Identification Cation and Anion

Paramita Indra Saputri

1716441007/ICP of Science Education
6
Ana Seftia Andriani
A. Title of Experiment
The title pf experiment is “Identification Cation and Anion”

B. Experiment Objective
The experiment objective is to identify cations and anions in compounds.

C. Literature Review
In contrast to a covalent bond, an ionic bond results not from a sharing of
electrons but from a transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another.
As noted previously, ionic bonds generally form between a metal and a nonmetal.
Metals, such as sodium, magnesium, and zinc, tend to give up electrons, whereas
nonmetals, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and chlorine, tend to accept electrons(Mc
Murry, 2012: 58).
The nucleus of an atom is unchanged by chemical processes, but some
atoms can readily gain or lose electrons. If electrons are removed from or added to
an atom, a charged particle called an ion is formed. An ion with a positive charge
is a cation (pronounced CAT-ion); a negatively charged ion is an anion (AN-ion).
To see how ions form, consider the sodium atom, which has 11 protons and 11
electrons. This atom easily loses one electron. The resulting cation has 11 protons
and 10 electrons, which means it has a net charge of 1+ (Brown, 2012: 54).
An atom can lose or gain more than one electron. Examples of ions formed
by the loss or gain of more than one electron are Mg2+, Fe3+, S2-, and N3-. These
ions, as well as Na+ and Cl-, are called monatomic ions because they contain only
one atom. Figure 2.10 shows the charges of a number of monatomic ions. With
very few exceptions, metals tend to form cations and nonmetals form anions
(Chang, 2011: 40).
For example, when sodium metal comes in contact with chlorine gas, a
sodium atom gives an electron to a chlorine atom, resulting in the formation of
two charged particles, called ions. Because a sodium atom loses one electron, it
loses one negative charge and becomes an Na+ ion with a charge of 1+. Such
positive ions are called cations (pronounced cat-ions). Conversely, because a
chlorine atom gains an electron, it gains a negative charge and becomes a Cl- ion
with a charge of -1. Such negative ions are called anions (an-ions) (Mc Murry,
2012: 59).
Previous researchers have reported positive correlations of bicarbonate and
DCAD (witman et al., 2007 a, b) which explains the higher bicarbonate in our
current trial. All cows were fed the same diet post parfum with a DCAD of 27.1
m.Eq/100 g of DM, so the reason fo the higher bicarbonate concentration
observed on 3 DIM for NEU is not readily apparent. The observed interaction of
Ca and DIM for Cl is the primary reason for the inverse interaction observed for
anion gap, as higher Cl concentration would reduce the anion gap (Diehl, 2018).
The net charge on an ion is represented by a superscript. The superscripts
+ , 2+ and 3+, for instance, mean a net charge resulting from the loss of one, two,
and three electrons, respectively. The superscripts -, 2- and 3- represent net
charges resulting from the gain of one, two, and three electrons, respectively.
Chlorine, with 17 protons and 17 electrons (Brown, 2012: 55).
As for perovskite NCs, Yang and colleagues reported that intrinsic anion
diffusivity in lead halide perovskites was facilitated by a soft lattice. The lattice
mismatch between reactants and products may influence the reaction sites. In a
classic publication, Alivisatos and colleagues reported the synthesis of CdS–Ag2S
superlattice by partial CER (Li, 2019).
The ion exchange used in an analysis must have some common properties
and contains active ions. Opposing ions that can be reversibly exchanged with
other ions in the solution that surrounds it without any physical change active ions
in the form of cations in the exchange of cation and anions in anions exchange.
Ion exchange can be done by shaking in sample bottle containers, solid phase and
dliquid phase and can be separated by decantation or pipetted can also be
exchange by flowing water through the column (Boybul, 2015).
D. Apparatus and Chemicals
1. The Apparatus
a) Watch Glass (8 Pieces)
b) Spatula (1 Piece)
 c) Wise platina (1 Piece)
d) Bunsen (2 Pieces)
e) Spiritus (2 Pieces)
f) Beaker glass (1 Pieces)
g) Stirrer (4 Pieces)
h) Matches (2 Pieces)
i) Test tube (33 Pieces)
j) Test tube rack (10 Pieces)
k) Drop pipette (24 pieces)
l) Spray bottle (3 pieces)
m) Wire (1 piece)
2. The Chemicals
a) HCl Concentrated (HCl)
b) Silver nitrate (AgNO3)
c) Lead (II) nitrate (PbNO3)
d) Potassium iodide ( KI)
e) Ammonium hydroxide ( NH4OH)
f) Calcium chloride (CaCl2)
g) Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4)
h) Aluminium sulfate (Al2(SO4)3)
i) Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)
j) Sodium hydroxide (NH4OH)
k) Iron (II) chloride (FeCl2)
l) Iron (III) chloride (FeCl1)
m) Copper (II) dulfate ( CuSO4)
n) Sodium chloride ( NaCL)
o) Lead (II) acetate ( Pb(CH3COO)2)
p) Sodium sulfate (NO2S)
q) Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)
r) Potassium dichromate (VI) (K2Cr2OO3)
s) Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
 t) Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)
u) Aquadest (H2O)

