មេកានិចដី PDF

Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Geotechnical and Mine department
Mr. SIENG Peou Mcs. of Geotechnical engineering,Tel.(855) 11 874 974, Email: [email protected]
1-bnSMPaBl¥ti rbs;dI
(Soil particle size)
dIKWCasilakMeTckMNrEdl ekIteLIgedaysarkarswkricrilrbs;silaRKwH ¬Rkanit ERkfµkMe)ar
sila)asal; ¦.
kñúgyuKsm½yfµIenH kasikSaGMBdI IedIm,IQaneTArkKuNPaBrbs;dIkñúgkareFIRV KwHsMNg;nana vaCa
ktþacaM)ac;bMput .
enAkñgú muxviCa¢emkanicdIenH karsikSaGMBIdI EbgEckecjCaeRcIntMNak;kalepSg ² Kña .
b:uEnþ CaeKalkarN_rYm KWedIm,IKNnarklT§PaBRTRTg; nigsMrutrbs;RKwH. eKEckdIecjCa 2 Rkum
epSgKña enAeBlEdleKniyayBITMhMRKab;KW³
- RkumdIRtsuH² EdlmanBBYkRKYsnigxSac ;(Coarse grain soil )
- nigRkumdIs¥itKWBYkdIl,aym:dæ nigdI\dæ (Fine soil or cohesion soil)
1-1edIm,IsikSaGMBIbnSMPaBl¥itrbs;RKab;dI eKk_EckecjCaBIrebobEdrKWsMrab; RkumdIxSac;
nigRKYs eKeRbIkERBa©gErgva (Sieve analysis) ehIyeKKNnarkPaKry rbs;RKab;dEI dleTI
(Percentage of retained) rW RCúúH(Percentage of passing)BIkERBa©gnImYy²tamrUbmnþxageRkamenH ³
m:as;EdleTIelIkERBa©g
PaKryeTI elIkERBa©g = * 100 %
m:as;srub
PaKryRCuHú BIkERBa©g = 100% - PaKryeTIelIkERBa©g
- viFIsaRsþBiesaFn_ (Testing procedure)

eKføgw xSac;rWRKYss¶Üt 500 g ykeTAdak;kñúgkERBa©gEdlmanGgátp; ©it 75 m ehIycak;Twk
lagva rhUtTal;EtPaBl¥itEdlmanenAkúñgdI¬BBYkdIs¥it¦ hUrtamTwkGs; ¬TwkeLIgføa ¦ .
eKykdIEdllagehIyenaHeTAsMgYtvaeGays¶Ütkñgú sItuNðPaB 105 ºC / 24 h .
page1
bnÞab;mkeKykvaeTAErgtamesrIkERBa©gdUcxageRkamenH
- 9.52 mm
- 4.76 mm
- 2.00 mm
- 1.19 mm
- 0.42 mm
- 0.21 mm
- 0.105 mm
- 0.075 mm
ehIyeyIgKNnark PaKryeTI nigPaKryRCuúH(Retained total & Passing total) srubEdl
)anmkBIkar BiesaFn_ ykeTAsg;RkahVik .
]TahrN_ ³ EdlehAfaPaKryeTIsrub eyIgsegátemIlviFIsaRsþxageRkamenH ³
ebIsinenAelIkERBa©g 9.52 mm manm:as;dIeTI 50 g enaH)anesckþIfaPaKryeTIman 10 % eday
kERBa©genaHenAelIeKPaKry eTIenaHKWCaPaKryeTIsrub dUecñH PaKryRCúHsrubKW
100 % - 10 % = 90 % .
eyIgsegátbnþelIkERBa©g 4,76 mm ebIsinm:as;eTIman 100 g )anesckþIfa PaKryeTIsrub

20 % + 10% = 30 % ÉPaKryRCúHsrub KW 100 % - 30 % = 70 % .
eKyklT§plEdl)anBIkarKNnaPaKryRCúHsrub eTAsg;RkahiVkEdlmanG½kSGab;ssuI Ca
G½kS log d ¬Edl d KWCaGgát;p©itrbs;RKab;dI ¦nig G½kSGredaenCaG½kSPaKryRCúHsrub .
taraglTæplErgdI³
Ggát;p©itdI(mm) m:aseTI (g) m:aseTI srub(g) PaKryeTIsrub %R PaKryRCúHsrub %P

9.52 10 10 10/500 x100=2 100-2=98
4.76 30 10+30=40 8 92
2.00 40 80 16 84
1.19 60 140 28 72
0.42 100 240 48 52
0.21 90 330 66 34
0.105 80 410 82 18
0.075 20 430 86 14
page2
d 60
enAelIRkahicV enaH eKKNnarkemKuNÉkPaB Cu  d10
- d 60 KWCaTMhMRKab;Edlman 60% enAkñúgRkahVc i
- d 10 KWCaTMhMRKab;Edlman 10% enAkñúgRkahVc i
karsikSaGMBIkarErgdIenH pþl;GtßRbeyaCn_ya:gxøagM dl;karvaytMélGMBKI uNPaBdI. )anesckþI
fadIEdlmanTMhMRKab;kan;EtFM ehIymanPaKryeRcIn dIenaHkan;Etmaner:ssuI þg;FM pÞúyeTAvijebIvaman
TMhMRKab;tcU l¥iteRcInenaHer:suIsþg;rbs;vakan;EtexSay .
1-2 edIm,IsikSa GMBIbnSMPaBl¥t i rbs;RkúmdIs¥it ¬dIEdlmanTMhMRKab;tUcCag 75 m ¦ eKeRbIvFi I
(Hydrometer analysis) edayeRbI ]bkrN_ müa:g eQµaHfaGIuRdÚEm:Rt (Hydrometer)
edIm,Ivas;kMhab; sUluysüúgdIe nA kñgú TwktamryHeBl .

¬dIEdlmanTMhMRKab;kan;EtFMel,ÓnFøak;cuHrbs;RKab;dIenaH enAkñúgTwk kan;EtelOn¦ .
- viFIsaRsþBiesaFn_ (Testing procedure)
- eKføwgma:s;dIs¶Üt 50 g eTA 100 g (CaTUeTAKW 50 g) RtaMenAkñgú sUluysüúgmüa:geQµaHfa

Defloculent ryHeBl 24 edIm,IeGaysUluysüúgenAHpþac;sm<n
h
½ § Cab;KñarvagRKab;dnI igRKab;dI eRBaHdI
eyIgCadIs¥it (eKRtaM dI 50g+defloculent 5g+Twk 125ml)
- eRkay 24 eKlaydIenaHCamYynigTwkeGay)anRKb;mYylIRt cak;bBa©ÚleTAkñgú EkvbBaÄrehIy
h
RkLúkva bnÞab;mkykvadak;RtaMkñúgGagTwk ehIyeKcab;epþIm dak;GIuRdUEm:Rt cUleTAvas;kMhab; sUluy

sSúgtamry³eBl 1 mn , 2 mn , 5 mn , 15 mn , 60 mn , 250 mn , 1440 mn .
edaykñúgxN³nimYy ² eyIg RtÚvvas; sItuNðPaBrbs;va .
kMhusénkarBiesaFn_ ³ karBiesaFn_d¾RtwmRtUvbMputKWsßitkñúgsItuNðPaB 20 ºC .
- dUecµHeyIgRtUveFIVkMENsItuNðPaB EdlmanenAkúñgtaragP¢ab;mkCamYy .
- kMENvtþman Defloculent EdleFVIeGaydg;seuI trbs;Tkw minesµInwg 1 . dUecñHral;GVIEdl
eyIg vas; eXIjkñúgGURI dUEm:Rt RtUv dk 4 ecj (defloculent eFVeI GaysUluysüúgmankMhab;esµI 4)
page3
]TahrN_ ³ ebIeyIgvas;eXIjsUluysüúgmankMhab; R = 32 enaHtMélBitR)adkKW :

R – X = 32 – 4 = 28 .
-kMENénkarel¥ógedaykaremIlnwgEPñk³ edayTwkCb;eTAelIbegÁal GuIRdUEm:Rt eFVIeGaykar

emIl rbs;eyIgel¥óg 0,4 dUecñHRbsinebIeyIgeXIj R = 32 enaH R' = 32 + 0,4 = 32 , 4 .
qøgtamkarKNnaeXIjTaMgbu:nµanxagelI rYmpSMnwgtarag eyIgGacKNna)anenAPaKryRCúHnig
TMhMRKab;tamrUmmnþxageRkam ³
R  R L
P%  a *100% DK
WS T
WS - TMgn;dsI ¶ÜtEdlykmkBiesaFn_KitCa g
L - CMerAlicrbs;GuIRdUEm:RtKitCa Cm KNnatamtarag
T - xN³ry³eBlénkarBiesaFn_KitCa min
D - Ggátp ; ©itkñúgxN³énkarBiesaFn_KitCa mm
]TahrN_ ³ kñgú xN³eBl 2 mm sItuNðPaBrbs;sUluysSúgman 23,5 ºC eKvas;eXIj
R = 33 . dUecñH R' = 33 + 0,4 = 33, 4 .
enAkñgú tarag L = 10, 08 eday s = 2,70 tamsmµtikmµenaH a = 0.99 .
eyIgGacKNna)an L
DK
T
10,8
tamtarageyIgGacKNna)an K = 0,0129  D  0,0129
2
 0,03mm
eyIgGacKNna)an PaKryEdlRCúH
tamtarag eday s = 2,70  a = 0,99
R = 33
Ws = 50 g
R = 0,4 - 4 + 0,7 = - 2,9
0,4 - kMENel¥ógemIlnwgEPñk
page4
4 - kMENvtþman Defloculent
0,7 – kMENsItuNðPaBemIlkñúgtarag
33  2,9
P%  0,99 * *100%  59.598%
50
tarag kMENsItN
u ðPaB
sItuNPð aB kMENsItuNðPaB sItuNPð aB kMENsItuNðPaB

10 -1.2 20 0
10.5 -1.2 20.5 0.1
11 -1.2 21 0.2
11.5 -1.1 21.5 0.3
12 -1.1 22 0.4
12.5 -1 22.5 0.5
13 -1 23 0.6
13.5 -0.9 23.5 0.7
14 -0.9 24 0.8
14.5 -0.8 24.5 0.9
15 -0.8 25 1
15.5 -0.7 25.5 1.1
16 -0.6 26 1.3
16.5 -0.6 26.5 1.4
17 -0.5 27 1.5
17.5 -0.4 27.5 1.6
18 -0.3 28 1.8
18.5 -0.3 28.5 1.9
19 -0.2 29 2.1
19.5 -0.1 29.5 2.2
page5
emKuN a GaRs½y s
s(g/cm3) a
2.85 0.96
2.80 0.97
2.75 0.98
2.70 0.99
2.65 1.00
2.60 1.01
2.55 1.02
2.50 1.04
emKuN k GaRs½y sItuNPð aB nwg s
s(g/cm3)
T 0c
2.50       
16        
17        
18        
19        
20        
21        
22        
23        
24        
25        
26        
27        
28        
29        
30        
page6
CMerAlicGIRu dÚEm:Rt L GaRs½y R'
R' L R' L
0 16.2 27 11.9
1 16.1 28 11.7
2 16 29 11.5
3 15.8 30 11.4
4 15.6 31 11.2
5 15.5 32 11.1
6 15.3 33 10.9
7 15.2 34 10.7
8 15 35 10.5
9 14.8 36 10.4
10 14.7 37 10.2
11 14.5 38 10.1
12 14.3 39 9.9
13 14.2 40 9.7
14 14 41 9.6
15 13.8 42 9.4
16 13.7 43 9.2
17 13.5 44 9.1
18 13.3 45 8.9
19 13.2 46 8.8
20 13 47 8.6
21 12.9 48 8.4
22 12.7 49 8.3
23 12.5 50 8.1
24 12.4 51 7.9
25 12.2 52 7.8
26 12.0 53 7.6
page7
rUbTI1 ³]bkrN_ GIRu dÚEm:Rt
;
page8
rUbTI2 ³kE®Ba©gErgdIxSac;
page9
2-smasPaBrYmpSMrbs;dI(Soil composition)
RbsinebIeyIgykdI 1 sgIÞEm:RtKYb kñúglkçx½NÐFmµCatimksikSa eyIgeXIjfa manFatubIcUl
rYmpSMKñabegáIt)anCadI KW dI Twk nig xSl; .
dUecñHmaDsrubrbs;dIKW V=V + V + V Edl V CamaDrbs;xSl;EdlmanenAkñgú Rbehag
a w s a
es<atdI V CamaDTwkEdlmanenAkñúgRbehages<atdI nig V CamaDrbs;RKab;dIsuT§ .

w s
Air Va
Total Total
Weight= W Volume=V WwWater Vw Vv V
Vs
Ws
(a) (b)
m:as;srubrbs;dIKW W= W + W Edl W CaTMgn;b¤m:as;rbs;TwkEdlmanenAkñugRbehag

w s w
es<atdI W Cam:as;rbs;RKab;dsI uT§ cMEnkÉm:as;rbs;xSl;esµIsUnü .

s
1-emKuNes<atrbs;dI (Void ratio)³

EdlehAfaemKuNes<atrbs;dKI WCapleFobrvagmaDRbehages<atrbs;dIsrubKW V = V + V v a w
CamYynwgmaDrbs;RKab;dIsuT§ V eKtagvaedayGkSr e .
s
Vv Vv Vw
e n S
Vs V Vv
page10
2 - PaBes<atrbs;dI (Porosity of soil)³

EdlehAfaPaBes<atrbs;dIKWCapleFobrvagmaDRbehages<atsrub V CamYy nwgmaD v
srubdI V eKtagedayGkSr n .
3-kMritsMeNImM (Degree of saturation)³
EdlehAfakMritsMeNImKWCapleFobrvagmaDrbs;Tkw EdlmanenAkñúg Rbehages<atdI V w
CamYynwgmaDRbehages<atdIsrub V dUecñHeKtagvaedayGkSr S .
v
kMNt;sMKal; ³ S mantMélFMbMputKWesµInwg 1 rW100% kñúgkrNIenHeKfadIEq¥tTwk .

4- sMeNImFmµCati (Natural water content) ³
EdlehAfasMeNImFmµCatiKWCapleFobrvagm:as;Tkw Edlmankñgú Rbehages<atdI W CamYynwg w
m:as;RKab;dIsuTK§ itCaPaKry eKtagvaedayGkSr  .

Ww
 *100
Ws
viFIsaRsþBiesaFn_ ³
-ykkMbu:gmkfwøgm:as; vatageday m . 0
-ykdIEdlRtUvBiesaFn_eTAdak;clU kñúgkMbgu: 1 duMykeTAfwgø m:as; vatageday m . 1
-ykdIeTAdak;kúñgTUrsMgYtkñúgsItuNðPaB 105 ºC / 24 h .
-ykdIEdls¶ÜtehIymkfwøgm:as;vatageday m . 2
eyIg KNnasMeNImFmµCatitamrUbmnþxageRkamenH ³
m1  m2
 *100
m2  m0
page11
5- sMNakKMrUrbs;dIEdlykmkBiesaFn_ ³ enAkñúgmuxviC¢aemkanicdI eKEcksMNakKMreU cj

Ca 2 RbePTKW ³
-sMNakKMrUEdlminxUcRTg;RTay (Undisturbed sample)EdlCaRbePTsMNakKMrUrkSaenA
RTg;RTayedImTaMgRsug dUclkç½NFÐ mµCati. edIm,ITTYl)ansMNakKMrEU dlminxUcRTg;RTay eKRtÚv eRbI
bMBg;TIbsgáte; TAkñúg dI Split-Spoon Sampling EdlmanGgátp; ©itxagkñgú 34,93 mm nig manGgátp; ©it
xag eRkA 50,80 mm rW manGgát;p©it xagkñúg 63,50 mm nig manGgát;p©it xag eRkA 76,20 mm .
kMriténPaBxUcRTg;RTayrbs;dRI tÚvKNna tamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH³
D02  Di2
AR (%)   100
Di2
Edl A Camuxkat;eFob Area ratio
R
Edl D Ggát;p©it xag eRkA Outsize dimeter of sampling tube

0
Edl D Ggát;p©it xag kñúg Insize dimeter of sampling tube

i
eKcat;TukfadIminxUcRTg;RTayKWenAeBlEdleKKNnaeXIjfa A <10% dUecñHsMrab;bMBg;TIb

R
50.8  34.92 2
Rb ePTTI mYYy eyIg)an³ A (%) 

R
34.9
 100  111.87% dUecñHdIeyIg CaRbePT
2
sMNak KMrU EdlxUcRTg;RTay.

76.2 2  63.5 2
edayELksMrab;bMBg;TIbRbePTTImYyeyIg)an³ AR (%) 
63.5 2
 100  44%
dUecñHdIeyIg CaRbePT sMNak KMrU EdlxUcRTg;RTay dUcRbePT TI mYyEdr b:uEnþkñúglkçxNÐ½

enHeKsnµt; fa vaCa sMNak KMrU EdlminxUcRTg;RTay eRBaHkñgú karEsVgrk sMNak KMrU Edl
minxUcRTg;RTay vaCaerOgmYyEdlBi)akCaTIbMput.
CaTUeTAeKeRbIR)as;KMrURbePTenHkñúgkarBiesaFn¾rk):ar:aEm:RtemkaniksMxan;²rbs;dI
(Mechanical characteristic of soil) Edl eyIgnig eFVIkarsikSa enAkñg ú CMBUkxagmux.
-sMNakKMrUEdlxUcRTg;RTay(Disturbedsample)KWCaRbePTsMNakKMrEU dlbMpøajnUvRTg;
RTayedImTaMgRsúgxusBIlkç½NFÐ mµCati.CaTUeTAeKeRbIR)as;KMrURbePTenHkñúgkarBiesaFn¾ rk):ar:a
Em:RtrUbrbs;dI(Physicalcharacteristic of soil)EdleyIgnigeFVIkarsikSa enAkñgú CMBUkxagmux.
page12
6- dg;sIuetrbs;dI (Bulk density)³

EdlehAfadg;sIuetrbs;dIKW CapleFobrvagm:as;srubrbs;dI W CamYynwgmaDsrubrbs;dIKW V
edayeKGacKitva)anecjCaTMgn;maD.
eKtagvaedayGkS  ³
w
  ¬xñatKitCa g/cm ¦3
kñúgkrNIKitCaTMrg;maD  = .g ¬xñatKitCa KN/m ¦ 3

, g = 9,81 rWeKykesµI 10
7- dg;sIeu ts¶tÜ (Dry density)³

EdlehAfadg;sIuetdIs¶ÜtKWCapleFobrvagm:as;RKab;dI suTC§ amYynwg maDsrubrbs;dI
eKtagvaeday d
ws
d  ¬xñatKitCa g/cm ¦
3
v
dUecñH d = d . g ( KN/ m ) 3
8- dg;sIuetxniCdI (Specific gravity)³

EdlehAfadg;sIuetxniCdI KWCapleFobrvagm:as;RKab;dI suTC§ amYynigmaD RKab;dsI uT§ eKtageday s
or Gs
w
s  s
¬xñatKitCa g/cm ¦
3
vs
dUecñH s = s . g ¬xñatKitCa KN/m ¦ 3
page13
9- TMnak;TMngRKb;):ar:aEmRt

n
e 1 d 
w
e 1
100
s  d s 
e
d
S
e w
¬  dg;sIuetTwk ¦
w
karKNnarkdg;sIeu tdIFmµCati ³
eKykkgsILu aMgmYyEdlsÁal;maDrbs;va V eTAføwgm:as;vatageday m . ykkgsIuLaMg 0
enaHsgát;BenøceTAkñúgsMNakKMrEU dlminxUcRTg;RTay.bnÞab;mkcitvaeGayesµeI lIesµeI RkamehIy ykva

eTAf¶wgm:as;tageday m . eyIgKNnarkdg;sIuettamrUbmnþxageRkamenH
1
m1  m2

V
karKNnarkdg;sIeu txniCdI  : s
]bkrN_EdleRbIR)as;rYmman ³ Ekv)aLúgmansñamRkitenA k eQµaHfaBikNUEm:Rt Picnometer
Rbdab;bnþk;Twk eCIgRkanGKÁisnI fas;Edk nigdIxSac; .
dIs¶Üt Twk
EkvTeT EkvbUkdIs¶Üt dI + Twk + Ekv +TwkRtwm
EkvRtwmsñam sñamRkit
Rkit
m0 m1 m2 m3
dut 1 h – 2 h
page14
- eKykEkvBikNUEm:RtTeTs¶Ütmkføwgm:as;tageday m 0
- ykdIEdlRtÚvBiesaFn_ s¶Ütdak;eTAkñúgBikNUEm:Rt føwgm:asvatageday m . 1
- eKcak;TwksuT§cUlknøHEkvBiNEU m:Rt bnÞab;mkeKykva eTAduteGayBuH enAelIc®gáan

