contd)
• Define borders
– Considering Upstream and downstream events
– Supplier --- and --- You (upstream)
– You ---- and ---- customer (downstream)
• Will you integrate the impact of your suppliers
into your carbon footprint? What about
when your product is sold and out the door?
Does its use and ultimate end figure into your
carbon footprint?
 Company’s carbon footprint (contd)
• Set a baseline
– Take a look at any available data.
– You need to establish a baseline year by which your
future progress will be measured.
– Look at the existing data, be aware whether anything
unusual was going on that year.
• For instance, were there newly established
governmental guidelines that drastically
changed your work environment? If so, you might
want to look at a different year.
 Company’s carbon footprint (contd)
• Track and Analyse Your Data
• Once you get the data tabulated, it’s not only good as a
yardstick by which you can measure future performance,
but given the right data, you can use it to ferret(search) out
problems now
Look at the numbers critically and look for any anomalies.
For instance, if you have three locations that are more or less
similar in size, and one has an unusually large reading, you
know something’s wrong. By the same token, if all three
numbers are the same, but the locations are different sizes,
you also know there is a problem.
 Company’s carbon footprint (contd)
• Report
– present your carbon footprint information to
important stakeholders in your organization.
– This can be the CEO, shareholders, and employees
– By showing them your study, these people can
see the results of which efforts are being made.
 WHY TO BOTHER?
• Measuring your carbon footprint helps to measure overall progress
toward becoming green
• Not just for show off
• A good emissions inventory can help with numerous business goals,
including the following:
– Helping your company improve its efficiencies
– Reducing costs
– Getting public recognition for taking action to reduce or eliminate
your climate impacts
• Helps your organization if you are part of somebody else’s supply
chain.
• Because major organizations are requiring their suppliers to
demonstrate their own commitment to minimizing climate impacts
• measuring your impacts may help you maintain your link in
the supply chain.
 (Contd)
• Also other reasons to bother
• 1. climate change– long term changes in
temperature
• IPCC- intergovernmental panel on climate
change --- published the report
• Report says– increase in greenhouse
gases(GHG)
 contd
• 2. changes in temperature due to GHG
• GHG absorbs heat reflected off the earths surface
• Remit this radiation back to earth
• If no GHGs ,then earth would be too cold
• Now , more fossil fuels burnt
• More GHG released
• Atmosphere absorbs more radiation
• And it is warming up
• This is called global warming or greenhouse effect
 Causes for occurrence of carbon
footprint
• Transport
• Water use (supply, filtration etc)
• Waste (food, paper, plastic)
• Building Energy use (light, electricity,
temperature control)
 Effects of climate change seen
• Increase in sea level
• Increase in sea surface temperature
• Reduction in sea ice
• Change in rainfall distribution
(floods/droughts)
• Ocean acidification (acidity of oceans has
increased)
 Plan for the future
• Try to anticipate your future needs when computing
your carbon footprint, and take the time now to think
about how you can minimize that growth’s impact.
• Expand the use of renewable energy
• Increase vehicle fuel efficiency
• Reduce deforestation
• Place limits on the amount of carbon that polluters are
allowed to emit
• EPA (environmental protection agency) has finalized
rules for reducing carbon emission from power plants
• Known as Clean Power Plan
• What are India’s plans?
 Cost Savings
• How Green IT practices can save money?
• Can company be Green and still profitable?
• Yes..
• How?
• 1. hardware
• 2. Power consumption
• 3. energy efficient practices at workplace
 contd
• Hardware
– Virtualization ---reducing physical servers
– Use what you have
– purchasing new, energy-efficient equipment is a
good idea, only if you actually need new
equipment.
– Converting old computer to thin client
(repurposing, no recycling, no money spent on
buying new computer)
– This saves energy
 Cost savings (contd)
• Power consumption
– More power– more money spent
– More power – more fossil fuel is used– more GHG
generated
• The EPA has suggested ways for energy efficiency
– properly organize physical space to reduce cooling
loads
– Use energy-efficient power supplies lowers the
electric bill
 Different devices-- study
• Mobile vs computer
– Mobiles are better
• LCD vs CRT monitor
– LCD is better
• Laptop vs desktop
– Laptop is better
• Laser jet vs ink jet
– Ink jet is better
 Cost savings (contd)
• Energy efficient practices at workplace
• Use of natural light
• Turn off unnecessary lights
• Awareness campaign
• Insulation to reduce heat loss through windows,
walls
• Heating and cooling in the office
• Office equipment—turn off and on
• Measuring and monitoring energy consumption
 Initiatives and standards
• Worldwide initiatives to reduce e-waste
• United Nations
At the highest level of global governance is the
United Nations.
• Seeing that e-waste is a international
concern, it has stepped forward and
implemented its Solving the E-waste
Problem (StEP) program.
 United Nations
• StEP is a program that is
open to companies, governmental
organizations, academic institutions,
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and
nonprofit organizations around the world.
 StEP’s prime objectives