E. Work Procedure
1. Identification Cations
a) Flame Test
1) Prepared apparatus and chemicals to be used
2) Added 3 drop HCl concentrated for watch glass
3) Used HCl concentrated to sterilize to spatula and platium wire
4) Used a spatula to take the sample in the container
5) Platinum wire a burned over Bunsen with the aim that no HCl is left
6) Samples on the watch glass are taken with platinum wire
7) Platinum wire is burned over Bunsen and the color of the flame is
observe
b) Organoleptic Test
1) Several sample are taken and saved on a watch glass
2) Solids/solution color, odors and shapes are observed
3) Samples is added to the test tube and 1 ml concentrated HCl is added,
the pH is measured to determined to natured of the sample.
c) Direct Test/Affirmation Test
1) Cation Group I
(a) Apparatus and chemicals to be used are prepared, as much as 1 ml
AgNO3 and PbNO3 sample are added into each tube of the 2 tube. The
first test tube in each samples was added AgNO3 and PbNO3 with HCl
and the condition of the solution formed is observed
(b) In the second samples was added AgNO 3 and PbNO3 samples added
with KI and observed formed
(c) In the tube containing AgNO3 added with NH4OH reagent solution and
changes are observed
 (d) In both tubes containing PbNO3 each heated over Bunsen for
approximately 1-2 minute and the precipitale and color formed are
observed.
2) Cation Group II
(a) Apparatus and chemicals used are prepared, 6 tubes are used to be
filled with test tube that samples, 1 samples in the 2 tubes.
(b) In the first 2 tubes will be filled with a solution containing Fe 2+
(FeSO4), 2 second tubes filled with a solution containing Fe2+ (FeCl3)
and 2 third tubes filled with a solution containing Cu2+(CuSO4)
(c) Each 1 of 2 tubes containing samples are taken
(d) Tube 1, each of which containing Fe2+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ added a few
drops of NaOH, the color of the solution on tube are observed
(e) Tube 2, each of which containing Fe2+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ added a few
drops of NH4OH, the color of the solution on tube are observed
3) Cation Group III
(a) Apparatus and chemicals used are prepared, 8 tubes are used to be
filled with the samples, 1 samples is in tubes
(b) In the first two tubes will be filled with a solution containing Ca 2+ 2
second tubes are filled with a solution containing Zn 3+ (ZnSO4) and 2
third tubes filled with a solution containing NH4 + (Al2(SO4)2) and 2
tubes of solution containing NH4+ (NH4Cl)
(c) Each 1 of 2 tubes containing samples are taken
(d) Tube 1, each containing Cu2+, Al2+, Zn2+ and NH4+ added with a few
drops of NaOH, the color of the solution in the tube was observed.
(e) Tube 2, each containing Cu2+, Al2+, Zn2+ and NH4+ added with a few
drops of NH4OH, the color of the solution in the tube was observed
2. Identification Anions
a) Anion Group I
1) Apparatus and chemicals used are prepared, 4 tubes are used to be filled
with the samples, each samples is in 2 tubes
2) The first 2 tubes will filled with NaCl ang the second 2 tubes will be filled
with KI
3) Each 1 of 2 tubes containing samples are taken
4) In the tubes 1 containing NaCl and KI will be added with AgNO 3 as much
as drops, the color of the formed solution in observed
5) In the tubes 2 containing NaCl and KI will be added with Pb(CH 3COO)2
as much as drops, the color of the formed solution in observed
b) Anion Group II
1) Gas content identification
(a) Samples of Na2S, Na2S2O3 in the watch glass are taken and put in a
different tube, a few drops of HCl solution are taken and homogenited
the formed solution in observed
(b) The paper is dipend in Pb(CH3COO)2 solution, and the paper is
removed then the paper is placed on gas vapor in a tube containing
Na2S, the color of the gas formed is observed
(c) The paper is dipend in K3Cr3O7 solution, and the paper is removed
then the paper is placed on gas vapor in a tube containing Na2S2O3, the
color of the gas formed is observed
2) Affirmation Test
(a) Samples of Na2S, Na2S2O3 in the watch glass are taken and added in a
different tube, a few drops of aquades are added and homogenited, the
formed solution is observed
(b) To the tube containing Na2S added a few drops of AgNO3, the color of
the solution and the silver mirror on the tube were observed
(c) A few drops of KI are added to the tube containing Na 2S2O3 the color
of the solution formed is observed
c) Anion Group III
1) Gas content identification
(a) Na2CO2 samples is added into a test tube, then is few drops of HCl is
added
 (b) The color of the solution formed is observed, before observed is
homogeneous.
2) Affirmation Test
(a) Na2CO3 samples is added into a test tube, then a few drops of aquades
are added
(b) MgSO4 is added a few drops to the tubes homogenned and the solution
formed is observed