GKÁsi nIEdlRTab;edayfas; Edk mandIxSac; ¬EkvBikNUEm:Rt RtUvQrelIdIxSac;¦
ry³eBlRbmaNCamYyem:ag eTAbIem:ag .
- eKykvaecjBIc®gáan TukeGayvaRtCak;RbEhlknø³em:ag. bnÞab;mkeKbnþkT; wksuT§
cUlkñgú EkvenaHrhYtTal;Et dl;sñamRkitrbs;Ekv eKykvaeTAføwgm:as;tageday m . 2
- eKcak;TwknwgdIenAkñúgEkvecal lagEkveGays¥at CYtEkveGays¶Üt ehIyeKbnþk;Tkw suT§

cUlkñgú EkvenaHrhUtdl;sñamRkitrbs;Ekv eTIbeKykvaeTAføwgm:as;tageday m . 3
eKKNnarkdg;seIu t xniCdItagrUbmnþxageRkamenH³
m1  m0
s 
m1  m0   m3  m2 ¬xñatKitCa g/cm )
3
10-snÞsSn_dg;sIeu t (Density relative)³

edIm,IkN
M t;GMBPI aBhab; rW RtsuHrbs;dIxSac;eKsikSaGMBIsnÞsSn_ dg;seIu trbs;va eKtageday D r
emax  e
.
Dr 
emax  emin
Edl e CaemKuNes<atFmµCatirbs;va Void ratio in natural condition

e CaemKuNes<atkñúgkrNIRtsuHbMput Void ratio in loosest condition
max
e CaemKuNes<atkñúgkrNIhab;bMput Void ratio in densest condition

min
kñúgkrNIenHebIeKeXIjfa D mantMélkan;EtFMenaHbB¢aak;fadIeKmanlkçN³ kan;Et hab;.

r
page15
eKykEkvbBaÄrEdlmansñamRkit kMNt;GMBImaDrbs;vaehIyeKeraydIxSac;s¶Üt fñm²cUleTAkñúg
EkvenaH rhUtdl;maDEdleKcg;)an. eTIbeKykvaeTArkdg;seuI tdIs¶Ütkñgú krNIdIRtsuH KW  . d(min)
( m:as;Ekv + m:as;dIs¶Üt ) – m:as;Ekv

d(min) =
maDEdleKemIleXIjelIEkvRkit
bnÞab;mkeKGacKNnarkemKuNes<atkñúgkrNIRtsuHbMput .
xSac;sÜ¶t
 s   d (min)
2cm3 emax 
 d (min)
1cm3
edIm,IKNnarkemKuNes<atkñúgkrNIhab;bMput eKykxSac;EdlRtUvBiesaFn_ layCamYy Twk

6 PaKry ehIydak;vacUleTAkñúgEkv bnÞab;mkbgðab;varhUtTal;Etvahab;bMput eTIbeKykvaeTArk
dg;suIet . bnÞab;mkeKNnarkdg;sueI tdIs¶Ütkñgú krNIhab;bMput tamrUbmnþxageRkam ³
 max
 d (max) 

1
100
Edl max KWCadg;sueI thab;bMputEdleyIgbgðab;vakñúgsMeNIm 6 PaKry .
page16
W CasMeNImdIxSac; 6 PaKry EdleyIgpþl;eGay . bnÞab;mkeToteyIgGacKNnarkemKuNes<at

hab;bMputtamrUbmnþxageRkam ³
bgðab;
xSac;esIm 6 PaKry
 s   d (max)
emin 
 d (max)
rUbTI3³ EkvBikNUEm:Rt
page17
lMhat;
dImYyRbePTCadIEq¥tTwkEdlmansMeNImFmµCatiesµnI wg 25% nwg dg;suIetxnicdIesµInwg
2,70g/cm sUm KNnarkdg;sueI trbs;dIenaH .
3
cMelIy
edaydIeyIgCaRbePTdIEq¥tTwkenaHkMritsMeNImesµInwg 100% dUecñHeyIgnwgmanTMnak;TMngdUcxageRkam

enH ³
s  
S 
2.70  25
 e = 2.70*25/100 = 0.675
e  w
100=
e 1
s s
e= -1  d =  d =2.70/(1+0.675)=1.612g/cm3
d 1 e
 25
  d  (1  ) =1.612  (1  ) =2.025g/cm3
100 100
dUecñHeyIg )an dg;sIuetdIesMIµnwg

=2.025g/cm3
lMhat;
eKRtÚvkardIedIm,IykeTAcak;eFVIfñl ;EdleRkayBIkinbgðab;rcY manmaD 1000m dIEdleRkayBI

3
kinbgðab;ehIymandg;suIetdIs¶ÜtesµnI wg 2,00g/cm dIFmµCatiEdlRtÚvykmkcak;bMeBjmandg;suIetesµI

3
nwg 2,00g/cm nwgsMeNImFmµCatiesµnI wg 12% sUmKNnarkmaDdIEdleyIgRtÚvkarsMrab;sMercnUvKMerag

3
enH .
page18
cMelIy
muneBlkinbgðab;nwgeRkayeBlkinbgðab;dmI anm:as;dIs¶ÜtesµKI ñadUecñHeyIgmanTMnak;TnM gxag

eRkamenH³
KNnarkm:asdIs¶Üt Ws= d(max)  V= 2 T/m  1000=2000 T
3
KNnarkdg;sIuetdIs¶Üt d =  = 2
=1.786 T/m3
 1
12
1
100 100
KNnarkmaDdIEdleyIgRtÚvkarsMrab;sMercnUvKMerag enH
V=Ws / d=2000/1.786=1119.82 m3
dUecñH maDdIEdleyIgRtÚvkarsMrab;sMercnUvKMerag enHKW³
V=1119.82 m3
page19
3-lImItGaETEb‘r Atterberg Limit
enAkñgú emkanicdI ³ edIm,IsikSaGMBIdIs¥itTaMgLayeKcaM)ac;RtUvsikSaGMBlI ImItGaETEb‘rrbs;dI

enaH ¬ GaETEb‘r KWCaeQµaHGñkR)aCJ EdlrkeXIj nigsikSamundMbUgbMputGMBIlImItrbs;dI ¦ .
elak GaETEb‘r )anEcklImItrbs;deI cjCabIRePT ³
1- lImIténkarrYmmaDrbs;dI Shrinkage limit ³ KWCasMeNImEdlmanenA kñúgdIcug
eRkaybMput ehIyebIeTaHCa eKdksMeNImenaHecjk¾eday k¾dEI lgrYmmaDeTotEdr.
2- lImIténPaBs¥ti Plastic limit³ KWCasMeNImEdlsßitenAkñúgRBMEdnPaBs¥itrbs;dI )anesc
kþIfadIcab;epþIm Elgs¥it.
3- lImIténPaBrav Liquid limit³ KWCasMeNImEdlsßitenAkñúgRBMEdnrvagPaBs¥it nig
PaBrav.
edIm,IBiesaFn_rklImItTaMg 3 eKRbtibtþidUcxageRkamenH ³
eKykdIs¶ÜtmkbukeGaym:t;edayGERgeQIt,al;eQI edIm,IkeMu GayRKab;dEI bkeTIbeKykva
eTA Ergqøgkat;kERBa©gEdlmanGgát;p©it 0,42 mm eKføwgdIeRkayBIErgrYc 350 g ykmklay
eGayEq¥tTwkehIyTukvaecal 24 edIm,IeGayTwkRCabsBVsac;.
h
-karBiesaFn_rklImIténkarrYmmaD (s)
ykkUnkMb:ugtUcEdleyIgsÁal;maDrbs;vayklabeRbgxagkñúg ykvaeTAføwgm:as;tageday
m0 .
ykdIEdlRtUvBiesaFn_dak;cUleGayeBjkñúgkUnkMb:ugenaHekos mat;vaeGayesµIykvaeTAføgw
m:as; tageday m1 .
TukkUnkMbu:genaHelIxñgTUsMgYt 1 h – 2 h edIm,IeGayvarYmmaDtamsMrYleCosvagmansñam
eRbH . bnÞab;mkeKdak;vacUlkñúgTUsMgYtkñúgsItuNPð aB 105 ºC / 24 .
eyIgykkMbu:gdIecjBITUsMgYtehIyføwgm:as;vatageday m2 .
page20
yk]bkrN_BiesaFn_EdlCakMb:ugpøasÞic ehIyeyIgcak;)artcUleTAkñúgkMb:ug enaHeGayeBj

esµmI at;rbs; kMb:ug ¬dg;sIeu t)artKW 13,6 g/ cm ¦ eTIbeKykvaeTAføgw m:as;vatageday m3 .
3
eyIgykdMudIeRkayBI eyIgsMgtY rYcenaHsgát;BenøceTAkñúgkMb:ug)arteBlenaH)artkñgú kMb:ugnwg

ehoecjehIymaD)artEdlehorecjenaHesµInwgmaDduMdEI dleyIgsgátB; enøc. dUecñHeyIgykdMudI
ecjBIkñúgkMb:ug)artehIyykkMb:ug)artenaH eTA føgw mþgeTotm:as;vatageday m4 .
KNnamaDdIs¶Üt Vf 
m3  m4
13,6
KNnarkm:as;TwksrubkñúgdI ³ Ww = m1 – m2
KNnarkm:as;dIs¶Üt ³ Ws = m2 – m0
Ww  (Vi  V f ). w
KNnarklImIténkarrYmmaD ³ s  *100%
Wf
Vi maDrbs;kMbu:g
-lImIténPaBs¥itrbs;dI ( p ) :
-ykdIEdlsl;BIkarBiesaFn_rk s mYykUndum M klujCakUnsuILaMgtYc² EdlmanGgátp; ©it
3 mm rhUtTal;EtvamansñameRbHsBVsac; .
-ykkMbu:gEdlmanbg;elxmkføwgm:as;tageday m0
-dak;dEI dllujrYcdak;cUlkñúgkMbu:g ykvaeTAføwgm:as;tageday m1
-ykvadak;kñúgTUsMgYt 105 ºC / 24 h .
-ykdIs¶ÜtnigkMbu:geTAføwgm:as;tageday m2 m1  m2
eyIg KNnarklImItPaBs¥it ( p ) ³ p  *100%
m2  m0
page21
-lImIténPaBravrbs;dI ( L ) :
manviFICaeRcInenAkñúg Standard epSg² KñaEdlGacGnuBaØatieGayeKrk)annUvlImItPaBrav
EtsMrab;eyIgenAkúeñ BlenH KWeyIgeRbI Standard GaemrickaMg ASTM D 423-66 . eyIgeRbI]bkrN_
eQµaHfa Casagrande KWCaRbePT]bkrN_EdlrkeXIjedayelak Casagrande . vaCaRbePTkUnxÞH
tUcmYy EdleKGacelIkTMlak;kúñgkMBs; 1Cm eTAelIeQIrgw .
ykdIEdleyIgsl;BIBei saFn_ kñúgkarrklImItTaMg2 xagelIdak;cUleTAkñúgkUnxÞHenaHRbEhl
70g ehIyeKosvaeGayesµIragCa)atxÞH kñúgkMras;RbmaNCa 12mm ¬sUmemIlrUbP¢ab;CamYy¦.
ykkaMbit Lam Casagrande EdlmanragRtIekaNcitBuHdIkúñgxÞHedayély:agNaeGay cugkaMbitEkg

nig)atxÞH begáIt)anCakUncg¥rÚ tUcmYy ¬emIlrUb¦.
eyIgcab;epþmI réveKaHkUnxÞHeTAnwgkþareQIkgñú el,On 2eKaH/1S rhUtTal;EtRcaMgTaMgsgxagrbs;knU cg¥Úr
hUrmkCYbKña kñgú RbEvg 12mm.
sUmbBa¢ak;facMnYneKaH dac;xatRtUvEtsßitenAcenøaHBI 20 eKaHeTA 35 eKaHeTIblT§ipl)anl¥RbesIr.
eyIgcUkykdIRtg;kEnøgEdlCYbKñaykeTAdak;kñúgkMb:ugEdleyIgsÁal;m:as; m0 ykvaeTAføgw m:as;tag
eday m1 .
-ykvaeTAdak;kñúgTUrsMgYt 105ºc/24 . h
-ykdIs¶ÜtnigkMb:ugeTAføwgm:as;tageday m2
KNnarksMeNIm rbs;deI naH m  m2
 1 *100%
m2  m0
0 ,121
eyIgKNnarklImItPaBravrbs;deI naH N
L   
 25 
N KWCacMnYneKaH edIm,IeGayeGayRcaMgcg¥rÚ TaMgsgxagrt;hUrmkCYbKñakñúgRbEvg 12mm .
page22
edayELkeyIgGaceFVIkarBiesaFn¾tamviFI 3 dg.KWeyIgeFVkI MNt;kñúgkarBiesaFn¾ edayKNna rk

sMeNIm rbs;dI kñúgkarBiesaFn¾TaMg3elIk . bnÞab;mk eyIgsg;RkaPik rvag sMeNImTaMg3 nig cMnYn
eKaH N TaMg 3 . eday yk GkS½rbs;cMnYn eKaH CaGkS½elakarit Log N nig GkS½Gab;sIus Ca GkS½
sMeNIm Fmµta. enAelIRkaPikenaH eyIg KNna rksMeNIm kñúgkrNI 25 eKaH ehIy sMeNImEdleyIg
rkeXIjenaH KWCa lImit PaBrav .
LogN
N=25
L 
page23
rUbTI4³ ]bkrN_Bei saFn_rklImitPaBrav

page24
page25
rwg Bak;kNþalrwg s¥it rav

G½kSsMeNIm
solid semi-solid plastic liquid
s p L
V maDrbs;dI
G½kSsMeNIm
s p L
-snÞsSn_PaBs¥ti rbs;dI Plastic index (I ) p
EdlehAfasnÞsSn_PaBs¥itrbs;dKI WCaplsg rW KMlatrvag L & p
I p  L   p
-snÞsSn_énPaBravrbs;dI Liquidity index( I ) L
KWCa):ar:aEmRtmYyEdlGacbBa¢ak;eGayeKdwg)anGMBIPaBrwg nigTn;rbs;dI
  p
IL 
Ip
page26
-snÞsSn_énPaBxab;rbs;dI Consistency index (I ) c
enAkñgú Standard cas;²eKniymeRbIsnÞsSn_PaBxab;rbs;dI edIm,IkMNt;GMBIPaBTn;
nigPaBrwgrbs;dIenaH
L 
Ic 
Ip
ebI IL < 0 : dIrwg

ebI 0 < IL < 1 : dIs¥it
ebI IL > 1 : dIrav
ebI Ic < 0 : dIrav
ebI 0 < Ic < 1 : dIs¥it
ebI Ic > 1 : dIrwg
page27
4-cMNat;fñak;rbs;dI Soil classification
enAkñgú BiPBelakeyIgenH manRbB½n§cMNat;fñak;dCI aeRcInEdlkMBugRtÚveKeRbIR)as;edIm,I

kMNt;GMBIRbePTdI . RbB½n§ cMNat;fñak;dITaMgenaHrYmman ³
 RbB½nc § MNat;fñak;rbs;GtItshPaBsUevot CHu
 RbB½nc§ MNat;fñak;rbs;saFarN³rdæ)araMg AFNOR(Association Franaise Normalisation).
 RbB½nc § MNat;fñak;rbs;raCaNacRkGg;eKøs BS(British Standard)
 RbB½nc§ MNat;fñak;rbs;shrdæGaemricEdleKEckecjCaBI ³
1/ RbB½nc§ MNat;fñak;dIsMrab;karsagsg;GaKar USCS(Unified Soil Classification System)
2/ RbB½n§cMNat;fñak;dI sMrab;karsagsg;;fñl; AASHTO(Association American for State
Highway and Transportation Official)
kñúgemeroneyIgenHeyIgyk RbB½nc§ MNat;fñak;rbs;shrdæGaemricmkeFVkI arsikSa .
RbB½nc§ MNat;fñak;dIsMrab;karsagsg;GaKar USCSRtÚv)anesñIreLIgedayelak Casagrande kñúg qñaM
1942 edayyktamlMnaMedIménsþg;darrbs;karBiesaFn¾dI ASTM D2487-69 EdlCasþg;dar
mYyFMCageKbMputkñúgBiPBelak . EdleRkaymkRbB½n§cMNat;fñak;enH RtÚvcat;cUlCacMNat;fñak;skl.

- ASTM (American Society for Testing Material).
RbB½nc§ MNat;fñak;dI sMrab;karsagsg;f; ñl; AASHTO RtÚv)anesñIreLIgedayRksYgKmnaKmn¾
shrdæGaemricEdlCasþg;darmYysMrab;eFVIfñl; .
RbB½nc§ MNat;fñak;TaMgBIrenH manbgðajkñúgtaragEdlP¢ab;mkCamYy .
page28
Plastic Chart Casagande
60
50
Plastic index (Ip)
40
CH
30
MH
CL
20 OH
10
CL-ML ML or OL
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Liquid limit (WL)
cMNat;fñak;rbs;dI Soil classification by USCS

dIRKab;FM² Coarse grains soil
%R(0.074mm) > 50% RKÜs Gravel ( G )

%R(4.76mm) > 0.5%R(0.074mm)
page29
RKÜssuTæ clean emKuNÉk RbePT Type

nimµitsBaØa
gravel
PaB
%P(0.074mm)<
5%
Cu<4
RKYssuTÉ§ kPaB Uniformity gravel GP
Cu>4
RKYssuTm§ inÉkPaB Well graded gravel GW
RKYslaydIst¥i Gravel with fine soil ¬sikSa Abaque Casagrande )
ML or MH
RKYslaydIl,ay Cu<4
RKYslaydIl,ayÉkPaB Uniformity silty
gravel
GM - GP
Cu>4
RKYslaydIl,ayminÉkPaB Well graded
silty gravel
GM – GW
CL or CH
RKYslaydI\dæ Cu<4
RKYslaydI\dæÉkPaB Uniformity
clayey gravel
GC – GP
5% < %P (74 m) < 12%
Cu>4
RKYslaydI\dæminÉkPaB Well graded
clayey gravel
GC – GW
RKYslayl,aydI Cu<4
RKYslayl,aydI\dæÉkPaB Uniformity
clayey silty
GC - GM –
GP
CL - ML \dæ gravel
Cu>4
RKYslayl,aydI\dæminÉk Well graded
clayey silty
GC - GM –
GW
PaB gravel
RKYslaydICIv Cu<4
RKYslaydICIvsaRsþÉkPaB Uniformity
organic gravel
GO - GP
OL or OH saRsþ Cu>4
RKYslaydICIvsaRsþminÉk Well graded
organic gravel GO - GW
PaB
ML or MH
RKYslaydIl,ay Silty gravel GM
CL or CH
RKYslaydI\dæ Clayey gravel GC
% P (74 m ) >12%
CL – ML
RKYslayl,aydI Clayey silty
gravel
GC – GM
\dæ
OL or OH
RKYslaydICIv Organic gravel GO
saRsþ
page30
%R(0.074mm) > 50% xSac; Sand ( S )

%R(4.76mm) < 0.5%R(0.074mm)
xSac;suTæ clean emKuNÉk RbePT Type

nimµitsBaØa
sand
PaB
%P(0.074mm)<
Cu<6
xSac;suT§ÉkPaB Uniformity sand SP
5% Cu>6
xSac;suT§mni ÉkPaB Well graded sand SW
xSac;laydIst¥i Sand with fine soil ¬sikSa Abaque Casagrande )
ML or MH
xSac;laydIl,ay Cu<6
xSac;laydIl,ayÉkPaB Uniformity silty
sand
SM - SP
Cu>6
xSac;laydIl,ayminÉkPaB Well graded
silty sand
SM – SW
xSac;laydI\dæ Cu<6
xSac;laydI\dæÉkPaB Uniformity SC – SP
5% < %P (74 m) < 12%
CL or CH clayey sand
Cu>6
xSac;laydI\dæminÉkPaB Well graded
clayey sand
SC – SW
CL - ML
xSac;layl,aydI Cu<6
xSac;layl,aydI\dæÉkPaB Uniformity
clayey silty sand
SC - SM –
SP
\dææ Cu>6
xSac;layl,aydI\dæminÉk well graded SC - SM –
clayey silty sand SW
PaB
xSac;laydICIv Cu<6
xSac;laydICIvsaRsþÉkPaB Uniformity
organic sand
SO - SP
OL or OH saRsþ Cu>6
xSac;laydICIvsaRsþminÉk Well graded
organic sand SO - SW
PaB
ML or MH
xSac;laydIl,ay Silty sand SM
CL or CH
xSac;laydI\dæ Clayey sand SC
% P (74 m ) >12%
CL – ML
xSac;layl,aydI Clayey silty
sand
SC – SM
\dæ
OL or OH
xSac;laydICIv Organic sand SO
saRsþ
page31
RbePTTMhMxSac; Grade of sand
PaKryeTI RbePTxSac; Grade
%R(0.42mm)>50%
xSac;RKab;FM Coarse sand
%R(0.21mm)>50%
xSac;RKab;mFüm Medium sand
%R(0.21mm)<50%
xSac;RKab;tUc Fine sand
sPaBhab;rbs;dIxSac;
kMhab;rbs;dI Compacity of soil Dr %
RtsuHbMptu Very loose 0-15
RtsuH Loose 15-35
hab;mFüm Medium dense 35-65
hab; Dense 65-85
hab;xøaMg Very dense 85-100
kMritebomTwkrbs;dI
sPaBesImrbs;dI Humidity of soil Degree of saturation
s¶Üt Dry S=0
esImtic Wet 0<S<50%
esImxøagM Very wet 50%<S<80%
Eq¥tTwk Saturated S>80%
page32
%R(0.074mm) < 50% dIs¥it Cohesion soil