• • Optimizing the life cycle of electrical and

electronic equipment by improving supply
chains
• Reducing contamination
• Increasing the utilization of resources and
the reuse of equipment
• Increasing public, scientific, and business
knowledge
• Developing clear policy recommendations
 StEP’s five principles
1. Work is based on scientific assessments and incorporates a
comprehensive view of the social, environmental, and economic
aspects of e-waste.

2. StEP conducts research on the entire life cycle of electronic and

electrical equipment and their corresponding global supply, process,
and material flows.

3. StEP’s research and pilot projects are meant to contribute to the

solution of e-waste problems.

4. StEP condemns all illegal activities related to e-waste, including

illegal shipments and reuse and recycling practices that are harmful to
the environment and human health.

5. StEP aims to develop ecological, and energy-efficient reuse and

recycling practices around the globe in a socially responsible manner
 StEP task forces
• Task Forces
StEP gets its work done by members within
five task forces.
• task forces address e-waste issues at varying
levels
• task forces focus on the research, analysis, and
facilitation of pilot projects
 StEP five task forces
• 1.Policy and Legislation
• 2. ReDesign
• 3. ReUse
• 4. ReCycle
• 5. Capacity Building
 Policy and Legislation
• Reports and analyses existing techniques
• Recommends for future-waste management
• The task force does these things:
1. Analyzes and evaluates national legislation and the international framework for
controlling and enforcing trade of e-waste and electronic recycling.

2. Examines following organization with regard to recycling, minimizing environmental

impacts----
European Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS)
Energy-using products legislation
The Basel Convention
3. Studies green purchasing schemes, especially how they apply to e-waste, in various
countries and how that purchasing affects the trade of e-waste and used electronics
products.

4. Examines how to manage the e-waste problems in industrializing regions such as

Africa and Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Southeast Asia.

5. Serves as a resource for organizations in that it points out existing business models
to support the sustainable use of Information and Communications Technology
(ICT) in industrializing countries.
 Redesign
• supports a sustainable solution to the e-waste problem by focusing on the
notion of concept and electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) design.

• Identifying and assessing critical design aspects in the end-of-life

treatment of EEE.
This could include the material composition and toxicity, its design, or any
other components that might impact a product’s end of life.

• Comparing current industry approaches to product end-of-life to identify

current economical, environmental, and regional design considerations.

• Developing and demonstrating new design solutions of various products.