F. Observation Result
1. Identuication Cation
a. Flame test
No Sampel Result
1. CaCl2 Brick red
2. BaSO4 Apple green
3. NaCl Golden Yellow
4. CuSO4 Bright bluish white
5. PbO2 Bright bluish green

Identification Cation
Flame test ( Group 1, 2, and 3) : https://youtu.be/gyxgVsXMYq02
b. Organoleptik Test
No. Sample Color Shape Odor pH
1. AgNO3 White Coarse Odorless 5
powder
2. PbNO3 White Coarse Odorless 4
powder
3. PbNO3 Colourless Solution Odorless 3-4

Organoleptic Test of Group 1 Cations

https://youtu.be/gyxgVsXMYq02
 CaCl2 Colourless Solution Odorless 5-7

4. ZnSO4 Colourless Solution Odorless 4-6

5. Al2(SO4)3 Colourless Solution Odorless 4

6. FeSO4 Colourless Solution Pungent <6

odor
7. FeCl1 Yellow Solution Pungent <5
odor
8. CuSO4 Blue Solution Pungent 4
odor
9. NH4Cl Colourless Solution Odorless 5

Organoleptic Test of Group 2 & 3 Cations

https://youtu.be/KKJIF-HZrrk

c. Direct test / Affirmation test

No. Classification Treatment Result

1. Group I Cation AgNO3 + HCl White Sediment
Test AgNO3 + HCl + White Sediment
NH4OH
AgNO3 + HCl + White Sediment
NH4OH + HNO3
AgNO3 + KI Yellow Sediment
2. Pb (NO3)2 Colorless solution
+ HCl + Heat + Cold Sediment needle
+ KI + Heat + Cold Fish seale deposits
3. Group 2 FeSO4 Clear color
Cation test FeSO4+ NaOH Change color to dirty
 green after the addition of
NH4OH more remains
dirty green
FeCl3 Yellow
FeCl3 + NaOH Changing the color to
reddish brown after
adding more NaOH
remains reddish brown
CuSO4 Light Blue
CuSO4 + NaOH Change color to light blue
after the addition of more
NaOH remains light blue
CuSO4 + NH4OH Change color to light blue
after the addition of
NH4OH more remains
dark blue
4. Group 3 CaCl2 Colorless
Cation Test
CaCl2 + NaOH White precipitate formed
after adding more NaOH
CaCl2 + NH4OH There was no charge after
the addition of NH4OH
more there remained no
charge
ZnSO4 Colorless
ZnSO4 + NaOH Formation of white
sediment after adding
more NaOH to clear more
ZnSO4 + NH4OH White deposits formed
after the addition of
 NH4OH more became
clear color
Al(SO4)3 Clear color
Al(SO4)3 + NaOH Formation of white
sediment after adding
more NaOH to clear more
Al(SO4)3 + NH4OH White deposits formed
after the addition of
NH4OH more still formed
white deposts
NH4Cl Colorless
NH4Cl + NaOH There was no change.
After the addition of
NaOH more there
remains no change
NH4Cl + NH4OH There was no change.
After the addition of
NH4OH more there
remains no change
Source:
- https://youtu.be/gyXgVsXMYq02 (Group I)
- https://youtu.be/KKJIF-HZrrK (Group II and III)
2. Identification Anion
a. Gas Identify
N Classificat Treatment Result
o. ion
1. Anion Na2S Orange solid
Group II Na2S + HCl Orange sediment + Gas
Hydrogen sulfate
Na2S + HCl + Stirred Na2S + HCl
 Na2S + HCl + paper Paper turn black
(Pb (CH3COO)2)
Source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ilmxb_Es3fo&featur
e=youtu.be
Na2S2O3 White crystal
Na2S2O3+ HCl White+gas Carbondyoxide
Na2S2O3+ HCl White+Orange sediment
Source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iW2Il9xKu1Q&feat
ure=youtu.be
2. Anion Na2CO3 White crystals
Group III Na2CO3 + HCl Gas densely
Na2CO3 + HCl + White solution
Stirred
Source :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXfqD2Ka9Nc&fea
ture=youtu.be

b. Direct Test/ Affirmation Test

No. Classification Treatment Result
1. Anion group I NaCl Colorless solution
NaCl +HCl White sediment
NaCl + White sediment
Pb(CH3COO)2
KI Yellow sediment
KI +AgNO3 Yellow sediment
KI + Pb-Asetat Yellow sediment
Yellow sediment
Source:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UH-
SjqKrWaE&feature=youtu.be
2. Anion Group II Na2S Orange solid
Na2S + H2O Orange solution
Na2S2+ H2O + Black sedimeny + black
AgNO3 solution
Source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ilmxb_Es3fo&feature=youtu.be
Na2S2O3 White crystal
Na2S2O3 + H2O Colorless
Na2S2O3 + H2O +KI Colorless
+ Stirred
Source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iW2Il9xKu1Q&feature=youtu.be
3. Anion Group Na2CO3 White crystal
III Na2CO3 + H2O Colorless
Na2CO3 + H2O + Murky
MgSO4 + Strirred