¬sikSa Abaque Casagrande )
%R(0.074mm)<15%
dI\dæst¥i exSay Lean clay
15%<%R(0.074mm)<30%
%S > %G
dI\dæst¥i exSaylayxSac; Lean clay with
sand
%S < %G
dI\dæst¥i exSaylayRKÜs Lean clay with
gravel
%S > %G %G <15%
dI\dæst¥i exSayl,ayxSac; Sandy lean clay
CL %G >15%
dI\dæst¥i exSayl,ayxSac; Sandy lean clay
with gravel
%R(0.074mm)>30% lay RKÜs
%S <%G %S <15%
dI\dæst¥i exSayl,ayRKÜs Gravelly lean
clay
%S > 15%
dI\dæst¥i exSayl,ayRKÜs Gravelly lean
clay with sand
layxSac;
%R(0.074mm)<15%
dI\dæst¥i xøaMg Fat clay
15%<%R(0.074mm)<30%
%S > %G
dI\dæst¥i xøaMglayxSac; Fat clay with
sand
%S < %G
dI\dæst¥i xøaMglayRKÜs Fat clay with
gravel
%S > %G %G <15%
dI\dæst¥i xøaMgl,ayxSac; Sandy fat clay
CH %G >15%
dI\dæst¥i xøaMgl,ayxSac; Sandy fat clay
with gravel
%R(0.074mm)>30% lay RKÜs
%S <%G %S <15%
dI\dæst¥i xøaMgl,ayRKÜs Gravelly fat clay
%S > 15%
dI\dæst¥i xøaMgl,ayRKÜs Gravelly fat clay
with sand
layxSac;
%R(0.074mm)<15%
dIl,ays¥itxøaMg Elastic silt
15%<%R(0.074mm)<30%
%S > %G
dIl,ays¥itxøaMglayxSac; Elastic silt with
sand
%S < %G
dIl,ays¥itxøaMglay RKÜs Elastic silt with
gravel
%S > %G %G <15%
dIl,ays¥itxøaMgl,ay Sandy elastic
silt
MH xSac;
% R(0.074mm)>30% %G >15%
dIl,ays¥itxøaMgl,ay xSac; Sandy elastic
silt with gravel
lay RKÜs
%S <%G %S <15%
dIl,ays¥itxøaMgl,ay RKÜs Gravelly elastic
silt
%S > 15%
dIl,ays¥itxøaMgl,ay RKÜs Gravelly elastic
silt with sand
layxSac;
page33
%R(0.074mm)<15%
dIl,ays¥itexSay Silt
15%<%R(0.074mm)<30%
%S > %G
dIl,ays¥itexSaylay Silt with sand
xSac;
%S < %G
dIl,ays¥itexSaylay Silt with gravel
ML
RKÜs
%S > %G %G <15%
dIl,ays¥itexSayl,ay Sandy silt
xSac;
%R(0.074mm)>30% %G >15%
dIl,ays¥itexSayl,ay Sandy silt with
gravel
xSac; lay RKÜs
%S <%G %S <15%
dIl,ays¥itexSayl,ay Gravelly silt
RKÜs
%S > 15%
dIl,ays¥itexSayl,ay Gravelly silt with
sand
RKÜs layxSac;
%R(0.074mm)<15%
l,aydI\dæ Silty clay
15%<%R(0.074mm)<30%
%S > %G
l,aydI\dæ lay xSac; Silty clay with
sand
%S < %G
l,aydI\dæ lay RKÜs Silty clay with
gravel
%S > %G %G <15%
l,aydI\dæ l,ay xSac; Sandy silty clay
CL
%G >15%
l,aydI\dæ l,ay xSac; Sandy silty clay
with gravel
-
ML %R(0.074mm)>30% lay RKÜs
%S <%G %S <15%
l,aydI\dæ l,ay RKÜs Gravelly silty
clay
%S > 15%
l,aydI\dæ l,ay RKÜs Gravelly silty
clay with sand
layxSac;
page34
rbwgrbs;dIs¥it
rbwgrbs;dI Consistancy of soil
er:sIusþg;dIFn;nwgkarsgát;
bM)ak;(KPa)
RCay Very soft qu<25
Tn; Soft 25<qu<50
Bak;kNþalrwg Medium stiff 50<qu<100
rwg Stiff 100<qu<200
rwgxøagM Very stiff 200<qu<400
rwgbMput Hard qu>400
cMNat;fñak;rbs;dI Soil classification by AASHTO

enAkñgú kareFVIflñ ;eKsikSaGMBidI tamcMNat;fñak;dI tamRbB½n§ AASHTO EdlCacMNat;fñak;mYy
manlkçN³ sikSaGMBIKuNPaB énkarbgðab; .enAkñúgcMNat;fñak;enHvaxusBIcMNat;fañ k; ASTM Edlkñúg
ASTM eKniyayfa eKcat;Tk u fadIenaHCaRKYs rW xSac; kñúgxN³EdlPaKryRCuHsrubBIkERBa¢g 0,074
mm < 50% .
cMENkÉRbB½n§cMNat;fñak; AASHTO eKcat;fadIenaHCaRKYs rW xSac; kñgú xN³EdlPaKryRCuHsrub

BI kERBa¢g 0,074 mm< 35%.KW)anesckþIfa eKcat;TukfadIenaHCadIs¥itkñúgxN³EdlPaKry rbs;dsI ¥it
>36 % eK EckecjEbbenHKWeKalbMNg edIm,IEbgEck[)anc,as;faetIdINaGacbgðab;)anl¥dI Namin
Gacbgðab;)anl¥ .eRBaHfadIEdlRsYlbgðab; rWbgðab;)anl¥vaKWCaBBYkRbePTdI EdlmanlkçN³minÉk

PaB . dUecñHsMrab;xSac; nig RKYs eyIgRtUv karvaRtwmEt 65% b:ueNÑaHenAkñgú brimaNdIsrub 100%
enaHvanwgGachab;)anl¥ KW)anesckþIfa vamanRbehagRKb;RKan;sMrab;[dItcU ²cUleTAkñúgRbehag
dIenaH.enAkñúgRbB½n§ASTMeKcat;TukfadIenaHCaRKYs sMrab;dEI dlmanTMhM RKab; > 4,76 mm.
page35
cMENkÉRbB½n§ AASHTO vijeKcat;TukfadIenaHCaRKYs kñúgxN³EdldIenaHmanTMhM RKab;

d >2 mm.enAkñg
ú RbB½n§ AASHTO eKEckKuNPaBdIeTAtam snÞsSn_Rkumrbs;va KW ³
Ig = 0,2a + 0,005a.c + 0,01 b.d .
eKGacKNnark a ; b ; c ; d )anenAkñúgtaragxageRkam ³
sMrab;dEI dlman Ig kan;EttUcKWCaRbePTdIEdlmanlkçN³l¥kñúgkarbgðab; cMENkÉdIEdlman Ig
kan;EtFMKW CaRbePTdIEdlmanlkçN³bgðab;minl¥ .
sMrab;BBYkdI A-1a ; A-1b ; A3 ; A-2-4 ; A-2-5 KWCaBBYkdIEdlmanlkçN³l¥RbesIr .
cMENkÉdI A2-6 ; A2-7 ; A-4 ; A-5 ; A-6 ; A-7 ; A7-5 ; A7-6
KWCaBBYkdIEdlmanlkçN³BIGn;eTA Gn;bMput .
%P(74m) < 35 a=0

35 < %P(74m) < 75 a =% P(74m) - 35
75 < %P(74m) a = 40
L < 40 c=0
40 < L < 60 c = L - 40
60 < L c = 20
Ip < 10 d=0
10 < Ip < 30 d = IP - 10
30 < Ip d = 20
%P(74m) < 15 b=0
15 < %P(74m) <55 b = %P(74m) - 15
55 < %P(74m) b = 40
]TahrN_ ³ dIeyIgCaRbePT ³
% R (74m) = 38% % P (74 m ) = 100 – 38 = 62 % RkumdIs¥it
L = 28% ; p = 15% L = 28 % < 40 % RkumdIs¥itexSay
%R (2mm) = 15 % I = 13 % >10 % dI\dæs¥itexSay
p
%R (0,42mm) = 20%
page36
Ip = L - p = 28% - 15% = 13%

- %R (74m) = 38% > 35%  vaCaRbePT A-6¬dI\dæ¦
- Ip = 13% > 11%
- L = 28% < 40%
%P74m = 100% - 38% = 62%  35 < P74m < 75
dUecñH a = 62% - 35% = 27 %

- L = 28% < 40  c = 0
-
- Ip = 13%  10 < Ip < 30  d = 13% - 10% = 3%
-
- %P74m = 62% > 55%  b = 40%
Ig = 0,2a + 0,005a.c + 0,01b.d
Ig = 0,2 x 27 + 0,005 x 27 x 0 + 0,01 x 40 x 3 = 6,6
cMNat;fñak;rbs;dI Soil classification by AASHTO

cMNat;fñak; RbePTxSac;nigRKÜs Coarse grains soil RbePTdIst¥i Cohesion soil
TUeTA PaKryRCúHBIkE®Ba©g 0/074 mmtUcCag 35 PaKry PaKryRCúHBIkE®Ba©g 0/074 mmFMCag 35 PaKry
RkúmcMNat; A-1 A-3 A-2 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7
A-7-5 a
fñak; A1-a A1-b A2-4 A2-5 A2-6 A2-7 A-7-6
%P(2mm) <50
%P(0.42mm) <30 <50 >51
%P 0.074mm <15 <25 <10 <35 <35 <35 <35 >35 >35 >35 >35
WL <40 >40 <40 >40 <40 >40 <40 >40
Ip <6 NP <10 <10 >10 >10 <10 <10 >10 >10
RbePTdI xSac;nigRKÜs xSac; xSac;nigRKÜslaydIl,ay rW dIl,ay dI\dæ

RKab; dI\dæ
tUc
page37
5-karbgðab;dI Soil compaction

edIm,Isagsg;fñl; nig karcak;bMeBjtMbn;Knøúkxø³² edIm,Isagsg;sMNg;epSg²
eKcaM)ac;RtUvsikSa GMBI KuNPaBdI EdleKdwkykmkbMeBjkargarenH . kñúgRbeTseCOnelOn
dUcCaenARbeTsGWr:ubxaglic dUcCa shrdæ Gaemrik .l. KuNPaBfñl;rbs;eK zitkñugkMritx<s;
ehIymanGayukalEvg enHmkBIeKsikSa)anl¥ munnwgeKsagsg;fñl; .
edIm,IeFV[I fñlm; anGayukalEvg nig KuNPaBl¥ eKEckkarsikSafñl;ecjCabI ³
- sikSaGMBRI Kw³xageRkamrbs;flñ ; ehIyebIeyIgeXIjfa dITrM RKw³rbs;fñl; manlkçN³Gn;
enaHeyIgRtUv eRbI viFIeRCIserIsBIr ³
1-kaydIEdlGn;²enaHecal ehIycak;xSac;bgðab;va viFIenHGs;fvikaeRcIn .
2-eyIgGaceRCIserIskarvagpøvÚ ecjBItbM n;EdldImanlkçN³Gn; . viFIenHGs;fvikatic
EtGacb:³Bal;dl;mCÄdæan CMuvji .
- sikSa rkdIEdlmanKuNPaBl¥ sMrab;karcak;bMeBj nig bgðab;EdlzitenAEk,rfñl;
tamEdlGacrk)an . karsikSaenHKWCakarcaM)ac;bMput sMrab;Fana)annUv KuNPaBfñl;rbs;eyIg .
- karsikSaedayRtYtBinitü GMBIKuNPaBénkarbgðab; eRkayBI)anbgðab;rcY muneBlRkalekAs‘U .
karsikSaenHKWGac[eyIg dwg)anfaPaKryénkarbgðab; rbs;eyIgzitkñúgkMritNa .
kñúgemeronenH eyIgsikSaEtBIrkrNIxageRkamb:ueNÑaH KWkarsikSaGMBI KuNPaBrbs;dI nig
karRtYtBinitü GMBKI uNPaBrbs;fñl;eRkayBIbgðab;rcY .
A - karbgðab;dI ³ elak Proctor CavisVkrGaemrikaMg )an[nUvniymn½y nig viFIbgðab;d[ I dI
hab;bMput . Kat;)aneFVkI arBiesaFn_eXIjfa ebIeyIgykdIs¶Ütmkbgðab;enaH dIvaminhab;enaHeT
b:uEnþebIeyIgykdI esImeBkmk bgðab; vak¾minhab;Edr . dUecñHvacaM)ac;RtUvEtman sMeNImNamYy
EdlGnuBaØati [eKbgðab; va)anhab;bMput sMeNIm enaH eK[eQµaHfa ³ sMeNImRbesIrbMput
 Optimum . dUecñHedIm,I[dIeyIghab;bMput eyIgRtUv[dIeyIgman sMeNIm Optimum . elak
Proctor )an[vIFIBIr edIm,Ibgðab;dIKW ³
page38
- Proctor standard : KWCakarbgðab;dsI Mrab;eFVIpøÚvlMtcU ²EdlmanviFIsaRsþBiesaFn_dUcxag

eRkamenH
-Bum<rbs;vamanTMhMdUcxageRkamenH ³
-Ggát;p©it 10,13 cm
-kMBs; 11,62 cm
-kMBs;TlM ak;jjÜr 30,48 cm

-TMgn;jjr 2,5368 kg
-karbgðab;EckecjCa bIRsTab; kñg

ú mYyRsTab;²eKbgðab; 25 jjÜr
eKykdIs¶Ütmkbuk[hµt edayt,al;eQI GERgeQI ehIyErgqøgkat;kERBa©gEdlmanGgátp; ©it
4,75 mm eKføg w dIeRkayBIErgrYc 2kg layCamYyTwk 4% bnÞab;mkeKEckvaecjCabIcEM NkesµKI ña ehIy
eKykcMENkTI1 dak;eTAkñúgBum< ehIyeKbgðab;va 25 jjÜr eTIbeKdak;cMENkTI2 cUlehIyeKbgðab; 25
jjÜreTot bnÞab;mkeKdak; cMENkTI3 cUlehIyeKbgðab; 25 jjÜreTot . eTIbeKeKosva[esµmI at;Bum<
ehIyeKykvaeTArkdg;sIuet . eKdk ykdIBIkñúgBum< 3cMNuc ykeTArksMeNImKWRsTab;elImYycMNcu
kNþalmYycMNcu nig)atBum<mYycMNuc . eKbnþeFVIkarbgðab;mYyBum<eTot tamviFIdUcKñaebHbiTedayRKan;
Et begáInsMeNImBI 4% eTA 6%. ehIyeKecHEtbegáInsMeNImmþg 2%² rhUtTal;EtrkeXIjfa tMél
dg;sIuetFøak;cHu .
]TahrN_ kñúgsMeNIm 4%  = 1,85 g/cm3

6%  = 2,00 g/cm3
8%  = 2,15 g/cm3
10%  = 2,1 g/cm3 dg;seuI tFaøk;cuH dIcab;epþmI RCay
bnÞab;BI 24h eRkaymkeKGacTTYl)annUvsMeNIm EdleK)aneFVeI lI 3 cMNucsMrab;Bum<nimYy² ehIyeK
yktMél mFüméncMNucenaHedIm,IeTArk  . d
page39
]TahrN_ ³ sMrab;Bum< 4% eyIg)ansMeNImdUcxageRkamenH ³

1=3,85% ; 2 =3,80% ; 3 = 3,90%
dUecñHtMél  mFümKW 3,85% . dUecñHeyIgGacKNna)an  sMrab;sMeNIm 3,85%

d
 1,85
d    1,78 g / cm3
 3,85
1 1
100 100
eyIgbnþeFVIdUcKñasMrab;RKb;Bum<TaMgGs; eBlenaHeyIgnwgTTYl)annUvRKb;tMél  nig  sMrab;

d
RKb;Bum< eyIgyktMélTaMgGs;enaHmksg;RkaPik edaymanG½kSGab;sIusCaG½kSsMeNIm nig G½kSGreda

eNCaG½kS  eBl enaHRkaPicrbs;eyIg nwgecjCarag):ar:abUlpáab; EdlkMBUl):ar:abUl [nUvtMéldmax
d
nig opt ¬emIlrUb¦.
d
dmax  RkaPic sat

0 opt
bnÞab;mkeKKNnarksMeNIMmEq¥tTwksMrab;Bum<nimYy² tamrUbmnþxageRkamenH ³
 1 1
 sat   w   .100%
d  s 
ehIyeKyktMélEdlKNnaeXIjenaHeTAedA enAelIRkaPicCamYyRkaPicxagelI .
page40
- Proctor modified: CaRbePTbgðab;dsI Mrab;bMerIkar dl;karsagsg;fñl;CatiFM²rYmmanTaMgBIs

ynþ ehaHpg Ékar BiesaFn_ KWdUcKñaebHbiteTAnwg Proctor standard edayRKan;Etkarbgðab;enaH
mankMritx<s; ³
maDrbs;Bum< 2317 cm 3
karbgðab;EckecjCa 5 RsTab;
kñúgmYyRsTab;eKbgðab; 55 jjÜr
jjÜrmanTMgn; 4,53 kg
sMrab;karbgðab;eKRtUvkarm:as;dsI ¶Üt EdlErgecjBIkERBa©g 19,05 mm cMnYn 5,5 kg .
bTdæan sMrab;karBiesaFn_ Proctor standard test based on ASTM D-698-91

viFI TI 1 viFI T I2 viFI TI 3
Ggátp; ©itBum< 101.6mm 101.6mm 152.4mm
maDBum< 943.2 cm3 943.2 cm3 2124 cm3
TMgn; jjÜr 24.4 N 24.4 N 24.4 N
kMBs;TMlak;jjÜr 304.8mm 304.8mm 304.8mm
cMnYnjjÜrbgðab;sMrab;1 25 25 56
RsTab;
cMnYnRsTab; EdlRtÚv 3 3 3
bgðab;
famBl bgðab; 591.3 kN-m/m3 591.3 kN-m/m3 591.3 kN-m/m3
RbePTdIRt vÚ bgðab; dIRCúHBIkE®Ba©g dIRCúHBIkE®Ba©g dIRCúHBIkE®Ba©g

4.76mm 9.50mm 19.0mm
eKeRbIvFi IenHkñúgkrNI eKeRbIvFi IenHkñúgkrNI eKeRbIvFi IenHkñúgkrNI
%R(4.76mm)<20% %R(4.76mm)>20% %R(9.5mm)>20%
& %R(9.5mm)<20% & %R(19mm)<30%
page41
bTdæan sMrab;karBiesaFn_ Proctor modified test based on ASTM D-1557-91

viFI TI 1 viFI T I2 viFI TI 3
Ggátp; ©itBum< 101.6mm 101.6mm 152.4mm
maDBum< 943.2 cm3 943.2 cm3 2124 cm3
TMgn; jjÜr 44.5 N 44.5 N 44.5 N
kMBs;TMlak;jjÜr 457.2 mm 457.2 mm 457.2 mm
cMnYnjjÜrbgðab;sMrab;1 25 25 56
RsTab;
cMnYnRsTab; EdlRtÚv 5 5 5
bgðab;
famBl bgðab; 2696 kN-m/m3 2696 kN-m/m3 2696 kN-m/m3
RbePTdIRt vÚ bgðab; dIRCúHBIkE®Ba©g dIRCúHBIkE®Ba©g dIRCúHBIkE®Ba©g

4.76mm 9.50mm 19.0mm
eKeRbIvFi IenHkñúgkrNI eKeRbIvFi IenHkñúgkrNI eKeRbIvFi IenHkñúgkrNI
%R(4.76mm)<20% %R(4.76mm)>20% %R(9.5mm)>20%
& %R(9.5mm)<20% & %R(19mm)<30%
page42
rUbTI5³ ]bkrN_BiesaFn_bgðab;dI
page43
C.B.R (California Bearing Ratio)

