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Chapter 1 - Part 3

1. The document discusses homogenous differential equations. A differential equation is homogenous if f(λx, λy) = f(x, y) for any value of λ. 2. To solve a homogenous differential equation, substitute y = xv and express the equation in terms of v and x. Solve using the method of separation of variables. 3. As an example, the document shows solving the homogenous differential equation dy/dx = xy/(x^2 + y^2) by making the substitution y = vx and separating variables to obtain the solution y = Ax^2/2.

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87 views10 pages

Chapter 1 - Part 3

1. The document discusses homogenous differential equations. A differential equation is homogenous if f(λx, λy) = f(x, y) for any value of λ. 2. To solve a homogenous differential equation, substitute y = xv and express the equation in terms of v and x. Solve using the method of separation of variables. 3. As an example, the document shows solving the homogenous differential equation dy/dx = xy/(x^2 + y^2) by making the substitution y = vx and separating variables to obtain the solution y = Ax^2/2.

Uploaded by

Shahril Shafiq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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First Order

Differential Equation
• HOMOGENOUS
EQUATIONS

http://bit.ly/math2-sem2
Homogenous Differential Equations
𝑑𝑦
A differential equation = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 is homogenous if 𝑓 𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 . For any value of 𝜆
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦−𝑥
Example: =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦+𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝜆𝑦 − 𝜆𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝜆𝑦 + 𝜆𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝜆(𝑦 − 𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝜆(𝑦 + 𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 homogenous
Example:

𝑑𝑦
=𝑥−𝑦
𝑑𝑥
Non-homogenous
𝑑𝑦
= 𝜆𝑥 − 𝜆𝑦
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 𝜆(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
Homogenous - solution
1. Determine whether the function given is homogeneous function or
not.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
2. Substitute 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑣 and = 𝑥 + 𝑣.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. The differential equation must be in the form of separable
variables. Solve it using the method of separation of variables.
𝑦
4. Substituting 𝑣 =
𝑥
5. If there is a condition, find the value of constant
Example
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦
Given = .Determine whether it is a homogenous equation, and if so, solve it.
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
1. Test for homogeneity

𝑑𝑦 (𝜆𝑥)(𝜆𝑦)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝜆2 𝑥 2 + 𝜆2 𝑦 2

𝑑𝑦 𝜆2 (𝑥𝑦)
= 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝜆 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )

𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 homogenous
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦
=
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
2. Substitute 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and =𝑣+ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣 𝑥(𝑣𝑥) 1 + 𝑣2 1 1
𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑣 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + (𝑣𝑥)2 𝑣3 𝑥 2𝑣 2

𝑑𝑣 𝑥 2 (𝑣) 1 𝑣2 1 1
𝑣+𝑥 = + 𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑣𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑣 2 ) 𝑣3 𝑣3 𝑥 2𝑣 2
1

𝑑𝑣 𝑣
1 1 1 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑒 2
2𝑣 + 𝑒𝑐
+ 𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣3 𝑣 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑣 2 1
𝑦 2
𝑦= 𝐴𝑒 2(𝑥 )
𝑑𝑣 𝑣
𝑥 = −𝑣 1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑣3 𝑣 𝑥 𝑥2
𝑦= 𝐴𝑒 2𝑦2
2
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 − 𝑣(1 + 𝑣 )
𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑣2 − + 𝑙𝑛 𝑣 = −𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐
2𝑣 2

𝑑𝑣 𝑣3
𝑥 =−
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑣2
Group work 3
1. Determine whether 2. By using the given substitutions,
𝑦 find the solutions of the following
(𝑥𝑒 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥
differential equation

is a homogenous equation, and if 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2


=
so, solve it. 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
𝑥 =𝑋−1
1 𝑎𝑥
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 =
𝑎
𝑒 𝑦 =𝑌+1

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