G. Discussion
Anions and cations are the opposite in chemistry and stand for two main
types of ions formed. Ion is a state where the loss or gain of electrons is compared
to the actual state (Sulistyanti, 2017: 90). The purpose of this practicum is to
identify anions and cations. with the basic principle of this experiment to identify
the si-yeon and anion of a sample with a group reacted with some reagents and
then observe the physical and chemical changes that occur, for the working
principle of mixing, heating, smell and observation.
The function of the tools used in this experiment are the dropper pipette. To
move the solution, the tube rack to put the test tube, the analytical balance to
weigh, the test tube to react the solution, the three feet to put on when heating, the
asbestos gauze for the container lining when heating, watch glass for storing
material to be stockpiled and chemical beakers for solution containers. The
functions of the materials in the practicum are AgNO3, Pb (CH3COO), Mg2Cl2,
CuSO4, FeSO4, FeCl3, Al(SO4)3, ZnSO4, Mg(SO4) and NH4SCN as test solutions
for cations while HCl, NH4OH, K2Cr4 + KI, NaOH, NH4SCN, Na2S as reagents.
The observations obtained from this practicum are as follows:
1. Cation Identification
a) Flame Test
In the flame test experiment using 5 ingredients namely CaCl 2, BaSO4,
NaCl, CuSO4 and PbO2. Based on observations of CaCl2 produces brick red,
BaSO4 produces apple green, NaCl produces yellow gold, CuSO4 produces a
bright bluish green color and PbNO3 produces bluish white color. The experiment
was started from concentrated HCl placed on a watch glass with the aim to
dissolve then the sample was taken using a spatula, then the platinum crater was
burned using Bunsen so that no HCl was left. The sample on the watch glass is
taken using a platinum wire and then burned. This step is carried out on all
samples.
According to gratitude (1999), the smaller the radius causes the attraction of
ions to the stronger water molecules. The alkaline ionic ion charge is greater than
the alkali ion, so the attraction is stronger on the alkaline earth metal than the
alkali. Alkaline earth metals have different reactions than alkalis are radioactive
and do not react. Specifically if the alkali metal is exposed to fire, the color of the
flame that occurs is as follows:
The name of the alkali metal element The color of the flame
Berilium White
Magnesium Brilliant White
Calcium Brick red
Stronsium Crimson red
Barium Apple Green
Radium Crimson Red
Based on the theory above, the experiment can be stated in accordance with the
theory.
b) Organoleptic Test
In organoleptic test, the observations made on each sample are to see the
color, shape and odor and pH. In this experiment the sample is first inserted into a
test tube and given 1 ml of concentrated HCl and then the pH is measured. The
results obtained in this practicum are AgNO3 produces white powder, white,
odorless and has a pH of 5. PbNO3 produces white color in the form of a coarse
white powder, odorless and has a pH of 4. Al2(SO4)2 produces a white color in the
form of white, odorless powder with a pH of 3. CaCl2 is white in the form of
white powder, odorless and has a pH of 7,5 . ZnSO4 is white, white powder,
odorless and has a pH of 5. CuSO4 has a blue color, in the form of fine powder,
odorless and has a pH of 4,5. In Ni(CN4)2- bright green, fine powder, odorless and
has a pH of 9. MnSO4 is a fresh buft color, in the form of fine powder, odorless
and has pH 8. CaCl2 is pink, in the form of fine powder, odorless and has a ph of
4,6. in FeCl2 has a bluish green color, in the form of fine powder, colorless, has a
pH of 3.1 and in FeCl3 is brown, in the form of a coarse powder, odorless and has
a pH of 6.
According to Soputan (2016) organoleptic test is carried out using the five
senses, namely the examination of the senses of taste, touch and sight. Certain
substances have distinctive colors but the possibility of other substances having
the same color is very large among other colors:
- Red : HgO, HgI2, CuO, CrO3, PbO4, AgCrO4 etc.
- Green : ferro salts, nickel salts, Cr(OH)3, Cr2O3, CrCl3, 2H2O, CuCO3,
etc.
- Blue : kupri hydrate salts, anhydrous kolbalt salts, etc.
- Brown : PbO2, Fe2O3, Fe(OH)3, Fe3O4, SnS, etc
- Black : CuS, HgS, PbS, NiS, CoS, Ag2S, CuO, etc.
Based on the theory above, the experiment can be stated in accordance with the
theory.
c) Direct Test/ Affirmation Test
1) Cation Group I
 In this experiment using AgNO3 and Pb(NO3)2. First insert AgNO3 into the
white and powder-shaped AgNO3 test tube. HCl is then added and produces a
white precipitate. The function of adding HCL to separate the chloride group
cations, because the chloride group cations do not dissolve in an acidic
atmosphere. The reaction that occurs is:
AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3
then added KI produces a white precipitate. The reactions that occur are as
follows:
2 AgNO3 +2KI + HCl I2 + 2AgCl + 2KNO3 + H2
then the NH4OH tube produces a white precipitate, the function of adding NH4OH
to separate H2 and Ag+. The reaction is:
HCl + NH4OH + AgNO3 AgCl + NH4NO3 + H2O
According to Sjabadin (2003) says that Group 1 cations form sediments.
The deposits are white HCl, H2Cl2 and AgCl. But there is an error during the
second tube practicum.
Then using Pb(NO3)2. First insert Pb(NO3)2 into the test tube, Pb(NO3)2 is
white and in powder form. HCl is then added and produces a white precipitate.
HCl addition function for separating chloride class cations. The reaction that
occurs is:
Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl PbCl2 + 2HNO3
Then heated and produces a white precipitate then added KI. After addition of KI,
yields a yellow precipitate. then heated and after being heated formed a sediment
like fish scales. The reaction is:
Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI 2KNO3 + PbI2
According to Sjabadin (2003) says that Group 1 cations form sediments.