RKb;dEI dlbgðab;TaMgGs; EdleTaHbICaeyIgbgðab; dl;kMrithab;bMputk¾edayk¾minEmnsuTE§ tman
er:suIsþg;l¥dUcKña Edr dUcCadI\dæ dIl,ayCaedIm .l. vamaner:ssuI þg;exSay ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgRKYs rW
xSac; . mandIxø³eRkayBI bgðab;rcY sMeNImRbesIrbMputrbs;va mantMélRbhak;RbEhl nwgsMeNImEq¥t
Twk opt  sat . dIRbePTenHmin l¥RbesIreLIysMrab;ykmkeFIfV ñl; eRBaHvagayehIm gayRCayeTA
vijenAeBlEdlvaRtUvTwk ehtudUecñHehIy eK caM)ac;RtUvKUrRkaPic sMeNImEq¥tTwk CamYynwgRkaPickar
bgðab;dI. dIRbePTxøHEdlmanlkçN³ÉkPaB Uniformity KWCaRbePTdIEdlminGacbgðab;)an EdlpÞúy
BIdI EdlmanTMhMRKab;ERbRbYl well graded KWCa RbePTdIEdlgaybgðab; ehIykarhab;mankMritx<s; .
edIm,IGacdwgGMBIKuNPaBrbs;deI RkayBIeBlbgððab;rYc eKcaM)ac;RtUvsikSaGMBIer:ssIu þg;rbs;deI naH .
kar sikSaenHRtUv)anesñIreLIg edaynayTahankgvisVkmµGaemrikaMg enAkñúgrdækalIhV½Ba:Ja (California)
EdleK)an eFVIkarsikSaeXIjfa eRkayBIbgðab; Proctor modified dl;krM it Optimum ehIyeKsegát
eXIjfa mandImYy kEnøgenAkñgú rdæ California manPaBrwghYskarsµan ehtudeU cñHehIyeK)aneFVIkarBi
esaFn_ dITaMgRKb;kEnøg kñúgsklelakeRbobeFobeTAnwgdIenArdæCaliforniaehIyrhUtmkdl;eBlenH
eKminTan;eXIjmandIkEnøgNa mYyEdl eRkayBIbgðab;rcY Gacmaner:sIusþg; esµInwgdIenArdæ California
eLIy .
EdlehAfa C.B.R KWCapl;eFoblT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;dikñúglkçxNÐ½ Optimum rbs; Proctor
modified eTAnwgdIenAkñúgrdæ California kñúglkçxN½Ð Optimum rbs; Proctor modified dUcKña. Ca
eKalkarN_KW eKsgát;BenøcsIuLaMgtan;mYyEdlCasILu aMgKMrU eTAkñúgdIbgðab;krM it Optimum sMrab;

Proctor modified EdleKRtaMTwkTukecal 4 éf¶ 4 yb; [lic)anCMerA 2,54 mm rW 5,08 mm .
bnÞab;BITTYl)annUvtMél Optimum rbs; Proctor modified eKeFVkI arbgðab; Proctor modified
mYy eTot kñúgkMrit Optimum . bnÞab;BeI naHeKmanviFBI Ir KWeKrk C.B.R kñúgkrNIRtaMTwk KWeKykBum<
Edlbgðab;rYc eTAdak;RtaMTwk 4éf¶ 4yb; edayeKvas;PaBehImrbs;vaehIybnÞab;mkeTIbeKykvaeTAdak;
enAeRkamm:asInu sMBaF ehIyeTIbeKsgátB; enøcsIuLaMgtan; Edlmanmuxkat; 19,5 cm edayeKvas;kMlaMg
2
page44
sMBaFeTAnwgsMrutRKb; 1mm mþg rhUtvaelc)an 10mm .

lT§plEdleKTTYl)aneKykmksg;RkaPicEdlmanG½kSGab;suIsCaG½kSsMrutrbs;sLuI aMgKit
Ca mm nigG½kSGredaeNCaG½kSsMBaFKitCa kgf/cm 3
P/kgf/cm2
P(5,08)
kMlaMgsMBat
P(2,54)
2,54 5,08
0 S (mm)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
00 1 20 3 4 5 6
0
kñúgkrNIEdlExSrekagrbs;eyIgmanlkçN³ekagxøaMg enAcMNuccab;epþIm ¬RsTab;xagelI gay

eCaKCaMTwk Cag CaehtueFVI[vaTn;xusRbRktI¦ enaHeyIgcaM)ac;RtUveFVI kMENExSekag edayeyIgKUs
bnÞat;b:³nwg kEnøgEdlRtg; bMputrbs;ExSekag ehIybnøayva [CYbG½kSGab;ssuI kEnøgCYbenHKWCa
Kl;G½kSfµI EdlGnuBaØati[ eyIgKitfavacab; BI 0eTA ¬emIlrUbxagelI¦ eBlenaHbnÞat;kat;G½kSGab;sIus
Rtg;cMNuc 1mm ehIycMNucenaHkøayeTACacMNuc 0 ehIyelx 2 køayeTACaelx 1 vij > > > .
enAelIRbB½n§G½kSfµIenaHeyIgKNna P(2,54) nig P(5,08)
P(2.54) KWkl M aMgsMBaFsMrab;sgát;BenøcsIuLaMg )anCMerA 2,54 mm
P(5,08) KWkl M aMgsMBaFsMrab;sgát;BenøcsIuLaMg )anCMerA 5,08 mm
page45
dUecñHeyIgGacKNnark C.B.R )antamrUbmnþdUcxageRkamenH ³

P(2,54) P(5,08)
C.B.R1 = 70 100%  C.B.R2 = 105 100%
sMrab;eFIfV ñl;TUeTA
tMélEdlKNnaeXIjkñgú rUbmnþTI2 y:ageRcInNas;GacesµnI wgrUbmnþTI1b:ueNÑaH ebIvaeXIjFMCag

)ann½yfakar BiesaFn_enHxus dUecñHeKRtUvBiesaFn¾eLIgvijmþgeTot.b:uEnþ ebIkarBiesaFn¾elIkTI2 enA
EteXIjlTæpldEdlenaH eyIgRtUvyktMélEdlFM Cag mkeRbIkgñú karKNna. elx 70 KW 70 kgf/cm 2
)anesckþIfasMrab;deI nA California edIm,IsgátB; enøc)an 2,54 mm eKRtuvkarkMlaMg 70kgf/cm . 2
rIÉelx 105 KW 105 kgf/cm )anesckþIfasMrab;deI nA California edIm,Isgát; Benøc)an 5,08 mm

2
eKRtUvkarkMlaMg 105 kgf/cm . 2
C.B.R lkçN³ kareRbIR)as;

0-3 Gn;bMput Very poor RsTab;eRkambMput
3-7 Gn; Poor RsTab;eRkambMput
7-20 mFüm Fair exOnrbs;fñl;
20-50 l¥ good RsTab;elIbMput
> 50 RbesIrbMput Exellence RsTab;elIbMput
cMNat;fñak;dI
USCS AASHTO
OH, CH, MH, CL A5, A6, A7
OH, CH, MH, OL A4, A5, A6, A7
OL, CL, ML, SC, SM, SP A2, A4, A6, A7
GM, GC, SW, SM, SP, GP A1b, A2-5, A3, A2-6
GW, GM A1a, A2-4, A3
page46
rUbTI6³ ]bkrN_BiesaFn_rk CBR
page47
enAelIkardæan karbgðab; RtUvGnuvtþ tamsþg;daxageRkam³

kareRCIserIsm:asunI bgðab;sMrab; kareFVIfñl;
RbePTm:asiun lkçN³Biess TMgn; KN cMnYnkin bgðab; kMras;bgðab; maDdI(m /h)
3
CM
r:UT,ÚrlIg bnÞkú efr 8 eTA 15 dg 20 eTA 25
r:ULÚekAs‘U
m:UT½rGUtmU :aTic sMBaFsþaTic 90 eTA 120 8 eTA 12 dg 15 eTA 20 65 eTA 97
TajedayRtak;T½r 450 8 eTA 12 dg 30 eTA 35 135 eTA 202
r:ULÚbgðab;edayeCIg sMBaFsþaTic 60 8 eTA 12 dg 18 eTA 20 64 eTA 96
r::ULÚmanbnøa 140 8 eTA 12 dg 20 eTA 30 74 eTA 110
bnÞHrMjr½
FunRsal sMBaFsþaTic 5 eTA 7 3 eTA 4 dg 40 eTA 50 24 eTA 31
FunF¶n; nig DINamic FMCag 17 3 eTA 4 dg 50 eTA 70 40 eTA 53
r:L:U ÚrMj½r bnÞkú sþaTic nig
Rsal DINamic 12 eTA 23 4 eTA 6 dg 30 36 eTA 54
F¶n; 30 eTA 60 4 eTA 5 dg 40 eTA 50 90 eTA 112
TajFunF¶n; 20 eTA 35 4 eTA 5 dg 40 eTA 50 100 eTA 125
F¶nb; Mput 40 eTA 80 4 eTA 5 dg 50 eTA 60 156 eTA 195
jjÜrbukbgðab; sMBaFsþaTic
m:asuInsamBaØ nig 20 eTA 30 3eTA 4 50eTA 70 23 eTA 31
m:asuInkMlaMgxøaMg karbukbgðab; 20 eTA 30 3eTA 4 50eTA 70 46 eTA 61
jjÜrbukbgðab; 5 3eTA 4 30 eTA 40 14eTA 19
edaybnÞúH 10 3eTA 4 40eTA 50 25eTA 32
page48
karbgðab;tamRbePTdI
kMras;RsTab;dIRtUvbgðab;
RbePTm:asiun RbePTdI
xSac; nigRKÜs dIlÆay
kMras;RsTab;dI lTæPaBbgðab; kMras;RsTab;dI lTæPaBbgðab;
3 3
Gtibrimar(M) (M /h)
Gtibrimar(M) (M /h)
bnÞHrMjr½
0.5 – 1 KN 0.15 15 - -
1 –2 KN 0.20 20 - -
4 – 5KN 0.35 35 0.25 25
6 – 9 KN 0.50 60 0.35 40
bnÞHrMjr½
0.75 KN 0.35 10 0.25 8
r:ÚLÚrlIg
8 KN 0.20 50 0.10 25
r:ÚLÚrlIg
12 - 15 KN 0.20 80 0.15 50
page49
6-karRtYtBinitüKuNPaBdI Control soil compaction

- epÞogpÞat; rW RtYtBinitüeRkayBIeBlbgðab;rYc ³
- eRkayBI)aneFIkV arkinbgðab;rcY ehIy eKminRtUvRkalekAs‘UPøameT eKcaM)ac;RtUvRtYtBinitü
GMBKI uNPaBénkarbgðab; enaH . karRtYtBinitü KWCakarepÞogpÞat; rkpleFobKitCaPaKry
rvagdg;sueI tdIs¶Üt  rbs;dI eRkayBIkinbgðab;rYc nig  kñúglkçx½NÐ Optimum
d d
EdlBiesaFn_)ankñúgmnÞIrBiesaFn_ .
 100%
Field
PaKryénkarbgðab;  d
 d max Labo
karbgðab;KWRtUveFVIeLIg edaykMNt;[)anc,as;nUvkMras;rbs;dIEdlRtUvbgðab;
eTAtamRbePTénRsTab;fñl; nimYy² ³
taragxageRkambBa¢ak;GMBIkarcaM)ac;énkarbgðab;rbs;RsTab;nimYy²
vtßúFatu bJu CMerA - kMras;; karkinbgðab;EdlcaM)ac;
1-dIFmµCatiRKw³fñl; 90% P.M
2-dIcak;RKw³fñl;
90% P. M
dIcak;RKw³fñl; cugeRkay (150 mm) 95% P.M

3-RKw³bnÞab;
- xSac; nig RKYs 95% P. M
- fµkinbMEbk dg;sIuet min = 2,23 g/cm3

4-RKw³EpñkxagelI
- xSac; nig RKYs 100% P.M
- fµkinbMEbk dg;sIuet min = 2,3 g/cm3

P.M modified Proctor
page50
enAeBlxøHeyIgRtUveFVIkarBiesaFn_ elIkardæanpÞal;edIm,IrknUvPaBeCOCak;énkarbgðab; eRBaHfa

enAeBlEdl eyIgeFVI Proctor eyIgRtUvErgqøgkat;kERBa¢g 19 mm . dUecñHebIeyIgeFVIkarbgðab;fµEdl
> 19 mm enaHlT§pl BiesaFn_rbs; Proctor min)aneqøy I tbeTAnwgkarBiteLIy .
dUecñHmanviFIeRcInNas; EdlGac[eKrk)an nUvPaBeCO Cak;rbs;fµdUcCa ³ karsgát;edayLankaMmIjgú: rW
karrk C.B.R elIkardæanpÞal; .
- karepÞogpÞat;tMél C.B.R
CaTUeTAeKRtUveFVI C.B.R min[ticCag 3 sMrab;kgñú karBiesaFn_nimYy² RbsinebItéM l C.B.R
mankarxusKña xøagM enaHeKRtUvBiPakSadUcxageRkamenH ³
lT§plénkarBiesaFn_ mantMélGacykCakar)anKñaluHRtaNaEt
1- C.B.R < 10 : tMélxusKñaGnuBaØatiKWesµIdl; 3
2- 10 < C.B.R < 30 : tMélxusKñaGnuBaØatiKWesµIdl; 5
3- 30 < C.B.R < 60 : tMélxusKñaGnuBaØatiKWesµIdl; 10
4- C.B.R > 60 : enaHeKKµankarcaM)ac;GIVnwgRtYtBinitüeT .
taragxageRkamenHnwgbgðaj GMBtI Mél C.B.R eTAnwgRbB½nc§ MNat;fñak;dI U.S C.S

Classification C.B.R
OH 0-4
OL ; CH ; MH 0-6
CL 0-8
ML 6 - 30
SP 8 - 25
SC ; SW 20 - 60
GP 25 - 60
GC ; Gw 40 - 80
page51
- karBiesaFn_edIm,IepÞogpÞat;
eKGaceFVIkarsikSadUcteTAenH
1-RbsinebIdIenaHCaRbePTdI\dæEdlykmkkinbgðab;enaHeKGacxYgyksMNakKMrUminxUcRTg;
RTayedim,Imkrkdg;sIeu trbs;va enAmnÞIrBiesaFn_ CaTUeTAKWCaRsTab;RKw³dIFmµCati kñúglkçx½NeÐ nH

eKTamTa[karbgðab;)anRtwmEt 90% P.M Etb:ueNÑaHKWRKb;RKan;ehIy .
2-sMrab;RsTab;RKw³EdleyIgmkcak; ehIykinbgðab;eKGacxYgyksMNakKMrU minxUcRTg;RTay
RbsinebIeK eFV)I an b:uEnþebIsinvaCaxSac; rW RKYs eRkayBIkinbgðab;rcY ehIy eKcaM)ac;eFVIkarBiesaFn_Pøam²

rkdg;suIetrbs;va edayeK CIkkUnreNþAtUcmYy ehIybgðÚrxSac;sþg;dar eday]bkrN_eQµaH SAND
CONE APPARATUS EdlmanP¢ab;dUc rUbxageRkamenH .
xSac;sgþ ;darKWCaRbePTxSac;s¶ÜtEdleKErg enAcenøaHkERBa¢g 0,59mm nig 0,42mmeK

KNnarkdg;suIet dIxSac;s¶ÜtenaHkñgú krNIRtsuHbMput dmin bnÞab;mkeKbgðÚrxSac;enaH cUleTAkñúg
reNþAEdleKCIk[eBj bnÞab;mkeKKNnarkm:as;dIxSac;EdleKbgðÚrcUlkúñgreNþAenaH. dUecñHeK
GacKNnark)anmaDkUnreNþA EdleK)anCIkdIecj .
]TahrN_ ³ eBlEdleKCIkkUnreNþA eKTTYl)anGacm_dTI Mgn; 2 kg .

dg;sIuetdIxSac;s¶ÜtRtsuHbMput dmin = 1,40 g/cm3
m:as;xSac;EdleKcak;cUl[eBjkUnreNþAKW 1,7 kg
KNnarkmaDrbs;kUnreNþAKW V=
1700 g
1.40 g / cm3
= 1214,3 cm
3
dUecñHdg;sIeu tdIbgðab; max =

2000 g
1214.3cm3
= 1,65 g/cm3
page52
rUbTI7 ³]bkrN_ SAND CONE rUbTI 8 ³karepÞógpÞat; CBR
page53
4-m:üagvijeTot eKGacRtYtBinitü CBR eday eRbI Dynamic Cone Penetration Test(DCP)

karBiesaFn× bukTMlHu dIedaykMlaMgDINamik tamrUbmnþxageRkam³
sMrab;]bkrN¾RbePT³
1-Kleyn and Van Heerden(600cone) : Lg.(CBR)=2.632-1.28Lg.(mm/blow)
2-Smith and Pratt (300cone) : Lg.(CBR)=2.555-1.145Lg.(mm/blow)
3-VanVuuren (300 cone) : Lg.(CBR)=2.503-1.15Lg.(mm/blow)
4-TRRL Road Note 8(600cone) : Lg.(CBR)=2.48-1.057Lg(mm/blow)

CaTUeTAeyIgeRbIRbePTk,alekaNTI 4 kñúgkarRtYtBinitü.
edayELkkarRtÜtBinitü epÞógpÞat; CBR enAelIkardæan RtÚv)aneFVeI LIgkñúglkçxNÐ½s¶Üt EdlxusBI
CBR enAmnÞB I iesaFn_ EdlRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgkñgú lkçxNÐR½ taMTwk.dUecñHeKmanviFIm:üageTotedIm,I epÞógpÞat;
CBR KWeKeFVI Proctor modified kñúgsMeNIm Optimum kñúgkMritbgðab;xus²Kña.
-KW sMrab;Bmu <T1I eyIgbgðab; 10jjÜrkñúg1RsTab;.

-sMrab;Bum<TI2eyIgbgðab; 30jjÜrkñúg1RsTab;.
-sMrab;Bum<TI3eyIgbgðab; 60jjÜrkñúg1RsTab;.
bnÞab;mkeyIgykBum<TaMg3mkRtaMTwk4yb;4éf¶ eTIbeyIgykmksgát;rk CBR . CacugbBa©b;
eyIgsg;RkaPik CBR GnuKmn_ nwg d dUecñHtamry³RkaPikenH eyIg BitCaGacKNnark CBR )an
Rbsin ebIeyIgsÁal; d .
Determination CBR Chart
2.5
Drydensity g/cm3
1.5
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
CBR
page54
7-kMlaMgkat;pþac;rbs;dI Shear strength of soil

eRkayBIkarEbgEckcMNat;fñak;dIrYcehIy eyIgeFIkV ar)a:n;saµ n)anGMBIlT§PaBRTRTg;ebs;dI )an
RbEhlRtwmEt 70 eTA 80 PaKry b:ueNÑaH dUecñHedIm,IeFVeI GaykarKNnamantMélsuRkit enaHeKcaM)ac;
RtUveFIVkarsikSanUvral;kMlaMgTaMgGs;EdlmanenAkµñµúgdI . manviFICaeRcInEdlGacGnuBaØati
eGayeKKNnarkGMBIkMlaMgrbs;dEI dlsikSaedayelak COULOMB & MOHR.
EdlehAfakMlaMgkat;pþac;rbs;dI KWCaer:sIusþg; EdlekItmaneLIg enAkñúgdIRbqaMgeTAnwgkar
kat;pþac; rW rGildac;ecjBIKña BI\TæiBlrbs;kMlaMgxageRkA.eKsikSaGMBI kMlaMgkat;pþac;rbs;dI
edIm,IQaneTAeFVIkarKNnaGMBIlTæPaBRTRTg;rbs;dI sßanPaBlMnwgrbs;CMral nig sßanPaB lMnwgrbs;
CBa¢aMgTb;dI .
-c,ab; lkçN½énkarkat;pþac; rbs; elak MOHR-COULOMB:
enAkñgú qñaM 1900 elak MOHR )anbegáItnUvRTwsþI énkarkat;pþac; rbs; rUbFatu. c,ab;)an
Ecgfa GgÁFatumYyRtÚv)anpþac;ecjBIKña eday kMlaMgEkg nigkMlaMgkat;pþac; lkçN½ Critical
combination of normal stress and shear sress EtminEmnedaykMlaMgEkg nig kMlaMgkat;pþac; Gti
brimar eLIy Maximum combination of normal stress and shear stress . enAkñgú qñaM 1776
elak COULOMB )aneGaynUvsmIkarmYy edIm,IKNna rkTMnak;TnM g rvagkMlaMgEkgnigkMlaMgkat;
pþac;dUcxageRkamenH³
  tg  c
Edl - C (cohesion) Caer:siusþgs; ¥itCab;rbs;dI
-  (Internal friction angle) CamMukkitkñúgrbs;dI
-  (Normal stress) CakMlaMgEkg
-  (Shear strees) CakMlaMgkat;pþac;
smIkarenHeKeGayeQµaH fa c,ab; lkçN½énkarkat;pþac; rbs; elak MOHR-COULOMB(Mohr-
Coulomb Failure Criteria).
page55
x
x
bøg;kat;pþac;
-mMuTMertEdlekIteLIgedaykMlaMgkat;pþac;³
Inclination of the plan of failure caused by shear:
tamc,ab; lkçN½énkarkat;pþac; rbs; elak MOHR-COULOMB eyIgGacKNnarkmMuTeM rténbøg;
kat; pþac; tamrUbPaBxageRkam Edl  nig  CakMlaMgEkg sMxan; tamTisedABIrEkgKña.
1 3
1
3
page56


2

C
f 0 3 a 1

eyIgGacsresrTMnak;TnM g   45  2
edayELkeyIg GacmanTMnak;TnM g
ad 1   3
sin   , fa = fo+oa = c.cot+
fa 2
1   3
ad 
2
1   3
sin   2
1   3
c. cot  
2
 1  sin    cos  
 1   3   2c 
 1  sin    1  sin  
1  sin    cos   
eday 1  sin 
 tan 2  45  
 2
nig
1  sin 
 tan 45  
 2
enaHeyIg)an³
   