 Reuse
• The goal to define globally consistent reuse
practices, principles, and standards for EEE
products from business-to-business (B2B) and
business-to consumer (B2C) users that are
economically, socially, and environmentally
appropriate for:
– Changing consumer behavior to get acceptance for
reuse and early product takeback. The idea is to avoid
long storage by the consumer.
– Extending the usage of EEE products and components.
– Reducing the flow of irresponsible reuse between
donor and developing countries.
 Reuse (contd)
• Specific goals of the task force include:
• Developing a common nomenclature for definitions of reuse,
refurbishment, EEE products, and other related topics.
• Determining how equipment enters the “reuse” category.
• Developing globally consistent environmental and business
principles and guidelines for equipment recovery.
• Designing a global standard and program for maintaining quality in
environmentally sound practices, data privacy, and usage extension.
• Identifying the common barriers to product life extension and
recommending practices to overcome these barriers.
• Developing cross-border guidelines and developing guidelines to
determine when reuse is economically, environmentally, and
socially preferable to recycling.
 Recycle
• The goal of the ReCycle task force is
• To enhance global recycling infrastructures, systems, and
technologies while realizing sustainable e-waste-recycling systems.
• Specific objectives include:
– Gathering and assessing the most relevant environmental, economic,
and social characteristics of e-waste recycling in the industrialized
world.
– Evaluating recycling systems, leading to recommendations for long-
term development of eco-efficient resource cycles.
– Analyzing crossboundary shipments and logistics of e-waste and its
underlying driving forces, dynamics, and regulations, as well as the
constraints for sustainable resource cycles.
– Describing the best available and emerging technologies for large and
small volume WEEE treatment in both industrializing and
industrialized countries.
 Capacity Building
Focus on building infrastructures for sustainable, efficient,
effective, and target group–oriented capacity building,
covering relevant aspects of the entire life cycle of EEE in
order to sustainably solve the ever-growing e-waste
problem.
Specific objectives include:
• Organizing mutual learning environments, including the
identification of viable approaches adapted by different
target countries and groups, and then testing and
implementing these projects.
• Setting standards in the form of comprehensive
guidelines for capacity building.
 Basel Action Network
• Nonprofit Basel Action Network (BAN)
• headquartere in Seattle, Washington, it
operates globally.
• It is a worldwide organization, focused on
working with the human rights and
environmental impacts of e-waste.
• It also works to ban waste trade and promote
green, toxin-free design of consumer
products.
 Basel Action Network
• BAN performs these broad functions:
• Acts as a source of information on the waste trade for journalists,
academics, and the general public.
• Provides international policy advocacy.
• BAN is invited to participate in UN meetings and policy deliberations.
• BAN has also worked with the Organization of Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) and the UN Environment Program (UNEP) Chemicals
Program and Governing Council.
• BAN has also produced Model National Legislation on toxic waste trade for
developing countries.
• Conducts field research and investigations in developing countries.
• It also provides photographic and video documentation of e-waste trade.
• Participates with NGOs around the world in campaigns to counter toxic
trade
 BAN Campaigns
• BAN is active on following campaigns
1. E-Waste Stewardship Project
Ensures that exports of hazardous electronic waste to
developing countries are eliminated and replaced with producer
responsibility via green design programs and legislation.
2. Green Shipbreaking (recycling)
Ensures hazardous materials have been removed from U.S
government ships prior to export.
Reduces the amount of waste and also keeps the waste materials
from shipbreaking out of the beaches, reducing its impact on the
environment.
3. Zero Mercury Campaign
works toward an internationally binding treaty on mercury
pollution to eliminate its extraction, use, trade, and recycling.
4. Basel Convention Ban Amendment Ratification
amendment means improvement/modification
ratification means approvals
Ban Amendment was a way to address challenges faced by
developing countries in controlling imports of hazardous and
other wastes they were unable to manage in an
environmentally sound manner but continued to receive.

BAN amendments and its commonly agreed interpretation

made Basel convention more inclusive, practical and improved
its effectiveness.