The deposits are white HCl, H2Cl2 and AgCl. But there is an error during the
second tube practicum.
2) Cation Group II
In this experiment the FeCl2 solution is clear. Then put into a test tube
then added NaOH and formed a green precipitate. The reaction is :
FeCl2 + NaOH Fe(OH)2 + 2NaCl
The second solution of FeCl3 is yellow. Then put into a test tube then added
NaOH and produce reddish brown sediment. The reaction is:
FeCl3 + NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl
In the second tube FeCl3 was added NH4OH and reddish brown sediment was
formed. The reaction is :
FeCl3 + NH4OH Fe(OH)3 + 3 NH4Cl
The third solution of blue CuSO4 was put into a test tube then added
NaOH to the first tube and formed a bright blue precipitate and to the second tube
NH4OH was added to produce a dark blue solution. The reaction is:
CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
CuSO4 + 2NH4OH Cu(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4
According to the theory of Cecep Anwar (2009), namely cation group 2
does not react with hydrochloric acid but forms a precipitate with hydrogen
sulfide in an aqueous mineral acid atmosphere. Based on this theory, the test
results can be concluded that in accordance with the theory.
3) Cation Group III
In this experiment using 4 solutions. the first solution of CaCl 2 was
reacted with NaOH in the first tube and produces a solid white color. In the
second tube NH4OH is added and produces a yellow solution. The reaction is:
CaCl2 + 2NaOH Ca(OH)2 + 2NaCl
CaCl2 + 2NH4OH Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl
The second solution is ZnSO4. In the first tube ZnSO4 solution was added
then NaOH was added to form a white precipitate. ZnSO 4 was added to the
second test tube then NH4OH was added to produce a white precipitate. As for
the reaction:
ZnSO4 + 2NaOH Zn(OH)2 + 2NaCl
ZnSO4 + 2NH4OH Zn(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl
The third solution is Al2(SO4)3. In the first tube Al2(SO4)3 solution was
added then NaOH was added to form a white precipitate. Al 2(SO4)3 was added
to the second test tube then NH4OH was added to produce a white precipitate. As
for the reaction:
 Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH 3NaSO4 + 2Al(OH)3
Al2(SO4)3 + 6NH4OH 2Al(OH)3 + 3(NH4)2SO4
The fourth solution is NH4Cl. In the first tube NH4Cl solution was added
then NaOH was added to form a white precipitate. NH4Cl was added to the
second test tube then NH4OH was added to produce a white precipitate. As for
the reaction:
NH4Cl + NaOH NH3 +H2O + NaCl
NH4Cl + NH4OH 2NH4 + ClOH
According to Harjadi (1990) states that Group 3 cations are deposited in
the presence of ammonium chloride and hydrogen sulfide from an alkaline
solution with ammonia solution. Based on the cation test identification above the
compound used is said to be a cation because it contains positive ions in it, so it
can be concluded that the test results are in accordance with the theory.
2. Anion Identification
a) Gas Content Identification
1) Anion Group II
In this treatment using two ingredients, namely Na 2S and Na2S2O3. the
first solution is Na2S, first Na2S is dissolved with HCl and then shaken. After
being shaken get results that is H2S formed and has the smell of rotten eggs. Then
the paper is dipped into Pb(CH3COO)2 and then placed in H2S gas vapor so that
the result is that the paper turns black. As for the reaction :
Na2S + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2S
Pb(CH3COO)2 + H2S 2CH3COOH + PbS
These results are in accordance with the theory of Ramlahwati (2020) that
S22- ions on Na2S can produce H2S gas and blacken Pb-acetate paper.
2) Anion Group III
In this treatment using Na2CO2 put into a test tube then added HCl, after
it is stirred. The results obtained are CO2 gas and foam and white precipitate. As
for the reaction is:
Na2CO2 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
 These results are in accordance with the theory of Ramlawati (2020) that
the CO32- ion on Na2CO3 can cause CO2 gas.
b) Affirmation Test
1) Anion Group I
In this experiment using NaCl and KI. the first step is NaCl added with
AgNO3 to produce a white precipitate. Then NaCl added with Pb(CH 3COO)2
produces a white precipitate. As for the reaction is:
NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl +NaNO3
NaCl + Pb(CH3COO)2 Na(CH3COO) +PbI2
The second solution is KI. KI solution is put into a test tube then added
AgNO3 to produce yellow precipitate. Then the solution is added with Pb
(CH3COO) 2 to produce a yellow precipitate. The reaction is:
KI + AgNO3 AgI + KNO3
2KI + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbI + 2KCH3COO
In NaCl solution These results are in accordance with the theory of
Zumdahl (2009) stating that NaCl reacted with AgNO 3 produces a white
precipitate. In the KI solution, the results are in accordance with the Puncochar
theory which states that the results of the PbI reaction will turn yellow.
2) Anion Group II
In this treatment using a solid solution of Na 2S, then dissolved with distilled
water. After that AgNO3 solution was added to produce black deposits formed
from Ag2S. The reaction is:
Na2S + 2AgNO3 2NaNO3 +Ag2S
According to Puncochar, the reaction between Na 2S containing S2- ions and
AgNO3 will produce black deposits. Based on this theory it can be concluded that
the theory of test results is in accordance with the theory.
3) Anion Group III
In this treatment using Na2S2O3 and Na2CO3. The solid Na2S2O3 is
dissolved with distilled water until it is homogeneous, then the solution is added
and shaken to produce a brown solution color then disappears or the solution
becomes clear.
 The second solution Na2CO3, was dissolved with distilled water and then
added with MgSO4 to produce a white precipitate. The reaction is:
Na2CO3 + MgSO4 Na2SO4 + MgCO3
This is in accordance with the Puncochar theory which states that the
results of the reaction of 2 compounds will produce a precipitate.