 1   3 tan 2  45    2c tan 45  
 2  2
page57
-karkat;pþac;RbePTdICaMTwk³
Shear failure law in saturated soil:
enAkñgú dICaMTwkkMlaMgEkg srubenAelIcMNcu mYyrbs;dI total stress KW CaplbUkrvagkMlaMg

Rbtikmµrbs;RKab;dI effective stress nigkMlaMgTwkEdlmankñúgRbehagRKab;dI pore water pressure.
 = '+u
Edl  Ca kMlaMgEkgsrub
 ' Ca kMlaMgRbtikmµrbs;RKab;dI
u Ca kMlaMgTwkenAkñúgRKab; dI
kñúgkrNIenHeKGacsresrsmIkar elakCoulomb tamTMnak;TnM gxageRkamenH
 =(-u)tan  + c =  ' tan + c
sMrab;RkúmdIxSac; tMél cesµInwg 0.cMeBaHBBYkdI\dæ Tn;RCayEdlsßitenAkñúg lkçN½eRkam

sMBaFFmµta normaly consolidated tMél c esµRI bEhlnwg 0. cMeBaHBBYkdI\dæ rwg hab;Edlsßti
enAkñgú lkçN½ eRkAsMBaF overconsolidated tMél c FMCag 0.
cMeBaHBBYkdI\dæ Tn;RCayEdlsßti enAkñúg lkçN½eRkamsMBaFFmµta normaly consolidated

tMél  esµRI bEhlBI 20 eTA 30 dWeRk. cMeBaHBBYkdI\dæ rwg hab;EdlsßitenAkñúg lkçN½ eRkAsMBaF
overconsolidated tMél  mantMéltUc KYeGaykt;sMKal;.
xageRkamenHKWCatarag bgðaj GMBI mMu sMrab;BBYkdIxSac; xøHEdl eK)aneFVIkarsegátknøgmk
page58
RbePTdI mMu KwtCa dWeRk

xSac;manRKab;mUl²
RtsuH 27-30
hab;mFüm 30-35
hab; 35-38
xSac;manRKab;RCúg²
RtsuH 30-35
hab;mFüm 35-40
hab; 40-45
RKYslayxSac; 34-48
dIl,aym:dæ 26-35
edIm,IKNnarkkMlaMgkat;paþ c;rbs;dI enAkñúgmnÞIBiesaFn¾ eKeRbI]bkrN¾2RbePT KW RbGb;kat;

pþac;dI direct shear testnig ]bkrN¾ GkS½ 3 triaxial test.
-RbGb;kat;pþac;dI³
Direct Shear Test:
]bkrN¾ enHRtÚv)anbegátI eLIgeday elak Casagrande .]bkrN_ Tajpþac;dI Shear box
¬emIlrUbxageRkam¦ EdlCa]bkrN_mü:ag GnuBaØatieGayeKvas;)annUv er:ssuI þg;rbs;dFI n;ngw karkat;pþac;
Edlman PaBs¥itrbs;dI C nigmuMkkitkñúgrbs;dI  .karBiesaFn_ KWeK yk sMNakKMrUminxUcRTg;RTay
dak;clU eTA kñúgRbGb;Bei saFn_EdlRbGb;enaH EckecjCaBIrEpñkepSgKñaKW EpñkxagelIGacrMkil )antam
bøg;edk nigRbGb;xag eRkamenAnwg.eKdak;kUnTMgn;sgát;eTAelIdIenaHeGay)an 1 kgf/cm edayeKvas;
2
sMrutEdleKTTYl)anBIkarsgát;enaH KWeKrg;caMTal;EtdIElgRsut eTIbeKcab;epþImeRbIkMlaMgTaj rhUt

Tal;EtdIdac;ecjBIKña .l½kçx½NEÐ lgRsutKWenAkñgú xN³knøHem:agPaBRsutxusKñaminelIsBI 0.01 mm .
page59
l½kçx½NéÐ ndIdac;ecjBIKñaKWenAkñúgxN³EdlRbGb;xagelIGacrMkil)an 2 mm el,ÓnénkarTaj

dIKW 1.2 mm/ 1mn edayeKvas;kMlaMgsMrab;kat;pþac;deI naH .
tamkarBiesaFn_elakKULMúsegáteXIjfaeBlEdlelakeRbIkMlaMgsgát;kan;EtxøagM enaHkMlaMgTaj
pþac;kan; Et ekIn ehIykMeNInenaHCaGnuKmn_ smIkarbnÞat;Rtg;manrag ³
  c   tg
dUecñHkarBiesaFn_RtUveFVbI Idgy:agticedayeRbIkMlaMgsgát;epSg² KñaKW 1 kgf/ cm 2

, 2 kgf/ cm2
3 kgf/ cm2 .
kMNt;sMKal;³
kMlaMgTajpþac;RtUvEtekIneLIgtamkMlaMgsgát;pÞúyeTAvijebIeyIgeXIjfavafycuH)ann½yfakar
BiesaFn_rbs;eyIgxus dUecñHeyIgRtUveFVIkarBiesaFn_mþgeTot .
tamRTwsþeI KRtUvykcMnucEdlTTYl)anBIkarBiesaFn_eTAsg;RkahVicehIycMnucTaMgbIenaHRtUvrt;Rtg;
Kña enA elIRbB½n§G½kSkUGredaenEdlmanG½kSGab;sIusCaG½kS  EdlCakMlaMgsgát;nigG½kSGredaen Ca
G½kS  EdlCa kMlaMgTajpþac; .bnÞat;enaHrt;kat;G½kSGredaenRtg;; c EdlPaBs¥ti rbs;dI KWkMlaMgkat;
pþac;kñúgxN³kMlaMgsgát;   0 . bnÞat;dEdlenaHpþMúnigG½kSGab;suIsbegáIt)aneTACamuM  EdlCa muM
kkitkñúg .
kñúgkrNIEdldIeyIgCadIxSac; c  0 dUecñHsmIkarmanrag    tg dUecñHbnÞat;eyIgecjBIKl;

0 .kñúgkarBiesaFn_eyIgminGacTTYl)an cMnucTaMgbIenaHrt;Rtg;KñaeT dUecñHeyIgRtUvKUrbnÞat; mFüm kat;
cMnunTaMgbIeday eyIgeRbIKNitviTüaEbb statistics edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenH .
 i  tg   i
C
n
n ( i i )   i  i
tg 
n  i   i 
2 2
-n CacMnYnBiesaFn_
page60
kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH eKGaceFVIkarKNnarkbnÞat;mFüm)an edayeRbIR)as;kmµviFI kñúgkuMBüÚTr½

tam Program Excel EdlGacKNnark C nig  )annigKUsRkahVki énkarBiesaFn_y:agelOn ehIy
suRkitCaTIbMput .edayELkkñúgm:asunI KitelxtUc²EdlmankMrwtcab;BI 4000 P eLIgeTAk¾GnuBaØati
eGay eKeFVIkarKNna)anEdr .

3
3
2
2
1
 1

1 2 3
-segát³cMeBaHBBYkdI RCay rWdIRtsuH eyIgsegáteXIjfakMlaMgkat;pþac;ekIneLIg tambMlas;

TIbøg;edk rhUtTal;EtdIdac;ecjBIKña eTIbkMlaMgkat;pþac;enAefr. eday ELkcMeBaHBBYkdIhab; rW rwgeyIg
segát eXIjfakMlaMgkat;pþac;ekIneLIg tambMlas; TIbøg;edk rhUtTal;EtdIdac;ecjBIKña eTIbkMlaMg
kat;pþac;Føak;cuH mkdl;kMlaMgkat;pþac; cugeRkay eTIbvaenAefr.
 xSac;hab; kMlaMgkat;pþac;cugeRkay
kMlaMgkat;pþac;Gtibrmar
xSac;RtsuH
bMlas;TIbøg;edk
page61
-krNIkat;pþac;dICaMTwk³
Drained direct shear test on saturated sand and clay
karBiesaFn¾ kat;pþac;dICaMTWk CatMbUgeyIgRtUvRtaM dIeyIg TukecaleGayvaEq¥tTwk.bnÞab;mk
eyIgsgát;dITal;EtkMlaMgsMBatTwkesµnI wg 0¬TwkRCabecjBIRbehagdI¦ minticCag 24em:ag.bnÞab;mk
eTIbeyIgTajpþac;dIeday el,ÓnyWtCaTIbMput BI 2 eTA 5 éf¶cMeBaH dI\dæ. cMeBaHdIxSac;emKuNCMrab
mantMélFM dUecñHkMlaMgsMBatTwk Kµan\TæBi leTAelIkarBiesaFn¾eLIy.kñgú krNIenHeyIgsegáteXIjfa
mMu sMrab;xSac;s¶ÜtngixSac;esImman tMélesµIKña.
-sMKal; ³ cMeBaHBBYkdI\dæ Tn;RCayEdlsßitenAkñúg lkçN½eRkam sMBatFmµta normaly
consolidated tMél c esµRI bEhlnwg 0. cMeBaHBBYkdI\dæ rwg hab;Edlsßit enAkñúg lkçN½ eRkAsMBat
overconsolidated tMél c FMCag 0.
dIrwg
C

dIRCay

page62
-segát³
kñúgkrNIEdlkMlaMgkat;pþac; Gtibrma  peak FMCag kMlaMgkat;pþac;cugeRkay  ultimate
enaH eyIgnwg)an RkaPik2 epSg Kña.EdlRkaPikTI1 sg;tam  peak eyIgnwg)an tMélmMu  p EdlCa
tMél Gtibrma. RkaPikTI2 sg;tam  critical eyIgnwg)an tMélmMu  cs EdlCa tMél Gb,rma. Ca TU
eTAkñúgkarKNna RKwHeKeRbI tMélmMu  cs EdlCa tMél Gb,rma. dUecñHkñúgkarBiesaFn¾ cMeBaHdIrwg rW
dIhab; eKRtÚvdak;kMlaMg sgát;Ekg eGay FM Edlkñgú krNI enH eyIgnwgTTYl)an  peak =  ultimate
-krNIkMlaMg sgát;   100KPa
 peak
  ultimate
p
cs
page63
-krNIkMlaMg sgát;   400KPa
  ultimate
 peak
cs or p
page64
rUbTI 9 ³]bkrN_BiesaFn_ Tajpþac;dI
-karBiesaFn_kñúgRbB½n§G½kSbI
Triaxial shear test
karBiesaFn_EdleyIg)anerobrab;xagelIKWeyIgGnuBaØatiþeGaydIrbs;eyIgdac;eTAtamTisedA
Edl)ankMNt;. dUecñHRbsinebImanRKYs rW fµmYydueM nAcMefñrRbGb;kEnøgEdl eyIgTajpþac;enaHva bNþal
eGay RbGb;TajdIKaMg eBlenaHeyIgnwgTTYl)aner:suIsþgd; Iman tMélFMEdlvaCaerOg mYyxus karBit .
dUecñHelak BISHOP Alain Wilfrid )an begátI ]bkrN¾ G½kSbI edIm,Ikac;b)M ak;dI Compression triaxial
IenaH)anesckþIfa dIGac)ak;)an RKb;Tis tamcitþEdl vacg; .
page65
eKyksMNakEdlminxUcRTg;RTay eRsabedayeRsam)øasÞIkdak;enAcenøaH Bisþúg;TaMgBIr

én]bkrN_ ehIydak;vacUlkñúgRbGb;biTCitCakBa©k; eTIbeKbBa©ÚlTwkeTAkñgú ]bkrN_eGay)an 3
ehIyeRbIkMlaMgsgát; 1eGayesµI 3 ehIyTukvaecal edayeGayTwkRCabcUl eTAkñúgdIrhUtTal;
EtdIenaHEq¥tTwk .karBiesaFn_EckecjCaBIrtMNak;kal³
- tMNak;kalTI 1 CatMNak;kalbgðab;dI edayeyIgeGay 3  1kñúgtMNak;kalenH
eyIgebIkr:bU ‘ÍeNreGayTwkhUrecjBIkñúgdIkñúgry³eBleRcIn éf¶ edayeyIgvas;nUvbMErlbMrlY maDrbs;dI
rhUtTal;EtvaElgRbRbYl .
-tMNak;kalTI2 CatMNak;kalsgát;bM)ak;dKI WeyIgTukeGay 3 enAefr ehIyeyIgsgát; 1
rhUtTal;EtdI)ak; . kñugtMNak;kalenHkarBiesaFn_EckecjCaBIrKW³
-karBiesaFn_edaybgðÚrTwkecjKW CD test(consolidated drained test) el,Ónénkar sgát;
bM)ak;KWyWtbMputKW 0.06 % . edayeyIg ebIkr:Ube‘Í NreGayTwkhUrecjkñgú xN³éneBlBiesaFn¾.
-karBiesaFn_edayminbgðrÚ Twk CU test(consolidated drained test) el,Ónénkarsgát;bM)ak;KW
1 % . edayeyIg bit r:Ub‘eÍ NrkMeu GayeGayTwkhUrecj kñg ú xN³éneBlBiesaFn¾.
lT§plTTYl )anBI karBiesaFn_ eyIgykmksg;C; argVg;elak MORH dUcrUbEdlP¢ab;mk Ca
mYy xag eRkamenH.karBiesaFn _RtUvman bIya: gtic.eyIgKUsbnÞat;b:HnwgrgVg;TaMgbIbnÞat;enaH KWbnÞat;
elak KULuM dUcnwgkarTajpþac;dIEdr.
karBiesaFn_EdleyIgerobrab;xagelIenHmantMéléføNas;eRBaHkarBiesaFn_manlkçN³sµúK
sµaj nig]bkrN_mantMéléfø . eKGnuvtþkar BiesaFn_dIEbb enH sMrab;EtsMNg;FM ² Etb:eu NÑaH.
-edayELkenAmankarBiesaFn¾ Ebbminbgðab;dI nig minbgðrÚ Twk UU Test(unconsolidated
undrained test) . EdlCakarBiesaFn¾ manlkçN³rhs½ edaydMbUgRKan;EteK[ 3= 1= 'o
eTIbeKbegáIn 1 rhUtTal;EtdI)ak; . edayeyIg bit r:Ube‘Í NrkMueGayeGayTwkhUrecjkñúgxN³én eBl

BiesaFn¾. kµgñú krNIenHrgVg; elak MORH manGgátp; ©it 1 ; 'o emIlrUbxageRkam ³
page66
Cu

'o o' '1
'o – KWCakMlaMgsgát; tKñarbs; dI(Over Borden Pressure) EdlKNnatamrUbmnþ xageRkam ³

'o = i. hi
Edl i KWCaTMgn;maD rbs;dI sMrab;dI Eq¥tTwk i= i' = isat - H2o
hi KWCakMras; RsTab;dI .
]TahrN¾ ³ cUrKNna rk 'o tamrUbxageRkamenH ³
2.00  = 15KN/m3 1.00m nIv:UTwkeRkamdI

dIxSac; sat = 20KN/m 3
M1
dI\dæ  = 19KN/m3
2.00
M2
1.50 M3 dIxSac;CaMTwk  sat= 20KN/m3
2.00 dI\dæ  = 20KN/m3

M4
sMrab;cMNuc M eyIgman '0M

1 1 = 15 x 1 + (20-10) x 1 = 25KN/m2
page67
sMrab;cMNuc M eyIgman 'oM

2 2 = 25 + (19-10)*2 = 43KN/m2

3 3 = 43 + (20-10) x 1.5 = 58KN/m2

4 4 = 58 + (20-10)x 2 = 783KN/m2
sMKal;³ ebIdI\dæeyIgCaRbePTdIEq¥tTwkEdrenaH eyIgRtÚveRbI ' = sat -  mkeRbIkñúgkarKNna .

H20
rUbTI 10³rUbPaBbgðaj GMBI kMlaMg kñúgdI
page68
rUbTI 11 ³]bkrN_BiesaFn_ RbB½næGkS½3
page69
rUbTI 12 ³eKalkarN_BiesaFn_ RbB½næGkS½3
page70
-karBiesaFn_edaybgðÚrTwkecjKW CD test(consolidated drained test) dUcrUbPaBelx 12 Ca

dMbUgeyIg begánI kMlaMg 3 edIm,Ibgðab;dI edayebIkr:bU ‘ÍneN eGayTwkhUrecj.kñúgeBlPøam²enaH kMlaMg
sMBaF Twk ekIneLIg esµnI wg UcEdltamkarBiesaFn¾ knøg mk eyIg GacmanTMnak;TnM g
B
U

C
Edl B emKuNCakMlaMgsMBaFTwkEdlesñeI LIgedayelak SkemptonkñúgqñaM1954
3
Uc CakMlaMgsMBaFTwk
3 CakMlaMgbgðab;dI
taragxageRkam bgðajGMBItéM l emKuN B sMrab;RbePTdIepSg² kñúgkrNICaMTwk³
RbePTdI tMél emKuN B
dI\dæRCay Normaly consolidated soft clay 0.9998
dI\dæTn; Lighty overconsolidated soft clay and silt 0.9988
dI\dæ rwg rW xSac; overconsolidated stiff clay and sand 0.9877
dI\dærwgxøaMg rWxSac;hab;xøaMg eRkamGMeBIénkMlaMg bgðab; xøaMg Very dense 0.9130
sands and very stiff clays at high confining pressure

edayr:Ub‘IneN ebIkcMhrTwk k¾ hUrecjBIkñúgdI krNIenH eFVIeGay kMlaMg sMBaFTwkTIbMput Føak;
cuH esµnI wg 0.bnÞab;mkeyIgcab;epþmI begánI kMlaMg  edayel,InyWtbMput edayTukeGayr:bU ‘IneN
d
ebIkcMhrTwk k¾ hUrecjBIkúñgdI.dUecñHkMlaMgsgát;bM)ak;dIEdleyIgvas;)an KWCakMlaMgRbtikmµsuTsæ aF

rbs;RKab;dI Effective stess at failure EdlkñúgkrNIenH kMlaMg sMBaFTwk Pore water pressure esµI0
Ud=0
d
3 3
Uc=0 Ud=0
3
3 3 3
3 3
page71
karBiesaFn¾EbbenH Gacpþl;eGayeyIg nUvkMlaMgBit²EdlmanenAkñúgdI KWeyIgTTYl)an³

-kMlaMg bgðab; srub Total confining stress nig kMlaMgbgðab;Bit² Effective confining
stress mantMél esµK I ña  3   '3
-kMlaMg sgát;bM)ak; srub Total axial stress at failure nig kMlaMgsgát;bM)ak;;Bit² Effective
axial stress at failure mantMél esµK I ña  3  df  1   '1
sMrab; karBiesaFn¾ EbbenH eyIgRtÚveFVI 3 dgy:agtic.EdlkñúgkarBiesaFn¾ nImYy² eyIgKUr)an rgVg;
mYy EdlmanGgátp; ©it sßitenAelI GkS½  nig man tMélesµnI wg '1- '2 bnÞab;mkeyIgKUrbnþat;b:H nwg
rgVg;TaMg 3.
-bnÞat; enaHGacmanTMrg; smIkar f  c   ' tg1sMrab;d\I dæ rwghab;
-r W f   ' tg sMrab;dxI Sac; WdI\dæRCay

Normaly cosolidated
Overconsolidated
1
3='3 1='1 
page72
1

1 3

1
2
3='3 1='1 
CaTUeTAkarBiesaFn¾EbbenH RtÚvcMNayeBl yUrKWRbEhl1GaTitü dUecñH eKmin sUv eRbIR)as;

karBiesaFn¾EbbenHeLIy kñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg.
-karBiesaFn_edayminbgðrÚ TwkecjKW CU test(consolidated undrained test) dUcrUbPaBelx
12CadMbUgeyIgbegánI kMlaMg 3 edIm,Ibgðab;dI edayebIkr:Ubn‘Í eN eGayTwkhUr ecj. kñúgeBl Pøam²
enaH kMlaMg sMBaF Twk ekIneLIg esµIngw Uc. edayr:Ub‘IneN ebIkcMhrTwk k¾ hUrecjBIkñúgdI krNIenH
eFVIeGay kMlaMg sMBaFTwkTIbMputFøak; cuH esµnI wg 0.bnÞab;mkeyIgcab;epþImbegáInkMlaMg  edayel,In
d
yWtedaybitr:Ub‘IneNmineGayTwkhUrecjBIkúñgdI.dUecñHkMlaMgsgátb; M)ak;dEI dleyIgvas;)an KWCa kMlaMg
page73
Rbtikmµsrub rbs;;d I Total stess at failure EdlkñúgkrNIenH kMlaMg sMBaFTwk Pore water pressure
mantMélFMCag 0 (U >0).eyIgGacKNna rk TMnak;TnM g U tamrUbmnþxageRkam³
d d
Ud
A
d
Edl A emKuNCakMlaMgsMBaFTwkEdlesñeI LIgedayelak SkemptonkñúgqñaM1954
edayELk kñúg CU test eyIgman TMnak;TMng³
kMlaMgsgátb; M)ak;dsI rub Major principal stress at failure Total
3+(d)f = 1
kMlaMgsgátb; M)ak;dI Bit² Major principal stress at failure Effective
1- (Ud)f = '1
kMlaMgbgðab;dIsrub Minor principal stress at failure Total
3
kMlaMgbgðab;dI Bit² Minor principal stress at failure Effective
3- (Ud)f = '3
Edl (Ud)f CakMlaMgsMBaFTwk enAkñgú xN³sgát;bM)ak; dUecñHeyIgGacmanTMnak;TMng³
1- 3= '1- 3
karBiesaFn¾ minRtÚveGayticCag3 bnÞab;mkeyIg sg;RkaPikdUcrUbPaBxageRkam
 Effective strees failure envelope

f ='tg
cu
Total stress failure envelope
f = tgcu
'3 3 '1 1

Udf Udf
page74

Normaly cosolidated
Overconsolidated
cu
1cu
Ccu
3 1 
CaTUeTAsMrab;dIRCay rWdxI Sac;enaHsmIkarelak CoulombmanTMrg;dUcxageRkamenH³

f   .tg (cu )
sMrab;dI rwg rWhab;xøagM enaHsmIkarelak CoulombmanTMrg;dUcxageRkamenH³
f  C(cu )   .tg (cu )
smIkarTaMg2 enHRtÚv )aneKeRbIR)as;y:agTUlMTUlay kñúgkarKNnaRKWH sMNg;TUeTA.
emKuNkMlaMgsMBaFTwk enAkñgu xN³kat;pþac; A  Af  ((udd)) ff
sMrab;dITn; RCay A  0.5.to1.0
sMrab;drI wg A  0.5.to.0
page75
-karBiesaFn¾ Ebbminbgðab;dI nigminbgðÚrTwk UU Test(unconsolidated undrained test).