BAN promotes the Basel Ban Amendment globally and works

to prevent the weakening of this amendment
 Basel Convention
• Basel convention is an international treaty
• It is designed to reduce transportation of of
hazardous waste between nations, especially
from developed to less developed countries
• It deals with minimizing the amount and
toxicity of generated wastes.
• The Convention dates back to 1989 when it
was opened for signatures, and went into
effect May 5, 1992.
 Basel convention origins
• The Basel Convention was needed because as environmental laws
became stricter in the 1970s, shipping of waste became more
popular.
• Two incidents that led to the creation of the Basel Convention
1) The Khian Sea waste disposal incident.
A ship carrying incinerator ash from Philadelphia had dumped half
its load on a Haitian beach.
It was forced away and sailed for several months, changing its name
numerous times.
no port would accept it, the crew finally dumped its toxic load at sea.
2) 1988 case
five ships transported 8000 barrels of hazardous waste from Italy to the
Nigerian town of Koko.
A farmer there had agreed to store the waste on his property for $100
per month.
 Basel convention Application
• applies various conditions on the import and export of waste
• applies strict requirements for the notice, consent, and tracking of
movement of waste across national boundaries.
• prohibits the import or export of waste between parties of the
convention and nonparty
• an exception to this rule is if waste is subject to another treaty and
does not take away from the Basel Convention, party and nonparty
transportation can occur. This is especially relevant to the United
States, because it is a nonparty to the convention, but has a
number of similar agreements that allow for the shipping of
hazardous wastes to Basel party countries. Although the United
States is a nonparty, it can still ship e-waste to party members, such
as China, because it has other treaties in place.
• Further, parties to the Basel Convention must honor import bans
from other parties.
 North America
• North America is home to two countries -- The
United States and Canada
• seems to be struggling with implementing e-
waste programs.
• No national law but several states and
provinces have taken up the issue at the local
level and have developed their own e-waste
laws.
 The United States
• No national law
• the government is moving forward with a plan requiring federal agencies
to buy PCs and monitors that are energy efficient and have reduced levels
of toxic chemicals.
• In December 2007, the U.S. Department of Defense, NASA, and the
General Services Administration outlined a rule that requires purchases to
be compliant with the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool
(EPEAT).
• EPEAT was developed by the Green Electronics Council in Portland, Oregon
to help institutional purchasers evaluate, compare, and select desktop
computers, notebook computers, and monitors based on their
environmental attributes.
• Electronics can be awarded a gold, silver, or bronze certification, based on
how well they meet 51 criteria, including ease of disassembly, chemical
content, end-of-life design, and others. Products must meet at least 23 of
the criteria for the bronze-level certification.
 National Computer Recycling Act
• The United State House of Representatives has twice tried to pass the
National Computer Recycling Act.
• The most important point (crux) of the act is that consumers would be
charged a US $10 recycling fee each time a new computer is sold.
• The act, if introduced again and passed, would do the following: •
• Direct the EPA to develop a grant program to encourage municipalities,
individuals, and organizations to start e-waste recycling programs.
• Assess a fee of up to $10 on new computers in order to fund the grant
program.
• Require a comprehensive e-waste study to be conducted by the EPA, which
would make the ongoing recommendations for addressing the problem.
• The bill was first introduced in 2003 and then again in 2005.

Check current status of this act …?

 Calofornia
• Electronic Waste Recycling Act
• On January 1, 2005, California enacted legislation (formally
known as SB 20) to implement an electronic waste recovery
and recycling program.
• This Act is modeled after the European Economic Union’s
Product Stewardship Initiative.
• The intention is to provide cost-free recycling opportunities
to consumers.
• The goal of it is to prevent the illegal dumping of electronic
waste and to discourage e-waste “stockpiling.”
• The larger goal of the act is to decrease the amount of
hazardous materials entering the municipal solid waste
stream.
 California (contd)
• Cell Phone Takeback and Recycling act(AB 2901 )
– It requires some of California’s largest cellular telephone
retailers to take back used cellular telephones at no cost to
the consumer.
– The phones are then reused, recycled, or properly
disposed of.
• Rechargeable Battery Takeback and Recycling act
(AB1125)
– It requires all retailers that sell rechargeable batteries to
accept them back at no cost to the consumer.
– This makes it easy for consumers to drop off end-of-life
batteries for recycling or proper disposal.
 Other states
• Self study table from page 30 and 31 from text
book Green IT
 Canada
• Canada is managing e-waste in a way similar to
the European Union’s Waste Electrical and
Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive.
• The goal is to reduce the amount of electronic
waste going into the general household waste
stream.
• Environment Canada (the Canadian equivalent of
the U.S. EPA) has noted that more than 140,000
tons of used electronics go into Canadian landfills
each year.
 Canada (contd)
• Different provinces have different regulations
for managing e-waste
• Self study table from page 32 and 33 from text
book
 Australia
• The Byteback program is a fusion of government and industry,
aimed toward managing e-waste.
• The program—serving Australia’s southeastern state of Victoria—
involves partners Sustainability Victoria (a government
environmental group) in conjunction with the Australian
Information Industry Association (AIIA) and founding partners
Apple, Canon, Dell, Epson, Fujitsu, Fuji-Xerox, HP, IBM, Lenovo, and
Lexmark.
• With the Byteback program, consumers can bring up to 10
computers to be recycled at no charge to them.
• Once the devices are accepted by Byteback, printed circuit boards
are sent to Canada; nickel and lithium batteries are sent to France;
cathode ray tubes are sent to the Netherlands; and LCD screens are
sent to the U.S. for processing.
 Europe
• The European Union leads the world with its e-waste management
WEEE and its RoHs directives.
• WEEE Directive (The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive )
• The directive sets collection, recycling, and recovery goals for used
electronic equipment.
• It is a popular model for managing e-waste.
• The directive places the responsibility for the disposal of WEEE on
the manufacturers.
• Manufacturers are required to establish a program for collecting
WEEE.
• The directive states, “Users of electrical and electronic equipment
from private households should have the possibility of returning
WEEE at least free of charge.”
• Manufacturers are also required to dispose of, recycle, or refurbish
equipment in an ecological manner.
 Europe (contd)
• Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS)
• The European Union also took steps to reduce how much waste is actually
produced.
• The RoHS was adopted in February 2003 by the European Union.
• The directive restricts the use of six hazardous materials in the manufacture of
certain types of electronic equipment:
1. Lead
2. Mercury
3. Cadmium
4. Hexavalent chromium
5. Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs)
6. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)