H. Conclusion and Suggestion

1. Conclusion
In this practicum it can be concluded that the qualitative analysis of
anions is an analysis conducted to determine the presence of anion and what types
of anion ate contained in samples. How to identify anions is not as systematic as
in cations is the separation of anions based the solubility of silver salts, calcium
salt, barium and zinc. As for way to identify cations and anions there are 3 ways
namely the flame test, organoleptic test and affirmation test.
2. Suggestion
a. To assistant, the assistant is already good in guiding and directing to be
defended in the future
b. To apprentice, to be more agile in writing temporary report and study diligently
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Buybul; Yanlinastuti and Sutri Indaryati. 2015. Pembakuan Metode Uji

Pemisahan dan Analisis Isotop Pu dalam Larutan Pelat Elemen Bakar
U3Si2/Al TMU 4,8g/cm3 Pasca Radiasi. Hasil-hasil Penelitian
Brown, Theodore L.; H. Eugene Lemay, JR; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J.
Murphy and Patrick M. Woodword. 2012. Chemistry The Central
Science. USA: Pearson Education
Chang, Raymond and Jason Overby. 2011. General Chemistry The Essential
Concepts Sixth Edition. USA: Mc-Graw Hill
Diehl, A. L. et al. 2018. Effect of Varying Preparfum Dietary Cation-Anion
Difference and Calcium Concentration on Post Parfum Mineral and
Metabolite Status and Milk Production of Multiparous Cows. Journal
Datry
Li, Xinyuan; MuweiJi; Hongbo Li et al. 2019. Cation/Anion Exchange Reactions
Toward The Synthesis of Upgraded Nanostructures Principles and
Applications. Cell Press
Mc Murry, John E.; Robert C. Fay and Jordan Fantini. 2012. Chemistry Sixth
Edition. USA: Pearson Education
 TEMPORARY REPORT

Title of Experiment : Identification Cations and Anions

Day/Date of Experiment : Friday/ May 8th 2020
Class : ICP of Science Education
Group :6
Member group : 1. Paramita Indra Saputri
2. Ruliana
3. Nur Hikmah Umar
4. Nur Amelia Amir
Assistant : Ana Seftia Andriani

A. Experiment Objective
The experiment objective is to identify cations and anions in compounds
B. Apparatus and Chemicals
1. Apparatus
a) Watch Glass (8 Pieces)
b) Spatula (1 Piece)
c) Wise platina (1 Piece)
d) Bunsen (2 Pieces)
e) Spiritus (2 Pieces)
f) Beaker glass (1 Pieces)
g) Stirrer (4 Pieces)
h) Matches (2 Pieces)
i) Test tube (33 Pieces)
j) Test tube rack (10 Pieces)
k) Drop pipette (24 pieces)
l) Spray bottle (3 pieces)
m) Wire (1 piece)
2. Chemicals
a) HCl Concentrated (HCl)
 b) Silver nitrate (AgNO3)
c) Lead (II) nitrate (PbNO3)
d) Potassium iodide ( KI)
e) Ammonium hydroxide ( NH4OH)
f) Calcium chloride (CaCl2)
g) Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4)
h) Aluminium sulfate (Al2(SO4)3)
i) AMMONIUM CHLORIDE (NH4Cl)
j) Sodium hydroxide (NH4OH)
k) Iron (II) chloride (FeCl2)
l) Iron (III) chloride (FeCl1)
m) Copper (II) dulfate ( CuSO4)
n) Sodium chloride ( NaCL)
o) Lead (II) acetate ( Pb(CH3COO)2)
p) Sodium sulfate (NO2S)
q) Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)
r) Potassium dichromate (VI) (K2Cr2OO3)
s) Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
t) Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)
u) Aquadest (H2O)