EdlCakarBiesaFn¾ manlkçN³rhs½ edaydMbUgRKan;EteK[ 3= 1= 'o eTIbeKbegánI 1 rhUtTal;
EtdI)ak; . edayeyIg bit r:Ub‘ÍeNrkMueGayeGayTwkhUrecjkñúgxN³én eBl BiesaFn¾. dUcrUbPaBelx
12CadMbUgeyIgbegánI kMlaMg 3 edIm,Ibgðab;dI edaybitr:Ubn‘Í eN mineGayTwkhUr ecj. kñúgeBl Pøam²
enaH kMlaMg sMBaF Twk ekIneLIg esµInwg Uc. edayr:Ub‘IneN bitCitTwk minGac hUrecjBIkñúgdI
)aneLIy krNIenH eFVIeGay kMlaMg sMBaFTwkenAefr esµnI wg Uc.bnÞab;mkeyIg cab;epþmI begáIn kMlaMg
 edayel,In yWtedaybitr:Ub‘IneNmineGayTwkhUrecjBIkñúgdI.dUecñH kMlaMgsgát; bM)ak;dI EdleyIg
d
vas;)an KWCa kMlaMg Rbtikmµsrub rbs;;d I Total stess at failure EdlkñúgkrNIenH kMlaMg sMBaFTwk
Pore water pressure mantMélFMCag 0 (U >0).eyIgGacKNna rk TMnak;TMng U tamrUb
d d
mnþxageRkam³
Ud
A
d
Edl A emKuNCakMlaMgsMBaFTwkEdlesñeI LIgedayelak SkemptonkñúgqñaM1954
RbsinebI U CakMlaMgsMBaFsrubrbs;TwkEdlmankñúgdI KW
U  Uc  Ud rW U  B 3  A ( 1   3)
karBiesaFn¾ Ebbminbgðab;dI nigminbgðÚrTwk UU Test(unconsolidated undrained test).

minmankarERbRbÜl eTAtam kMlaMg bgðab;3eLIy KWedaysarEtTwk minGacRCabecjBIdI dUecñHkMlaMg
Rbtikmµrbs;Twk minGnuBaØat eGaydIhab;eLIy dUecñH tMél 1   3  const . kñúgkrNI enH eyIg )an
tMél  (u)  0 nig Cu>0 .

failure envelope =0
Cu
page76
-er:susI þg;dIFn;nwgkarsgát;bM)ak;
Unconfined compression test on saturated clay
1 
F
1

2
0 2 
1  2 = 3 = 0 I 1
M 1

2
1
KWCakareBiesaFn_ EdleKKNnarker:ssuI þg;dI kñúgry³eBlxøI niyayrYmKWminbgðab; nigminbgðrÚ

TWk KWdUcKñaebHbit eTAnwg karBiesaFn¾ Ebbminbgðab;dI nigminbgðÚrTwk UU Test (unconsolidated
undrained test) edayRKan;Et eKeGay kMlaMgbgðab;dI 3 = 0 KWeKsikSaBiesaFn_ eTAelI sMNak
KMrmU inxUcRTg;RTaymanragCasuILaMg EdlmankMBs; h = 2 dgén Ggát;p©it d , h ERbRbYlBI 70 mm

- 80 mm . ]bkrN_esaFn_Ca]bkrN_samBaØ bMput EdleK Gacsgáte; TAelIdI edayel,Ón efrKW 
esµeI Gay 2 % kñúg 1 mm ,  = 2 % / 1 mm edaykñúgeBl enaHeKvas; kMlaMg

sMBaFsgát;RKb;xN³ 0.2mm mYydg . eKbnþsgát;rhUtTal;EtdIenaH )ak; b¤eRbHeTIbQb; .
enAkñgú eBlEdleKBiesaFn_enaHeKGacCYbRbTHenAkMhusEdlbNþalmkBI bMEr bMrlY muxkat;rbs;dI
EdleyIgBiesaFn_enaH dUecñHeKRtUveFVIkMENmuxkat;rbs;sMNakKMrUedaysarkarrYj rbs;dI .
page77
kMNt;sMKal; ³ ]bkrN_ GnuBaØatieGayeyIgvas;

H )anEtbnÞúk N Edlsgát;eTAelIdIEtbu:eNÑaH ÉkMlaMg
H 0 sMBaF P
N
S
Edl S KWCamuxkat;rbs;sMNakKMrU .
D 0 dUecñHebI S ERbRbYldUcrUbEdleyIg)aneXIjenaH
kMlaMgsMBaFk¾ERbRbYlEdr . CaTUeTAeKGacKNnarkmuxkat;RKb;xN³énkarBiesaFn_KW
D0 2 1
Ac  .
4 1 
Edl   H, D Ggát;p©itdImunkarBiesaFn_ . eRkayBIkarKNna)annUvkMlaMgsMBaF nUvRKb;

0
H
xN³sMrutTaMgGs; eKGacKNna)annUvkMlaMgsMBaFRKb;xN³xUcRTg;RTay  . eKKit  eTACa PaK
0
ry ehIyeKyktMélEdlTTYl)anenHeTAsg;CaRkahVic .eBlenaHeKTTYl)anG½kSsMBaF nig G½kS

Gab;ssuI CaG½kSkMhUcRTg;RTay  RkahVicecjCarag)a:r:abUlpáab; EdlkMBUl)a:r:abUl: eGaynYvtMél
er:sIusþg;Fn;nwgkarsgátb; M)ak;rbs;dI . ÉPaBs¥itrbs;dIkgñú keNIminbgðÚrTwkecjKW C = qu / 2 .
u
qu KWCaer:sus I þg;Funnwgkarsgát;bM)ak;rbs;dI . KW)anesckþIfaenAkñúglMhredIm,IeGay dImYy)ak; eK

RtUveRbIkMlaMg qu .
eyIgKUsbnÞat;b:HénExSekagEdleyIgBiesaFn_Rtg;cMnuccab;epþmI ¬GnuKmn_smIkarbnÞat;Rtg; ¦
tg  énbnÞat;enaHKWCamU:DúlkMhUcRTg;RTay .
elak Skempton (1957))aneGaynUvTMnak;TMng kñgú karKNna rkPaBs¥itrbs;dI kñúgkrNIminbgðÚrTwk
Undrained cohesion Cu tamTMnak; TMngxageRkamenHsMrab;BBYkdI\dæRCay³
Cu   '0 (0.11  0.0037( PI ))
page78
rUbTI13 ³]bkrN_BiesaFn_
sgát; bM)ak;dI
page79
8-kMlaMgFak;cuHkñúgdI
Stress in soil mass
enAeBlEdleyIgmanRKwH mYyQrelIdI enaHdIEdlenACab;pÞal;nwg)atRKwHrgnUvkMlaMgGtibrimar
EdlbnÞkú ssrrujeTAelIRKwHenaH.b:Eu nþcMeBaHdIEdl enA CMerAeRCA kMlaMgFak;cuHrbs;RKwH RtÚvfycuHtam
CMerA TaMgenHbNþalmkBI mankMlaMgmYyénEpñkxøHFak;eTAxag EdlktþaenHeFVeI Gayman kar)at;bg;kM
laMgEdlFak;Rtg;cuHeRkam. eyIgsegátemIlGMBRI bePTénkMlaMgxøH dUcxageRkamenH³
-kMlaMgeTal ³
q
Z
r
RbsinebIeyIgmankMlaMgeTal q mYysgát; eTAelIcMNucmYyelIdI ehIy ebIeyIgcg; dwgBIkMlaMg

esssl;Rtg;cMNcu Z ehIymanKMlat r ecjBIG½kSKW cMNuc M enaHelak Boussinesq
)anesñIreLIgnUv rUbmnþ edIm,IKNna kMlaMg kñúgCMerA Z Rtg;cMNcu M :
3.q 3.q
v = .Cos 5  .
2. .Z 2 5
 r 
2 2
2.Z 2 1  2 
 Z 
page80
-kMlaMgrayesµI elImuxkat;mUl

M
kµñúgkrNIEdleyIgmankMlaMgrayesµI sgáte; TAelImuxkat;manragmUl EdlsßitenAkñúgCMerA Z cMG½kS

énRKwH KWcNM uc M enaHeyIgGac KNna)annUv kMlaMgRtg;cMNcu enaH tamrUbmnþ dUcxageRkam .
v = q ( 1-cos3 )
-kMlaMgrayesµIelImuxkat;ctuekaN
2a
2b
sMrab;klM aMgrayesµIEdlsgát;eTAelIRKwHragctuekaN KW GacGnuBaØatieGayeKKNna)an nUv kMlaMg

sßitenAkñúgCMerA Z Rtg;cMNuc M enAelIcMNcu G½kSénRCug rbs;RKwH enaHeKGaceRbI rUbmnþ .
page81
v = K.q
Edl K KWCaemKuNEdleKGacKNna)ankñúgtarag EdlP¢ab;mkCamYy . dUecñHRbsinebIeKcg;rk
kMlaMg EdlzitenARtg;cMNucNak¾edayeRkam)atRKwHenaHeKGaceRbIR)as;karEbgEck RKwHCakUnRKwH
tUc² edayeFVIy:agNaeGaypl bUkkUnRKwHtUc² eGayesµIRKwHFM emIlrUbxageRkam .
I II
V = q. (KI + KII + KIII + KIV)
ss M
MM
III IVIV
I I II
V = q. (KI + KII - KIII - KIV)
III IV
M
lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarKNnakMlaMgEdlenAesssl; Rtg;cMNcu M kñúg CMerA Z=5m tamrUbxageRkam ebIkMlaMg
rayesµI q = 100KPa .
2a=1.5m
I
2b=2m II
V = q. (KI + KII - KIII - KIV)
III IV
0.5
0.5m M
page82
kñúgkrNIenH sMrab;RKwHTImYy ³
2b=2.5m
2a=0.5m
naMeGayeyIg)an ba  5 & 2Za  10 dUecñHtamtarag eyIgTTYl)an K1 = 0.020
kñúgkrNIenH sMrab;RKwHTIBIr ³
2b=2.5m
2a=1.00m
naMeGayeyIg)an ba  2.5 & 2Za  5 dUecñHtamtarag eyIgTTYl)an K2 = 0.039
kñúgkrNIenH sMrab;RKwHTIbI ³
2b=0.5m
2a=0.50m
naMeGayeyIg)an ba  1 & 2Za  10 dUecñHtamtarag eyIgTTYl)an K3 = 0.005
kñúgkrNIenH sMrab;RKwHTIbYn ³
2b=0.5m
2a=1.00m
naMeGayeyIg)an ba  0.5 & 2Za  5 dUecñHtamtarag eyIgTTYl)an K4 = 0.009
dUecñH eyIg)an  = q. (K + K - K - K )
V I II III IV
V = 100(0.02 + 0.039 – 0.005- 0.009)
V = 4.5 KPa
edayELkkñúgkarKNnaGMBIklM aMgEdlFak;eTAkñúgCMerAdI enAcMGkS½RKwHeyIgGaceRbIrUbmnþxag
eRkamenH³
-rUbmnþTI1³ eyIgKitfa kMlaMgEdlFak;eTAeRkamRKwH EckecjCamM 1 edk 2 Qr. dUecñH ebIRKwH
eyIg man TTwgesµI 2 m nig beNþay esµI 2/50 m rgnUvbnÞkú 500 KN enaHenA CMerA 5 m cMGkS½RKwH
dIeyIgTTYlrgbnÞúk (2  5500 KN
)  (2.5  5)m
 9.52 KPa
page83
KW)anesckþIfa enA CMerA 5 m eyIgmanRKwHsnµt; mYyEdlman TTwg B  Z nigbeNþay L  Z

Edl Z CaCMerAEdleyIgsikSa.
-rUbmnþTI2³ V= 4.I qenAcMG½kSRKwHnig V= I q enAcMEKmRKwH
2 2
1  2mn m 2  n 2  1  m 2  n 2  2   2mn m 2  n 2  1 
 
I2   2    arctg
4  m  n 2  m 2 n 2  1  m 2  n 2  1   m 2  n 2  m 2 n 2  1 
 

kñúgkrNIenH sMrab;enAcMEKmRKwH m
B
Z
n nig
L
Z
sMrab;enAcMGkS½RKwH m
B
2Z
n nig
L
2Z
b/a
K 0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.4 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 10 
0 0.000 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250
0.2 0.000 0.137 0.204 0.234 0.240 0.244 0.247 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249
0.4 0.000 0.076 0.136 0.187 0.202 0.218 0.231 0.240 0.243 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.244
0.5 0.000 0.061 0.113 0.164 0.181 0.200 0.218 0.232 0.238 0.239 0.240 0.240 0.240 0.240 0.240
0.6 0.000 0.051 0.096 0.143 0.161 0.182 0.204 0.223 0.231 0.233 0.234 0.234 0.234 0.234 0.234
0.8 0.000 0.037 0.071 0.111 0.127 0.148 0.173 0.200 0.214 0.218 0.219 0.220 0.220 0.220 0.220
1 0.000 0.028 0.055 0.087 0.101 0.120 0.145 0.175 0.194 0.200 0.202 0.203 0.204 0.205 0.205
1.2 0.000 0.022 0.043 0.069 0.081 0.098 0.121 0.152 0.173 0.182 0.185 0.187 0.189 0.189 0.189
1.4 0.000 0.018 0.035 0.056 0.066 0.080 0.101 0.131 0.154 0.164 0.169 0.171 0.174 0.174 0.174
 1.5 0.000 0.016 0.031 0.051 0.060 0.073 0.092 0.121 0.145 0.156 0.161 0.164 0.166 0.167 0.167
1.6 0.000 0.014 0.028 0.046 0.055 0.067 0.085 0.112 0.136 0.148 0.154 0.157 0.160 0.160 0.160
1.8 0.000 0.012 0.024 0.039 0.046 0.056 0.072 0.097 0.121 0.133 0.140 0.143 0.147 0.148 0.148
2 0.000 0.010 0.020 0.033 0.039 0.048 0.061 0.084 0.107 0.120 0.127 0.131 0.136 0.137 0.137
2.5 0.000 0.007 0.013 0.022 0.027 0.033 0.043 0.060 0.080 0.093 0.101 0.106 0.113 0.115 0.115
3 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.016 0.019 0.024 0.031 0.045 0.061 0.073 0.081 0.087 0.096 0.099 0.099
4 0.000 0.003 0.006 0.009 0.011 0.014 0.019 0.027 0.038 0.048 0.055 0.060 0.071 0.076 0.076
5 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.018 0.026 0.033 0.039 0.043 0.055 0.061 0.062
10 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.020 0.028 0.032
15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.010 0.016 0.021
20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.010 0.016
50 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.006
Edl = Za sMrab;krNI cMNuc enAcMBeI RkamGkS½RKwH V= 4.K q

= 2Za sMrab;krNI cMNuc M enAcMBeI RkamEKmRKwH V= K q
page84
-kMlaMgFak;cuHeTAeRkamtameCIgeTr³
Vertical Stress Due to Embankment Loading
kñúgkarsagsg;TMnb;Twk rW fñl; eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚveFVIkarsikSa GMBI kMlaMgEdlFak;cuHeTAkñúgdI edIm,IeFVI
karKNnarksMrutrbs;va.eyIgeFVkI arsikSa dUcxageRkamenH³
B2 B1
qo=H
2
1
q0  B1  B2  B 
 Z   ( 1   2 )  1 ( 2 )
  B2  B2 
 B  B2  B 
1 (radians )  arctg  1   arctg  1 
 Z  Z 
 B1 
 2 (radians)  arctg  
Z 
page85
9-karsikSarGMBIsMrutrbs;dI
Consolidation test
kñúgkareFVIsMNg; RKwHbBaðasMxan;minEmnsßitenARtg;karsikSaGMBIlT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;dI (The
Bearing Capacity) Etb:eu NÑaHeT. eRBaHkarsikSarTamTarnUvsMNg;BMnHu xñat;rbs;RsTab;dI edIm,I
sikSarGMBsI Mrutrbs;RKwH.eRBaHCYnkaldIEdlmanKuNPaBl¥GacmankMras;esþgI EdlCaehtu bNþal

[kMlaMgénTMgn;RKwHrujcuHeTAkñúgCMerAeRCA CaehtubNþal[b:HBal;eTAdl;RbePTdIEdlman KuN
PaBGn; eFVI[sMrutmantMélFMGtib,rima GacnaM[manmhnþray dl;sMNg;.
ehtukarN¾sMrutenHeKCYbRbTHenARKb;RbeTsTUTaMgsklelakEdlkñúgenaHrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgmha
RbeTseTotpg.edIm,IecosvagnUvehtukarN¾mhnþray¾TaMgGs;enH eKTamTarcaM)ac;nUv kar sikSarGMBI
sMrutrbs;RKwH.manviFIsaRsþy:ageRcIn edIm,IsikSarGMBIsMrutrbs;RKwH dUcCa ³
-kareRbIkMlaMgsgátk; ñgú reNþAxYg (Plat Bearing Capacity Test)
-kareRbI]bkrN¾sMBaFkñg ú reNþAxYg (Pressiometer Test)
-kareRbI]bkrN¾cak;TMluHdIeday (Static Penetration Test)
-kareRbI]bkrN¾cak;TMluHdIeday (Dynamic Penetration Test)

nigkarsikSarenAkñúgmnÞIrBiesaFn¾edayeRbI]bkrN¾ GUdEU m:Rt (Consolidation Test) fVI t,itEt
karN¾BiesaFn¾kñúgmnÞrI BiesaFn¾ manlkçx½NmÐ inRKb;RKan;dUckarBiesaFn¾elIkardæan pÞal; k¾eday
k¾b:uEnþsMNg;suIvilkñúgcMNat;fñak;elx II k¾dUcCasMNg;fñl; nig sMNg;GKar karBiiesaFn¾ GUdUEm:Rt
(Oedometer) RtÚv)aneKykmkeRbIR)as;CacaM)ac;eRBaHvacMNayGs;fvikartic ehIyrh½s Tan;citþ
ebIeRbobeTAnwgkarBiesaFn¾elIkardæanpÞal; (In Situ Test) .