The directive sets a maximum concentration of these materials at 0.1 percent

(cadmium is much lower at 0.01 percent) by weight of homogenous material. This
means that the weight of these elements—if extracted from the finished product—
cannot exceed the aforementioned limits.
 National Adoption
• Although the WEEE and RoHS Directives come
from the EU, countries have to pass their own
national laws.
• Self study table from page 37 to 39 from taxt
book.
 Asia
• Asia is a large dumping ground for the world’s
e-waste, and several countries are trying to
minimize the impact on their environments.
• Japan
• China
• Korea
 Japan
• Life Cycle
• The Japanese approach to the issue is different from
other countries.
• The Japanese look at the product’s end of life as
another stage in the product’s life cycle.
• Japan’s own WEEE laws took effect in 2001,
• Taking back, dismantling, and reuse of materials has
become an integral part of the supply chain to create
new products.
• For instance, glass from old televisions is reused in new
televisions. Plastic is also reused. This helps Japanese
companies meet reuse standards
 Japan
• Waste Management Japan’s version of the WEEE
Directive came in 1998 with the Japanese Home
Electronics Recycling Law.
• Japanese electronic waste goes to two large,
centralized recycling companies, each operated
by a consortium of electronics manufacturers.
• Companies don’t involve third parties
• This helps save money, because the middleman
has been eliminated.
 China
• China is a destination of much of the world’s e-waste
• The nation is working to get e-waste legislation in
place.
• The Chinese regulation is normally referred to as China
RoHS.
• The EU’s RoHS lists specific categories of products.
• Specific products are automatically included in those
categories unless specifically excluded.
• E.g. category----acid, specific product ---sulfuric acid
• China RoHS, however, contains a list of included
products. That list is called the Catalog.
 China (contd)
• Products shipped to China must be marked as to
whether the items are compliant or
noncompliant.
• The Electronic Information Products (EIP) logo or
other label is used to mark parts that do not have
unacceptable levels of substances listed by China
RoHS
• Products that contain hazardous substances must
be marked with the EIP logo and include an
Environmental Protection Use Period (EPUP)
value listed in years.
 China (contd)
• Requirements also differ from the EU RoHS.
• The initial requirement is for a mark and disclosure of any of the six
aforementioned hazardous substances and their locations within
the product.
• Labels must contain the following information:
• Whether the product contains any of the six hazardous substances.
If they are present, the “Environment-Friendly Use Period” (EFUP)
must also be determined and indicated.
• Disclosure of which hazardous substances are contained in the
product and the component(s) they are present in.
• Packaging material must be disclosed on the outside packaging.
• The date of manufacture.

The regulations have not been implemented yet, being postponed in

their formal adoption twice. There is no formal schedule for
completion of the Catalog. (check ????)
 Korea
• April 2007, Korea adopted its Act for Recycling of
Electrical and Electronic Equipment and
Automobiles, also known as Korea RoHS
• The act includes four main requirements:
1. Restrictions on hazardous materials
2. Design for efficient recycling
3. Collection and recycling of WEEE
4. Recycling of vehicles at end-of-life

The act went into effect January 1, 2008

 Korea (contd)
• Under the act, producers and importers of EEE
or vehicles must make efforts to facilitate the
recycling of waste by reducing the use of
hazardous substances and making them more
easily recyclable.

• Producers are required to take back old

products when selling a new one, regardless
of whether the product was made by them—
including packaging—free of charge.