3. Obesrvation Result
a. Identuication Cation
1. Flame test
No Sampel Result Observation Result
1. CaCl2 Brick red
 2. BaSO4 Apple green

3. NaCl Golden Yellow

4. CuSO4 Bright bluish white

5. PbO2 Bright bluish green

Identification Cation
Flame test ( Group 1, 2, and 3) : https://youtu.be/gyxgVsXMYq02

2. Organoleptik test
No. Sample Color Shape Odor pH Documentaton
1. AgNO3 White Coarse Odorless 5
powder

2. PbNO3 White Coarse Odorless 4

powder
3. PbNO3 Colourle Solution Odorless 3-4
ss

Organoleptic Test of Group 1 Cations

https://youtu.be/gyxgVsXMYq02
CaCl2 Colourle Solution Odorless 5-7
ss

4. ZnSO4 Colourle Solution Odorless 4-6

ss
5. Al2(SO4) Colourle Solution Odorless 4
3 ss

6. FeSO4 Colourle solution Pungent <6

ss odor

7. FeCl1 Yellow Solution Pungent <5

odor

8. CuSO4 Blue Solution Pungent 4

odor
 9. NH4Cl Colourle Solution Odorless 5
ss

Organoleptic Test of Group 2 & 3 Cations

https://youtu.be/KKJIF-HZrrk

3. Direct test / Affirmation test

No. Treatment Result
1. Group 1 AgNO3
cation test + HCl
+ NH4OH
aqueous
AgNO3 + HCl
+ HNO3
White Sediment AgNO3 + HCl +
NH4OH AgNO3 + HCl +

White Sediment NH4OH + HNO3

White Sediment

AgNO3 +
KI

Yellow Sediment
 Pb(NO3)2
+ HCl +
heat +
cold

Sediment needle
+ KI +
heat +
cold

Fish scale deposits

Affirmation Test of Group 1 Cations
https://youtu.be/gyxgVsXMYq02
2. Group 2 𝐹𝑒𝑆𝑂4 + NaOH
cation test

Change color to dirty green

after the addition of NaOH
more still dirty green
𝐹𝑒𝑆𝑂4 +
𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻

Change color to dirty green after the addition of

𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 more remains dirty
green
𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 + NaOH

Changing the color to reddish after adding more NaOH

brown remains reddish brown
𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 +
𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻

after adding 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 more

Changing the color to reddish remains reddish brown
brown
 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 +
NaOH

after the addition of more

Change color to light blue
NaOH remains light blue
𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4
+ 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻

Change color to light blue

after the addition of
𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 more remains dark
blue
3. Group 3 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 + NaOH
cations
test

after adding more NaOH

still formed white
White precipitate formed precipitate
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 +
𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻

after the addition of

There was no change 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 more there
remained no change
𝑍𝑛𝑆𝑂4 +
NaOH

Formation of white sediment

after adding more NaOH to
clear color
𝑍𝑛𝑆𝑂4 +
𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻

White deposits formed

after the addition of

𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 more became clear
color
𝐴𝑙2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 +
NaOH

after adding more NaOH to

clear color
Formation of white sediment
𝐴𝑙2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 +
𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻

White deposits formed

after the addition of

𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 more still formed
white deposits
𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙 +
NaOH

after the addition of

There was no change 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 more there
remained no change
 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙 +
𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻

There was no change

after the addition of
𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 more there
remained no change
Affirmation Test of Group 2 & 3 Cations
https://youtu.be/KKJIF-HZrrk

b. Identification Anion
a. Gas Identify
No. Classification Treatment Result Picture
Anion of
Anion
1. Anion Group Na2S Orange Solid
I

Na2S + HCl Orange sediment

+ Gas Hydrogen
sulfate
 Na2S + HCl + Orange sediment
Stirred

Na2S + HCl + Paper turn black

paper
(Pb(CH3COO)2

Link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ilmxb_Es3fo&feature=youtu.be
2. Anion Group Na2S2O3 White Crystals

Na2S2O3 +HCl White+Gas

Carbon dyoxde
 Na2S2O3 +HCl + White +orange
Stirred sediment

Na2S2O3 +HCl + Paper turns from

Paper orange to green
(K2Cr2O7)

Link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iW2Il9xKu1Q&feature=youtu.be
3. Anion Group Na2CO3 White crystals

Na2CO3 + HCl Gas densely

 Na2CO3 + HCl + White solution
Stirred

Link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXfqD2Ka9Nc&feature=youtu.be

b. Direct Test / Affirmation Test

No. Classification Treatment Result Picture
of Anion
1. Anion Group I NaCl Colorless
solution

NaCl +HCl White

sediment

NaCl + White
Pb(CH3COO)2 sediment
 KI Yellow
sediment

KI +AgNO3 Yellow
sediment

KI + Pb-Asetat
Yellow sediment

Link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UH-SjqKrWaE&feature=youtu.be