kñúgkarBiesaFn¾ GUdUEm:RteKEckecjCaBIr ³
-GUdUEm:RtFmµta EdlGnuBaØati[eKeFVIkarKNnarkm:UDulkMhUcRTg;RTay (Young's Modulus)
EdlmanbBa©ÚleTAkñgú karKNna rksMrutPøam²rbs;RKwH.
-GUdUEm:RtGaRs½ynwgeBl EdlGnuBaØati[eKeFVkI arKNnarksMrutdMbUgnigbnÞab; . eyIgetagEvk
EjkGMBsI masFaturYmrbs;dkI ñgú CMhandMbUg ³
page86
dIKWCakarcUlrYmpSMnUvFatu 3 y:agsMxan;KW ³ dI/ Twk / nig xül; eRBaHdIKWCakarcUlrYmpSMeLIgeday RKab;

tUc² énsmasFatu xniC. dUecñHvabegáIteLIg nUvRbehages<at EdlPaKxøHénRbehages<at enaHpÞúkeTA
edayTwk. eyIgbRgÚm KMnUsRBÚjdI dUc ¬rUb14¦ xageRkam.
dUecñHRbsinebIeK ykdImYyduEM dlmanKMrrU agCaKUb EdlmanTMhM 10cm dak;cUlkñúgRbGb;EdkEfb
3
mYy EdlmanTMhMdUcKña dUc ¬rUb 14¦xageRkam ehIyeyIgeRbIklM aMgsgát;Ekg P eTAelIbnÞHEdk Edl

dak;BeI lIdIKMrU eyIgnwgeXIgbnÞHEdkenaHRsutcuHeRkamehIyRbsinebIeyIgdkkMlaMg P ecjvijeyIgeXIj
fabnÞHEdkrMkileLIgelIvijEtmindl;cMnucedImvijeT . ehtukarN¾enH GacBnül;)an faenAeBldIrg
kMlaMgsgát; RKab;dITaMgGs;)anRbeRCot KñacUl eTAkñúgRbehages<atmYyEpñk nig mYyEpñkeTotRtÚvyWt
eday kMlaMgsgát.; karrYmmaDEbb enH eKehAfa karhab;maDrbs;dI . tamkarsegátkarhab;rbs;
dIesÞIrEtTaMgRsugKW GaRs½yeday karrYmmaD PaBes<atrbs;dI ¬Rbehages<at¦ . dUecñHeBlEdleK
niyaysMrutrbs;dI KWeKniyayGMBIkarrYmrbs;Rbehages<at rbs;dI EdlCaTUeTAeKsikSar GMBeI mKuN
es<atrbs;dI e (Void ratio)
munsgát; eRkaysgát;
S S
hi
Ho Ho ho
ho
rUbTI14³KMnUsbMRBÜjrbs;dI
page87
eo =
Vair  Vw
Vs
EdlGacKNnatamrUbmnþ ³ e = sdd
ho  Ho ho  Ho  hi
eo = ei =
Ho Ho
- Edl s TMgn;maDxniCdI & d TMgn;maDdIs¶Üt
Gnuvtþn¾tamKMrxU agelI eKbegáIt)annUv]bkrN¾müa:g EdlehAfa GUdUEm:Rt (Oedometer) .
enAeBlEdleKniyayGMBsI Mrtu rbs;dI eKEckvaecjCa3RbePTepSgKña³
-sMrutPøam² Immediate settlment cMeBaHdIxSac;EdlCaRbePTdIman emKuNCMrabFM.dUecñHeBl
EdldIrgnUvkMlaMgsgátP; øamTwkRCabecjBIdIy:agelOn eFVIeGay RKwHRsútcuH y:agelOn ehIyQb;Rsút
Et mþg.EdlehtukarN¾ enH )anbgðajeGayeXIjfa el,Ónénkarbgðab;rbs;dxI Sac;manel,Ón elOn.
dUecñHcMeBaHdIxSac; eyIgsegáteXIjfamanEtsMrutPøam²Etb:ueNÑaH.
-sMrutdMbUg Primary settlment cMeBaHdI\dæEdlCaRbePTdIman emKuNCMrabtUc swgesµnI wg 0.dUecñH
eBl EdldIrgnUvkMlaMgsgátP; øamTwkRCabecjBIdIy:agyWtCaTIbMput eFVIeGay RKwHRsútcuH edayel,Ón d¾
EsnyWtCaTIbMput .EdlehtukarN¾ enH )anbgðajeGayeXIjfael,Ónénkarbgðab;rbs;dI\dæmanel,Ón
yWt.dUecñHcMeBaHdI\dæeyIgsegáteXIjfa eRkABIsMrutPøam²EdlmantMéld¾EsntUc eyIgnwgTTYl)an
sMrut dMbUg EdlmantMél d¾EsnFM kñúgry³eBleRkay BIkarsagsg;rYc 4 rW 10qñaeM Rkaymk.
-sMrutbnÞab; Secondary settlment cMeBaHdICIvsa®sþ Soil organic EdlCaRbePTdIman emKuN
CMrabtUc swgesµInwg 0 niglayLMeTAedaykMeTckMTI rukçCatis¥úyrlYy.dUecñH eBl EdldIrgnUvkMlaMg
sgát;PøamTwkRCabecjBIdIya: gyWtCaTIbMput eFVeI Gay RKwHRsútcuH edayel,Ón d¾ EsnyWtCaTIbMput .
EdlehtukarN¾ enH )anbgðajeGayeXIjfael,Ónénkarbgðab;rbs;dCI Ivsa®sþmanel,Ón yWt.dUecñH
cMeBaHdICIvsa®sþeyIgsegáteXIjfa eRkABIsMrutPøam²EdlmantMéld¾EsntUc eyIgnwgTTYl)an sMrut
dMbUg EdlmantMél d¾EsnFM kñgú ry³eBleRkay BIkarsagsg;rYc 4 rW 10qñaMeRkaymk. edayELk
eBlEdlsarFatuCIvsa®sþ eFVIkarbMElg FatuKImI bMPayeTA Ca ]sµn½enaH vabNþaleGaydI)at;bg;nUv
maDrbs;xøÜnbEnßmeTot begáIt)aneTACasMrutbnÞab; enAkñúgry³eBl 10 eTA 30qñaeM RkayeTot. sMrut
page88
RbePT enH eyIgmineFVIkarsikSa eT. eRBaHCaTUeTAeKminEdlGnuBaØateGayRKwHeKQrelIdI

CIvsa®sþ eLIy.
Log Time(Min)
Immediate settlement
Primary settlement
Secondary settlment
Settlement (MM)
karBiesaFn¾GUdUEm:RtTaMgBIrRbePT GaceFVeI LIgkñúgeBlEtmYy kñgú ]bkrN¾EtmYy. manGUdU Em::Rt

eRcInRbePTNas; EdlplitenAeRcInRbeTsepSg²Kña. EtvaeKarBeKalkarN¾ EtmYy nig rebob
BiesaFn¾EtmYy .
-karvas;sMrutGaceRbInaLikarEdlmankMritvas;suRkit)an 0.01mm nig Gacvas;)an 10mm b¤
eKGaceRbIkarvas;tam]bkrN ¾eGLicRtUnic.
-RbGb;GUdUEm:Rt EdleFVBI IEdkEfbb¤ sMelahHrwg
page89
-fµes<at sMrab;bBa©ÚlTwksenSImsMNakKMrU edIm,I[karBiesaFn¾ sßitenAkñúgkrNIdIEq¥tTwk.

-bMBg;bBa©ÚlTwk
-k,alrUb‘ÍensMrab;bBa©ÚlTwk
-kgsuILaMgsMrab;Tb;sMNakKMrU .cMeBaHGUdEU m:RtxøH KµankgsuLI aMg eT KW eKbBa©ÚldIeTAkñúg RbGb;
GUdEU m:RtEtmþg.
-BIsþúgsMrab;sgát;elIfµes<at ehIy Edlfµes<atenaH sgát;eTAelIsMNakKMr.U
-karpþl;sMBaF b¤ kMlaMgsgát; eTA[sMNakKMrkU gñú RbGb; GUdEU m:Rt RtÚvpþl;tamRbB½n§éd
Xñas; EdlmanpleFob esµI 9 ; 10 ; 11.
-TMhMsMNakKMrmU anBIrRbePT ³
sMrab;karBiesaFn¾viTüasaRsþ sMNakKMrmU anmuxkat; S = 45cm nig mankMBs; h = 19mm .
2
sMrab;BiesaFn¾kñúgviC¢aCIv³ sMNakKMrUmanmuxkat; S = 20cm nig mankMBs; h = 15mm .

2
dYecñHedIm,Iplþ ;kMlaMg 1kg/cm [eTAsMNakKMrUeKRtÚvRbtþbi tþidUcteTA ³

2
eyIgykpleFob éd Xñas;esµI 10 sMrab;muxkat;sMNakKMrU 40cm 2
1kgf / cm 2 X 45cm 2
 4,5kg
10
dUecñHeyIgRtÚvdak;kUnCBa¢gI TMgn; 4,5kg edIm,I[TTYl)ansMBaFkñgú GUdEU m:Rt esµI nwg 1kgf/cm 2
]bkrN¾GUdEU m:RtRtÚvdak;elIbøg;rabesµI . edIm,IecosvagnUvkMlaMgrMj½rBIxageRkA eK RtÚvdak;eCIgGUdU

Em:RtQrelI Amotisseur enaHRtÚveqøIytbeTAnwg TMgn; rbs;]bkrN¾ GUdUEm:Rt .
-rebobBiesaFn¾ ³
1-GUdUEm:RtFmµta ³
-føwgkgsuLI aMg tagedaym:as; m . 0
-labxøaj;eKaenAelIépÞxagkñúgénkgsuLI aMg.
page90
-ykkgeTAkat;sMNakKMrUEdlminxUcRTg;RTay ehIyecorva[esµI bnÞab;mkyk vaeTAføwg

tagedaym:as; m . 1
-]bkrN¾GUdEU m:RtRtÚvRtaMTwk[esImeCaKsBVsac; .
-dak;kgnigdIcUleTAkñúgGUdUEm:Rt ehIydMeLIg]bkrN¾eRkamRbB½n§ pþl;sMBaF nig
dMeLIgnaLikarvas;sMrut.
eKGacKNnark d edayykdIkñúgkgeRkayBiesaFn¾eTAsMgYtkñúgsItuNðPaB 105 C kñúgryHeBl 24
o
em:ag ehIyføwgm:as;rbs;vatageday m eBlenaHeyIg)an ³

2
d = m2
eo = s  d
V d
-karKNnalT§plBiesaFn¾³
kñgú karKNnasMNg;suIvil karKNnarkm:DU ulkMhUcRTg;RTay E eKeRcInGnuvtþn¾ tMélEdl sßitenA
cenøaHkMlaMg 1 = 1kgf/cm & 2 = 2kgf/cm .
2 2
GaRs½yedaykarBiesaFn¾kñúgGUdUEm:Rt minGnuBaØati[dIEjkecjxag)an eyIgRtÚvGnuvtþn¾ tamelak

POISSON edayeRbIemKuNrbs;Kat;Edlmankñúgtarag.
tarag  nig 
RbePTdI  
xSac;/ l,ayxSac; 0.30 0.74
l,aydI\dæ 0.35 0.62
dI\dæ 0.42 0.40
(1  eo)
- m:UDlu kMhUcRTg;RTayKNnatamrUbmnþ ³ E=
 e
.
page91
- CaTUeTAm:UDulkMhUcRTg;RTayEdlrkeXIjkñgú ]bkrN¾ GUdEU m:RtEtgEtmantMéltUcxusBIkar

Bit eRBaHvaxusBIlkçx½NFÐ mµCati. dUecñHedIm,IbBa©ÚlvaeTAkñúgkarKNnarksMrut eyIgRtÚvyk
vaeTAKuN nwgemKuNsMBaF mk Edlmanerobrab;kgñú taragxageRkam ³
RbePTdI Types of soil emKuNsMBaF mk GaRs½yeTAnwgemKuNes<at eo
0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05
l,aydIxSac; Sandy silt 4.00 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.00 - -
l,aydI\dæ Silt 5.00 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.00 2.50 2.00
dI\dæ Clay - - 6.00 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50
- RbsinebIemKuNes<ateyIgminsßitenAkñgú tarageT eyIg RtÚveFVItamviFanéRtzan .

- tMél mk GaceRbIR)as;)anEtcMeBaH dIEdlman I < 0.75 Etb:ueNÑaH . RbsinebI I > 0.75 enaH tMél
L L
mk =1 .tMél mk Gnuvtþn_ eTA)anEtcMeBaHtMélkMlaMgsMBaFenAcenøaH  = 1 kgf/cm nig

1
2
2 = 2kgf/cm2
rUbTI15³ RTwséþI nkarsikSaGMBIsMrut
page92
rUbTI16³ ]bkrN_ GUdUEm:Rt
2-GUdUEm:RtGaRs½ynwgeBl ³
kñúgkareRbIkMlaMgsgát; CaTUeTAeKeRbIkMlaMgsgát; 5 kUnCBa¢Igy:agticbMput . kMlaMgEdl sgát;man dUc
teTAKW ³ 0.5kgf/cm ; 1kgf/cm ; 2kgf/cm ; 4kgf/cm ; 8kgf/cm . ehIyRbsin ebIcaM)ac; kardk
2 2 2 2 2
kUnCBa¢gI mancMnYn 4 dgKW³ 4kgf/cm ; 2kgf/cm ;1kgf/cm 0.5kgf/cm . kñgú eKal bMNgvas;nUvPaB
2 2 2 2
yWtrbs;RKab;dI EdleKehAfaPaBehImrbs;dI .
page93
-karvas;sMruttamryH eBl mandUcteTA ³ 6'' ; 15'' ; 30' '; 45'' ; 1' ; 1'30'' ; 2' ; 3' ; 5' ; 7' ;10' ;
15' ; 20' ; 30' ; 45' ; 1h ; 1h30' ; 2h ; 3h ; 4h ; 6h ; 24h .
eKGacEfmkUnCBa¢IgTI 2 )an luHRtaEtkñúgcenøaHryHeBl24 em:agtMélsMrutmanminelIs BI

0.02mm . EtCaTYeTAryHeBl 24 em:agKWRKb;RKan;ehIy )ann½yfavaKµansMruteToteT .
-karsg;RkaPicénsMrut ³
RkaPicTImYyEdleyIgRtÚvsg; KWCaRkaPicénGnuKmn¾én log elI e . enaHeKGacKNna )an nUv

tMélsnÞsSn¾ én sMBaF C (Compression index) nigtMélsnÞsSn¾ én PaBehIm C (Swell index) .
c s
enAelIRkaPicenaHeyIgKUsbnÞat;b:H nigExSekagdMbUgEpñkxagelI nig bnÞat;b:HmYyeTotCamYyExS

ekagEpñkxageRkam bnÞat;b:HTaMgBIrCYbKñaRtg;cMNucmYy BIcMnucenaHeyIgTMlak;cMeNalEkgelI G½kSGab;
suIs log . cMnucenaHeGaytMélkMlaMgsMBaFEdlmanBImunmk elIdIEdleyIgBiesaFn¾ KW 'p
(Preconsolition stress) .
-ebI'p<'o enaH)anesckþIfadIeyIgsßitenAeRkamsMBaFFmµCati Under Consolidated )an

esckþI fakñgú tMbn;sagsg;eTIbEtcak;dIfµ²I .dUecñHsMrutRtÚvekIteTÇIgedaydIEdl eTIbEtcak;dIfµIpg nig
RKwHpg.
-ebI'p = 'o enaH)anesckþIfadIeyIgsßitenAkñúglkç½NÐ Fmµta Normally Consolidated )an
esckþIfakñúgtMbn;sagsg ;dI sßitenAkñúglkç½NÐ FmµCati. dUecñHsMrutRtÚvekIteTÇIgedayRKwH Etb:ueNÑaH.
-ebI'p > 'o enaH)anesckþIfadIeyIgsßitenAkñúglkç½NÐ eRkAsMBaF Over Consolidated )anesc
kþI fakñúgtMbn;sagsg ;dIRtUveKCIkecjedIm,IykeTAbMerIkarepSg².
eKGacKNnark snÞsSn¾ énPaBbgðab;rbs;dI tam rUbmnþxageRkam ³
 e
Cc =
 lg 
karKNnaRtÚvykEpñkxageRkaybMputénExSekag .
eKGacKNnark snÞsSn¾ énPaBehImrbs;dI tam rUbmnþxageRkam ³
 e
Cr =
 lg 
Etkñgú krNIenHeKykEpñkxagedImbMputénExSekag .
page94
-karKNnarkemKuNénsMrut Cv (m /s) tamviFIrbs;elak kasaRkg;

2
elIG½kSGab;sIuseyIgbg;maRtdæan elakarIténeBlevla KitCanaTI log t (mn) .elIG½kSG½redaen

eyIgbg;maRtdæansMrut h . lT§plEdlTTYl)anBIkarBiesaFn¾ eyIgRtÚv ykmkedAelIRbB½n§G½kS
edIm,Isg;RkahVic .
enAelIRkahVci EdleyIgsg;enaH eyIgRtÚvKNnarkryHeBlcugbBa©b;énsMrutdMbUg EdleKtageday
t(100) nig (100) eKRtÚvRbtþibtþdcU teTA ³
-elIExSekagGnuKmn¾ EdlRtg;CageKbMputénsMrutdMbUg eyIgRtÚvKUsbnÞat;Rtg;mYyRtÜtelIExSekag
GnuKmn¾ enaH .
-elIExSekagénGnuKmn¾dEdl EdlRtg;CageKbMputénsMrutbnÞab; eyIgRtÚvKUsbnÞat;Rtg;mYyRtÜt
elIExSekagGnuKmn¾ enaH.
-bnÞat;TaMgBIrRtÜvbnøay[RbsBVKña . BIcMnucRbsBVenaH eyIgKYsbnÞat;Rsb nwg G½kS Gab;susI [
vaRbsBV nwg G½kS Gredaen . cMnucRbsBVenaHKWCacMnucéntMélsMrutdMbUg (100) .
CaTUeTA eBlEdldIrgkMlaMgsgát; sMrutrbs;vaGacbnþkúñgryHeBlyUr EdleyIgminGacrg;caM)an.
dUecñHeTIbeKniyayGMBlI kç½NEÐ lgRsut EdleyIg)anniyay kñúgCMBUkxagmux .
edIm,I[karBiesaFn¾manlkçN³RtwmRtÚv eKRtÚvsikSarGMBIcMnucdMbUgénkarBiesaFn¾ o .edIm,IKNna
rkcMnucdMbUgénkarBiesaFn¾ eKRtÚvRbtibtþkardUcteTA ³
-kñúgcenøaHryHeBlBI 01mn enAelIRkahViceyIg)aneFVkI areRCIserIsykcMnucNamYyk¾)an KW
t(1) . ecjBIcMnuc t(1) eyIgKUsbnÞat;RsbnwgG½kSGab;suIssMedAeTAG½kSG½redaen kñúgryHcMgay 1/4 én
t(1) BIG½kSG½redaen eyIgedAcMnucmYy EdleyIgtagcMnucenaHeday A . BIcMnuc A eyIg bMElg
qøúHnwgExSekagGnuKmn¾ )an A' . BIcMnuc A' eyIgKUsbnÞat;Rsbnwg G½kS Gab;ssuI Edl bnÞat;enaHCYbnwg
G½kSG½redaen Rtg;cMnuc (0) EdlCacMnuccab;epþIménkarBiesaFn¾ .
eyIgRtÚvRbtibtþtamviFIdEdlenH bI dgy:agtic ¬kñúgcenøaHryHeBl BI 01 mn ¦ ehIyrktMél
mFümrbs;va .
page95
-ryHcMgayBI (0)  (100) eyIgRtÚvEcknwg 2 edIm,IKNnarktMélmFüménsMrutdMbUg ehIy

edAelIG½kSG½redaen . cMnucenaHKW (50) .
-ecjBIcMnuc (50) eyIgRtÚvKUsbnÞat;RsbG½kSGab;suIsrhUtRbsBVnwg ExSekag KWcnM uc B .ecj
BIcMnuc B eyIgTMlak;cMeNalEkgeTAelIG½kSGab;ssuI cMnuc RbsBVenaHKWcMnuc t(50) EdlCa cMnucmFüm
énryHeBlsMrutdMbUg .
karKNnark Cv:
elak kasaRkg; (Casagrande) )anbkRsaynig begáItnUvrUbmnþ kñúgkarKNnark C tamrUbmnþ³ v
2
H
Cv = 0,197
t (50)
Edl H = ½ (h - (50))
o
h – kMBs;sMNakKMrUmuneBlBiesaFn¾ .
o
kMNt;sMKal;
tMél t(50)RtÚvbMElgCavinaTI sin eTIbGacbBa©ÚleTAkñgú karKNna .
enAkñúgemkanicdI karsikSarGMBIsMrutman 3 RbePT KW ³
1-sMrutPøam² ³ EdlsMrutRbePTenHmanEtsMrab;BBYkdIxSac; b:ueNÑaH KW bnÞab; BIeyIg sg;Pøam va
RsutPøamehIyElgRsut .
2-sMrutdMbUg ³ KWCasMrutsMrab;BBYkdI\dæ EdlkñúgkrNIenH sMrt u Pøam²mankrNItUcbMput ebI eFob eTAnwg
sMrutdMbUg . dUecñH sMrab;dI\dæeKminKitsMrutPøam²eT .
3-sMrutbnÞab; ³ vaKWCakrNI sMrab;dI CIvsaRsþ Ed;lkñúgkrNIenHsMrutGUsbnøayKµan Qb;Qr ehIy
mantMélFM . dUecñH sMrab;dI CIvsaRsþ eKminEdleFVIRV KwHelIdIRbePTenHeT .
page96
10-karBiesaFn¾elIkardæanpÞal;
In situ test
karsikSaEdleyIg)aneFVIknøgmk KWeyIg)andkyksMNakKMrU TaMg2 RbePT ykmkmnÞrI
BiesaFn¾ edIm,IeFVIkarBiesaFn¾ . dUecñHkarbBa¢nÚ sMNakKMrBU IkardæanmkmnÞrI BiesaFn¾vaGaceFVIeGay
sMNakKMrU s¶Üt eRbH.l. EdlCaehtueFVIeGaysMNakKMrxU usBIlkç½NÐ FmµCati. dUecñH eKeTomTar
eFVIkar BiesaFn¾ elIkardæanpÞal; . CnCati hULg; )anbegáIt nUv ]bkrN¾ CaeRcIn edIm,Ivas;er:suIsþg;
rbs;dPI øam² .
1-karcak;TMluHdIedaykMlaMgsþaTic Static cone penetration test³
]bkrN¾enHmanBIr RbePT
-RbePTekaNcak;TMluHdIEdlKµanépÞkkitxag ³
KWCakarBiesaFn¾ edaykarcak;TlM uHekaNeday kMlaMg sþaTic ehIyeKvas;nUvkMlaMg cak;TMluH enaH
Pøam² Etmþg . ekaNenaHmanRkLaépÞ 10cm nig 60 karBiesaFn¾ EbbenH eKTTYl)an Et er:suI
2 o
sþgc; ugekaN b:ueNÑaH .