2. Anion Group II Na2S Orange

solid
Na2S + H2O Orange
solution

Na2S2+ H2O + Black

AgNO3 sedimeny
+ black
solution

Link :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ilmxb_Es3fo&feature=youtu.be
Na2S2O3 White
crystal

Na2S2O3 + H2O Colorless

 Na2S2O3 + H2O Colorless
+KI + Stirred

Link :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iW2Il9xKu1Q&feature=youtu.be
3. Anion Group Na2CO3 White
III crystal

Na2CO3 + H2O Colorless

Na2CO3 + H2O Murky

+ MgSO4 +
Strirred

Link :
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXfqD2Ka9Nc&feature=youtu.be

C. Conclusion
Based on observations from the identification of cations and anions using the
affirmation test, it can be concluded that the addition of certain reagents to the
tested solution can be observed in the form of deposits and color changes of each
solution that shows the presence of cations and anions in the sample solution..

Makassar,May 8th 2020

Assistant, Apparentice,

Ana Seftia Andriani Nur Amelia Amir

ID. 1616441004 ID. 1716442002

Known By,
Lecture Of Laboratory

Dr. Ramlawati, M.Si

NIP. 196512311991032007
 DOCUMENTATION

1. Flame test
Link Web: https://youtu.be/gyxgVsXMYq02
a. Added CL to the sample to be observed

b. stirrer

c. flamed sample

d. Urepeated with each sample

2. Organoleptik test
Alamat Web: https://youtu.be/nDeNcdZyHU0
a. AgNO3
1) Observed the shape, color, and odor of samples

2) Added to the tube

 3) Added aquades

4) stirr the solution

5) Observed the pH

b. PbNO3
1) Observed the shape, color, and odor of sample

2) Added to the tube

3) Added aquadest
 4) stirrer the solution

5) Observed the pH

3. Identification cation
a. Group 1 cation
Link Web: https://youtu.be/nDeNcdZyHU0
- Uji AgNO3 + HCl + NH4OH + HNO3
1) added AgNO3 to the tube

2) Added 2 drops HCl

3) Added 2 drops NH4OH

 4) Added 2 drops HNO3

5) Observed the results

- AgNO3 + KI Test

1) yellow deposits are formed

- PbNO3 + HCl Test

1) Added PbNO3 to te tube

2) added 2 drops HCl

3) Heated the solution

4) colded and observed the result

- PbNO3 + KI

1) Heated the solution

2) observed the result

b. group 2 cation

link web for all groups 2 cation test

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKJIF-HZrrk&feature=youtu.be

a.

Added solution NaOH Added the solution

b.
Added solution NaOH Added solution

c.
Added solution NaOH Added solution
 c. group 3 cation

link web for all groups 3 cations :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKJIF-HZrrk&feature=youtu.be

a.
Added solution NaOH Added solution

b.
Added solution NaOH Added solution

c.
Added solution NaOH Added solution

d.
Added solution NaOH Added solution
4. Anion test

a. Groups anion

Alamat Web: https://youtu.be/UH-SjqKrWaE

Cl test
1) Prepared apparatus and chemicals

2) Added 3 drops Nacl to tube

3) Added 3 drops AgNo3

4) Observed the result

NaCl + pb asetat test

1) Added 3 drops NaCl to tube

2) Added 3 drops pb asetat

 3) Observed the result

KI + AgNo3 Test
1) Added 3 drops KI to tube

2) Added 3 drops pb asetat

3) Observed the result

KI + pb asetatn Test
1) Added 3 drops KI to tube

2) Added 3 drops pb asetat

 3) Observed the result

b. Group 2 anion (uji Na2S)

Web : https://youtu.be/Ilmxb_Es3fo

Step I (Na2S +HCl)

1. Prepared apparatus and chemicals

2. Added sodium sulphate to tube

3. Added HCL to tube

4. After added sodium sulphate and HCL gas is formed

Step II (Na2S + AgNO3)
1. Added sodium sulphate to tube

2. Added aquades to tube and shake to be solution

3. Added silver nitrate to tube

4. Observed the result

WEB : https://youtu.be/iW2Il9xKu1Q
Anion Na2S2O3 + HCL Test
Step I
1. Prepared the apparatus and chemicals

2. Added sodium thiosulate to tube

3. Added HCL to tube and shaked

4. Observed the result

Step II (Uji Anion Na2S2O3 + I2)
1. Added sodium thiosulate to tube

2. Added aquadest and shake until sodium thiosulat dissolved

3. Added I2 to tube

4. Observed the result after added I2

c. Gorup 3 anoins
Link Web: https://youtu.be/YXfqD2Ka9Nc
Na2CO3 + HCL Test
1) Added N to tube

2) Added HCl

3) Observed the result

Na2CO3 + H2O +MgSO4 Test

1) Added N to tube

2) Added O

3) Added MgSO4 to tube

4) Observed the result
LAMPIRAN JAWABAN
PERTANYAAN
LAMPIRAN BUKU DAN
JURNAL