-RbePTekaN EdlmanépÞ kkitxag ³
ekaNRbePTenH eKGacvas;)annUver:ssuI þg; enAcugekaNpg nig kMlaMgkkitxagrbs;épÞ ekaNpg
RkLaépÞxagrbs;bMBg;TIbenaH KW 150cm . 2
CaTUeTA eKGacKNna)anPaBs¥itrbs;dI kñúgkrNIminbgðÚrTwk³

qc   0
Cu 
NK
Edl 0 CaTMgn;dsI gát; tKñasrub total vertical stress
Nk CaemKuNman tMél esµn I wg 20
-sMrab;dIxSac; eyIgGacKNnarkmMku kitkñúgnigm:DúlPaByWttamTMnak;TMngxageRkam
  q 
  Arctg 0.1  0.38 log 
c
' 
nig E = 2q c
  0 
Edl '0 CaTMgn;dsI gát;tKñadkTwkecj effective vertical stress
page97
rUbTI17³karBiesaFn_eb:eNRtUEm:RtsþaTik
2-karbukTMluHdIedaykMlaMg DINamic Dynamic cone penetration test³
KWCakarBiesaFn¾edaykarbukCnøjÜ Edk BenøceTAkñgú dIedayeKvas;nUvCMerAEdllicenaH eFobeTAnwg
cMnYnsMBgrbs;jjÜr . CnCati hULg; )aneGayrUbmnþedIm,IKNnarkkMlaMg DINamic .tamrUbmnþdUc
xageRkamenH ³
qd = M M .H
.
e.( M  M ) A
1
page98
A– CaRkLaépÞmuxkat; rbs;CnøjÜ Edk KitCa cm 2
e – CaCMerAEdllic sMrab;cMnYn sMBg 1jjÜr KitCamFüm KitCa cm

H – CakMBs;TMlak;jjÜr KitCa cm (efr)
M – CaTMgn; jjÜrKitCa Kg
M – CaTMgn;dgCnøÜjEdk KitCa Kg
'
qd – Caer:sIusþg; DINamicKitCa kgf/cm 2
qøgkat;tamkarKNnaeKGac)annUv er:ssuI þg; DINamic EdlQaneTArkkarKNna er:suIsþg; rbs;

dI .fVIt,itEtkarBiesaFn¾enaHeGaylT§plPøam² ehIyRtwmRtÚvk¾eday b:uEnþ RbsinebImanfµmYyduM enA
cugekaNenaHeFVIeGaykarBiesaFn¾ eyIgxusBIkarBit . dUecñH eKRtÜvxYgreNþAxYgedIm,I epÞógpÞat; enAlT§
plEdleKTTYl)an .
rUbTI17³karBiesaFn_eb:eNRtUEm:RtDINamik
page99
3-karbukTMluH dIedaybMBg;TIbKMrU Standard Penetration Test (SPT)³

CnCati GaemrikaMg )anbegáIt ]bkrN¾ mü:ageQµaHfa SPT EdlCa ]bkrN¾ mü:agmanRbsiTæi
PaBbMput ehIyeBjniymbMputenAeBlbc©úb,nñ enH.eRBaHeKGacvas;)an enAer:suIsþg; rbs;dPI øam²ehIy
TnÞwmKñaenaHeKGacdkyksMNakKMrmU keFVI karBiesaFn¾ rker:ssIu þg;deI nAkñúgmnÞBI iesaFn¾eTotpg.
KWCaBiesaFn¾edaybukTMlHu eTA kñgú dI nUvbMBg;sLuI aMgKMrmU Yy EdlmanTMgn; 70N edayjjÜrmanTMgn;
635N kñúgry³kMBs;TMlak; efr 76.2cm eTAkñúgdIedayeKrab;enAcMnn Y sMBg NosMrab;karlicrbs;bMBg;TbI
eTAkñúgdI eGay)an CMerA 15cm bnÞab;mkeKrab;cMnYnsMBg N sMrab;karlic cuH 15cm eTot nig N sMrab;
1 2
15cm cugeRkay. ecjBIenaH eKGacKNna)annUv snÞsSn¾ SPT ³
N = N1 + N2
EdlehAfa snÞsSn¾ SPT (N) KWCacMnYn jjÜrsMrab;kardMBenøc bMBg;TIbeGaylic)an 30cm .

Rbsin ebIeyIgeXIj N & N mantMélRbhak;RbEhlKñaenaH)ann½yfadIrbs;eyIg CaRbePTdIEtmYy
1 2
pÞúyeTAvijebI N & N mantMélxusKñaeRcIneBkenaH)anesckþIfadIeyIgman 2RsTab;esñKI ña .Rbsin

1 2
ebIcnM YnsMBgelIsBI 50 sMBgsMrab; 15cm enaHeyIgminRtÚvsMBgeToteT eyIgRtÚvbBaÄb;Pøam edayxYgTM

luHdIrwg CamunsineTIbBiesaFn¾ bnþeTAeTot .
- kMhusénkarBiesaFn¾ ³sMrab;BBYkxSac;RKab;tUcRbsinebIeyIgeXIjfavaCaMTwkenaHeyIgRtÚv eFVIkMEN
tamrUbmnþdUcxageRkam enH ³
N '15
N = 15 +
2
- Edl N' KWCacMnYnsMBgEdleyIgvas;)anelIkardæanpÞal;mantMélelIsBI 15
- N KWCatMélEdleRkayBIeFVIkMENrYc
edayELkeyIgGaceFVIkMENtamCMerAEdleyIgBiesaFn¾ ³
N = N' x CN
page100
- Edl N' KWCacMnYnsMBgEdleyIgvas;)anelIkardæanpÞal;

-C CaemKuNkMENtamCMerA
N
2000
CN = 0.77log Peck1974
 .D
1
C N  9.78 Liao & Whihman 1986
 '0
2
CN  Skempton1986
1  0.01 ' 0
 ' 
C N  1  1.25 log 0  Seed 1975
 95.6 
-N KWCatMélEdleRkayBIeFVIkMENrYc
RbsinebIdIeyIgCaxSac;RKab;tcU ehIyCaMTwkeyIgRtÚveFVkI MEN 2 dgKWkEM NTWkpg nig kMENCMerApg.
sMrab;dxI Sac; eyIgGacKNnarkmMukkitkñúgnig m:UDúlPaByWttamTMnak;TMngxageRkam³
  20 N  20 Hatanaka & Uchida 1996
  27.1  0.3N  0.00054 N 2
Wolff 1989
  18N  15 For road and Bridges design sMrab;f;ñl;nigs<an
  0.36 N  27 For building design sMrab; GaKar
  0.45N  20 in general sMrab;krNITUeTA
E (KPa) = 766N For sand saturated sMrab;xSac;CaMTwk
E (KPa) = 500(N+15) For dense sand sMrab; xSac;hab;
E (KPa) = 2600N For dense sand sMrab; xSac;hab;
E (KPa) = 600(N+6) For Gravelly sand (N<15) sMrab; RKYslayxSac;
E (KPa) = 600(N+6) +2000 For Gravelly sand (N>15) sMrab; RKYslayxSac;
E (KPa) = 320(N+15) For Clayey Sand sMrab; xSac; laydI\dæ
E (KPa) = 300(N+6) For Silt,sandy silt,clayey silt sMrab; dIl,aym:dæ
page101
sMrab;d\I dæ s¥itexSay rW dIl,ays¥itxøaMgeyIgGacKNnarkPaBs¥it kñúgkrNIminbgðÚrTwktamTMnak;

TMngxageRkam³
Cu=K.N Edl K=3.5 to 6.5 KPa CaTUeTA eKyk K=4.4 KPa
sMrab;d\I dæ s¥itxøaMg rW rwgxøagM eyIgGacKNnarkPaBs¥ti kñúgkrNIminbgðrÚ TwktamTMnak;

TMngxageRkam³
Cu(KPa)=29N0.72 Hara et al (1971)
taragbgðajGMBI TMnak;TMngrbs;):ar:aEm:RtdI nig SPT

sMrab;dIxSac;
RbePTdI N DR  
blows % degree KN/m3
RtsuHbMptu 04 0  15 < 28 11  16
RtsuH 4  10 15  35 28  30 14  18
hab;mFüm 10  30 35  65 30  36 17  20
hab; 30  50 65  85 36  41 17  22
hab;bMput > 50 85  100 > 41 20  23
sMrab;dI\dæ
RbePTdI N
er:suIsþg;Fn;nwgkarbM)ak; KPA
RCay <2 < 25
Tn; 24 25  50
Bak;kNþalrwg 48 50  100
rwg 8  15 100  200
rwgxøagM 15  30 200  400
rwgbMput > 30 > 400
page102
rUbTI18³karBiesaFn_eb:eNRtUEm:Rt sþg:da SPT
page103
11-bec©keTsbuersnavisVkmµPUKBVsaRsþ
Technical soil investigation
kñúgkarsikSaGMBlI kç½NÐvisVkmµPUKBVsaRsþeKTamTarnUvkarBiesaFn¾ rW karxYgenAelIkardæan pÞal;
edIm,IdkyksMNakKMrUeTAeFVIkarBiesaFn¾kñgú mnÞIrBiesaFn¾edIm,ITajyk)a:ra:Em:Rtrbs;dImkeFVI karKNna
rklT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwH . CaTUeTAeKTamTarnUvsMNakKMrURKb;RsTab;dITaMgGs;Edl sßitenABIeRkam
)atRKwH kñgú CMerAlkç½NÐ. CMerAreNþAxYgvaGaRs½yeTAnwgRbePTsMNg;FunF¶n; rW Fun Rsalnwglkç½NÐ visV
kmµPKU BVsaRsþelITIlanpÞal; ¬ebIRKwHrak;enaHCMerAxYgk¾rak;Edr ebIRKwHCMerAenaH CMerAxYgk¾eRCAtamenaH¦ .
karKNnarkCMerAxYgvamanBak;B½n§ya:geRcIneTAnwgmCÄdæanCuMvij . CaTUeTARbsinebIRKwHeyIgCa ³
RbePTRKwHRTEvgenaHCMerAreNþAxYg Z = 6B Edl B KWCaTTwgrbs;RKwH .
RbePTRKwHeCIgtagenaH CMerAreNþAxYg Z = 1,5B Edl B KWCaTTwgrbs;RKwH .
RbePTRKwHcak;eBjenaH CMerAreNþAxYg Z = 1,5B Edl B KWCaTTwgrbs;GaKar .
edayELkeKGacmanTMnak;TnM gkñúgkarKNnarkCMerAxYgtamviFIxageRkamenH ³
Z = 4,5B ebI C < 2B
Z = 3B ebI 2B < C < 4B
Z = 1,5B ebI C > 4B
B C B
page104
sMrab;RKwHCMerAxYgEdlcaM)ac;KW 6Em:RtKitecjBIcugRKwHb:uEnþRbsinebIRKwHeyIgCaRbePTRkum RKwH

CMerA enaHCMerAxYgRtÚvGnuvtþn¾tamrUbxageRkamenH ³
GaKar
2
D
3
D
reNþAxYg
B 1,5B
sMrab;karKNnacMnYnreNþAxYgKWRtÚveFVeI LIgtamkarviPaKtamtaragxageRkamenH ³
cMgayBIreNþAxYgmYyeTAxYgmYy¬Em:Rt¦
KMerag cMnYnreNþAxYg
lkç½NvÐ isVkmµPKU BVsaRsþ
dImanEt dImanBIrbI dImaneRcIn
mYyRsTab; RsTab; RsTab;
pÞHmaneRcInCan; 45 30 15 4
pÞHman1Can;eTA2Can; 60 30 15 3
srsrs<an / b:m - - - 1- 2
sMrab;RKwHnimYy²
fñl; 250 150 30 -
dIEdlRtÚvykmkcak;eFVIfñl; 250-150 150-60 30-15 -
page105
sMrab;sMNakKMrUEdlRtÚvdkykecjeTABiesaFn¾manBIrRbePT ³
-sMNakKMrEU dlminxUcRTg;RTay ³ sMNakKMrURbePTenHeyIgyk)ansMrab;EtBBYkdI\dæEdlman
lkçN³BI Tn; eTA rwg . KWCaRbePTdIEdleyIgsgÄwmfaRKwHeyIgnwgQrelIdIenaH .
-sMNakKMrEU dlxYcRTg;RTay ³ sMNakKMrURbePTenHeyIgRtÚvykRKb;RsTab;dITaMgGs;minfaTn; rwg
rW RCayeLIyKWeyIgykTaMgdIxSac;TaMgdI\dæ .
cMnYnsMNakKMrEU dlRtÚvykkñgú mYydu²M manTMgn;RbEhl 1Kg eTA 3Kg ehIykñúgmYyRsTab;²eyIg
yk mineGayticCag bIdMu .
sMrab;BBYkdIxSac;karyksMNakKMrmU antYnaTIminsMxan;CagkarBiesaFn¾enAelIkardæanpÞal;eLIy
(DCP,CPT,SPT ) .
edayELkeyIgRtÚvviPaKFatuKImIEdlmanenAkñúgTWkeRkamdIeRBaHCYnkalTwkeRkamdIGacmanRbti
kmµ eTAelIebtug .
rUbTI18³ kargarxYgbuersna nig BiesaFn_ SPT
page106
rUbTI19³rUb]bkrN_xYgdI
page107

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Geotechnical and Mine department

- viFIsaRsþBiesaFn_ (Testing procedure)

eyIgsegátbnþelIkERBa©g 4,76 mm ebIsinm:as;eTIman 100 g )anesckþIfa PaKryeTIsrub

Ggát;p©itdI(mm) m:aseTI (g) m:aseTI srub(g) PaKryeTIsrub %R PaKryRCúHsrub %P

edIm,Ivas;kMhab; sUluysüúgdIe nA kñgú TwktamryHeBl .

- eKføwgma:s;dIs¶Üt 50 g eTA 100 g (CaTUeTAKW 50 g) RtaMenAkñgú sUluysüúgmüa:geQµaHfa

RkLúkva bnÞab;mkykvadak;RtaMkñúgGagTwk ehIyeKcab;epþIm dak;GIuRdUEm:Rt cUleTAvas;kMhab; sUluy

]TahrN_ ³ ebIeyIgvas;eXIjsUluysüúgmankMhab; R = 32 enaHtMélBitR)adkKW :

-kMENénkarel¥ógedaykaremIlnwgEPñk³ edayTwkCb;eTAelIbegÁal GuIRdUEm:Rt eFVIeGaykar

sItuNPð aB kMENsItuNðPaB sItuNPð aB kMENsItuNðPaB

emKuN k GaRs½y sItuNPð aB nwg s

CMerAlicGIRu dÚEm:Rt L GaRs½y R'

rUbTI1 ³]bkrN_ GIRu dÚEm:Rt

es<atdI V CamaDTwkEdlmanenAkñúgRbehages<atdI nig V CamaDrbs;RKab;dIsuT§ .

m:as;srubrbs;dIKW W= W + W Edl W CaTMgn;b¤m:as;rbs;TwkEdlmanenAkñugRbehag

es<atdI W Cam:as;rbs;RKab;dsI uT§ cMEnkÉm:as;rbs;xSl;esµIsUnü .

1-emKuNes<atrbs;dI (Void ratio)³

2 - PaBes<atrbs;dI (Porosity of soil)³

kMNt;sMKal; ³ S mantMélFMbMputKWesµInwg 1 rW100% kñúgkrNIenHeKfadIEq¥tTwk .

m:as;RKab;dIsuTK§ itCaPaKry eKtagvaedayGkSr  .

-ykdIEdlRtUvBiesaFn_eTAdak;clU kñúgkMbgu: 1 duMykeTAfwgø m:as; vatageday m . 1

5- sMNakKMrUrbs;dIEdlykmkBiesaFn_ ³ enAkñúgmuxviC¢aemkanicdI eKEcksMNakKMreU cj

Edl D Ggát;p©it xag eRkA Outsize dimeter of sampling tube

Edl D Ggát;p©it xag kñúg Insize dimeter of sampling tube

eKcat;TukfadIminxUcRTg;RTayKWenAeBlEdleKKNnaeXIjfa A <10% dUecñHsMrab;bMBg;TIb

Rb ePTTI mYYy eyIg)an³ A (%) 

sMNak KMrU EdlxUcRTg;RTay.

dUecñHdIeyIg CaRbePT sMNak KMrU EdlxUcRTg;RTay dUcRbePT TI mYyEdr b:uEnþkñúglkçxNÐ½

6- dg;sIuetrbs;dI (Bulk density)³

kñúgkrNIKitCaTMrg;maD  = .g ¬xñatKitCa KN/m ¦ 3

7- dg;sIeu ts¶tÜ (Dry density)³

8- dg;sIuetxniCdI (Specific gravity)³

enaHsgát;BenøceTAkñúgsMNakKMrEU dlminxUcRTg;RTay.bnÞab;mkcitvaeGayesµeI lIesµeI RkamehIy ykva

]bkrN_EdleRbIR)as;rYmman ³ Ekv)aLúgmansñamRkitenA k eQµaHfaBikNUEm:Rt Picnometer

Rbdab;bnþk;Twk eCIgRkanGKÁisnI fas;Edk nigdIxSac; .

- ykdIEdlRtÚvBiesaFn_ s¶Ütdak;eTAkñúgBikNUEm:Rt føwgm:asvatageday m . 1

- eKcak;TwksuT§cUlknøHEkvBiNEU m:Rt bnÞab;mkeKykva eTAduteGayBuH enAelIc®gáan

- eKcak;TwknwgdIenAkñúgEkvecal lagEkveGays¥at CYtEkveGays¶Üt ehIyeKbnþk;Tkw suT§

10-snÞsSn_dg;sIeu t (Density relative)³

Edl e CaemKuNes<atFmµCatirbs;va Void ratio in natural condition

e CaemKuNes<atkñúgkrNIhab;bMput Void ratio in densest condition

kñúgkrNIenHebIeKeXIjfa D mantMélkan;EtFMenaHbB¢aak;fadIeKmanlkçN³ kan;Et hab;.

( m:as;Ekv + m:as;dIs¶Üt ) – m:as;Ekv

edIm,IKNnarkemKuNes<atkñúgkrNIhab;bMput eKykxSac;EdlRtUvBiesaFn_ layCamYy Twk

Edl max KWCadg;sueI thab;bMputEdleyIgbgðab;vakñúgsMeNIm 6 PaKry .

W CasMeNImdIxSac; 6 PaKry EdleyIgpþl;eGay . bnÞab;mkeToteyIgGacKNnarkemKuNes<at

edaydIeyIgCaRbePTdIEq¥tTwkenaHkMritsMeNImesµInwg 100% dUecñHeyIgnwgmanTMnak;TMngdUcxageRkam

dUecñHeyIg )an dg;sIuetdIesMIµnwg

eKRtÚvkardIedIm,IykeTAcak;eFVIfñl ;EdleRkayBIkinbgðab;rcY manmaD 1000m dIEdleRkayBI

kinbgðab;ehIymandg;suIetdIs¶ÜtesµnI wg 2,00g/cm dIFmµCatiEdlRtÚvykmkcak;bMeBjmandg;suIetesµI

nwg 2,00g/cm nwgsMeNImFmµCatiesµnI wg 12% sUmKNnarkmaDdIEdleyIgRtÚvkarsMrab;sMercnUvKMerag

muneBlkinbgðab;nwgeRkayeBlkinbgðab;dmI anm:as;dIs¶ÜtesµKI ñadUecñHeyIgmanTMnak;TnM gxag

dUecñH maDdIEdleyIgRtÚvkarsMrab;sMercnUvKMerag enHKW³

3-lImItGaETEb‘r Atterberg Limit

enAkñgú emkanicdI ³ edIm,IsikSaGMBIdIs¥itTaMgLayeKcaM)ac;RtUvsikSaGMBlI ImItGaETEb‘rrbs;dI

yk]bkrN_BiesaFn_EdlCakMb:ugpøasÞic ehIyeyIgcak;)artcUleTAkñúgkMb:ug enaHeGayeBj

eyIgykdMudIeRkayBI eyIgsMgtY rYcenaHsgát;BenøceTAkñúgkMb:ug)arteBlenaH)artkñgú kMb:ugnwg

ykkaMbit Lam Casagrande EdlmanragRtIekaNcitBuHdIkúñgxÞHedayély:agNaeGay cugkaMbitEkg

N KWCacMnYneKaH edIm,IeGayeGayRcaMgcg¥rÚ TaMgsgxagrt;hUrmkCYbKñakñúgRbEvg 12mm .